DOCSLIB.ORG

TWO TUNNELS in COLD ICE at 4,000 M. on the BREITHORN

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TWO TUNNELS in COLD ICE at 4,000 M. on the BREITHORN TWO TUNNELS IN COLD ICE AT 4,000 m. ON THE BREITHORN By J OEL E. FISHER (New York) ABSTR ACT . A d escription is given of two tunnels, each 60- 70 m. long, one directl y a bove the o ther, a t 4,000 a nd 4,020 m . a.s.1. excavated throug h cold firn and ice of the Breithorn in the A lps. The tem pera ture rose from - 5' 50 C. at the portal to - o· 50 C. a t the rock interface 70 m. from the porta l in the upper tunnel, a nd from - 5' 50 C. to 00 C. at a water reservoir 60 m . from the porta l in the lower tunnel. In both cases cracks or minute sealed crevasses, cut by the tunnel, opera ted to cool the ice locally below the tempera ture to be expected from a smooth curve. Possible origins of the water reservoir a re d iscussed. Small a mounts of a ir a t a moderate pressure, enclosed in small, sealed cracks a nd hollows, were punctured between 60 a nd 70 m. from the portal in the upper tunnel. T he pungent od or of the air thus released was identified as ozone (a) by its cha racteristic odor, (b) by its reacti on on rubber, and (c) by potassium iodide starch paper tests. The so urcc of such ozone is suspected to be minute electric sparks resulting from sta ti c electric charges built up in cold ice when it is subjected under pressure to cracking or deforma ti o n ; photo­ graphs taken with expos ures of 8 hr. in the upper tunnel a t night appa rently show such sparks. A description is given of the appearance of cold ice, frozen to the bedrock, being forcibly tortured into streamers a ncl ba ncls by the movem ent of the cntire ice bocl y at 0·6 m. /yr. R ESU ME. O n d eerit 2 tunnels, ayant chacun de 60 it 70 m de long, places I' un a u-dessus d e I'autre it 4 000 et 4020 m d 'altitude qui ont ete creuses dans le neve froid et la glace clu Breithorn cl ans les Alpes. D ans le tunnel superieur, la tempera ture s'est eI evee cl e - 5,50 C it I'entree jusqu'it - 0,50 C a u contac t d e la roehe situee it 70 m: d ans le tunnel inferi elll', la temperature passe cl e - 5,50 C it 0 0 C it 60 m de I'entree, da ns un reservoir eI 'eau. D a ns les el eux cas, d es fi ssures ou d e petites crevasses refermees, coupees par le tunnel, ont refroieli la glace localement, en el essous d e la tempera ture que I'on a lll'ait pu attenelre it partir cl ' une cOlll'be reguliere. O n discute l'origine clu reservoir eI 'eau. De petites poehes d 'air occlus dans d e petites fentes e t creux refermes, ont ete percees entre 60 et 70 m it panir el e I'en tree dans le tunnel superieur. L'odeur piquante de I'air a insi libere a ete atlribuee it I'ozone : (a ) it cause cl e son oel eur caracteristique, (b) it cause d e sa reacti on sur le caoutchouc, et (c) par suite de tests effectues avec un pa pier amicl onne it I'iodure cl e potassium. O n suppose que I'existcnce cl e I'ozone es t due it de peti tes etincell es provenant d e cha rges electriques sta tiques creees d a ns la glace froide soum ise sous­ pression a ux craquem ents ou deformations; el es photogra phics prises avec des temps d 'exposition d e 8 heures, la nuit el ans le tunnel superi eur, montrent appa remment de tell es etincelles. On decrit I'aspect de la glace froide, gelee sur le lit rocheux, q ui es t deformee avec force en coura nts et baneles pa r suite d'un mouvement de 0,6 m pa r a n de la masse entiere el e glace. Z US AMMEN FASSUNG . Zwei Tunnels , j eel er 60- 70 m lang , einer unmittelbar liber cl em anderen in 4000 unci in 4020 m liber d em M eer, wurcl en dureh ka lten Firn und ka ltes Eis a m Breithorn in den Schweizer Alpen gegra ben. Eine entsprechencle Beschreibung wird gegebe n. Im oberen Tunnel stieg cli e T empera tur von - 5,50 C a m Porta l bis - 0,50 a n d er Felsgrenze 70 m vom Porta l entfernt. Im unteren Gletscher stieg die 0 T empera tur von - 5,5 a uf 0° bis zu einem VV asserreservoir, class 60 111 vom Porta l entfernt ist. In beiclen Fa llen unterklihlten Risse odeI' kleinc versc hl ossene Spalten , die clurch cl en Tunnel a ufgeschni tten wurcl en, ortlich das ka lte Eis unter cli e T emperatur, clie von einer a usg lcichenden Kurve erwa rtet w urde. Die l1logliche E ntstehung d es Wasse rreservoirs wircl diskutiert. Kleine Betrage von Luft, die unter massigem Druck steht. unci in kleinen verschl ossen en Rissen unci Lochern cingeschlossen ist, wurden in Entfernungen zwischen 60 unci 70 111 vom Porta l im oberen Tunnel angeschnittcn. De r stechende Geruch cl er Luft, cli e d adurch frei wurde, konnte als Ozon idel1lifi ziert werclen (a ) durch se inen charakteristisc hen G eruch, (b) clurch seine R ea ktion a uf K a utschuk und (c) clurch Ka lium J odid Stii rkepa pierteste. Es wircl vermutet, cl ass cli eses Ozon durch kl eine Funken entsteht, die von sta tischen Aufladungen herrlihren ; cli cse bauen si ch im ka lten Eis a uf, wenn es unter Druck Z UI1l Reissen gebracht ocl er defonniert wird. Photogra phisehe Aufnahmcn mit E xpositionszeiten von 8 Stunelen zcig ten im oberen Tunnel bci Nacht d eutlich offenbar solche Funken. Es wircl eine Beschreibung cl er Erscheinung von ka lten Eis gegeben, d as a m Felsunterg runcl a ngefroren ist unci durch die Bewegung cl cs ganzen Eiskorpers mit 0,6 mlJahr un ter sta rkstem Zwang so beansprucht wird, dass Stromlinien und Bander entstehcn. SOME 52 years ago, at Yale, the la te Professor Joseph Barrell brought to my a ttention a paper by Willard D . Johnson (1904) , Johnson described how he had descended into an open berg­ schrund on Mt. Lyell in the Sierras, and having noted in it copious melt water, cOUl'sing down its rock wa ll , yet that qua ntities of icicles fes tooned other parts of the na ked rock, he concluded that the rapid alternations of m elting and freezing to be found in such bergschrunds esta b­ lished bergschrunds in genera l as the specifi c cutting tool by which glacier cirques were created. 5' 3 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 23 Sep 2021 at 13:31:43, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY It is to be noted at this point that even in the temperate Alps by far the greater part of the snow and ice areas- some 80 per cent in the Zermatt area, for example- is well above the firn line, and the nivi fields of such areas are necessarily " cold" ice- snow or ice which is, in substance, below 0° C. (actually, at the mean annual temperature of the atmosphere for the altitude under study) . It is to these areas of cold ice, bergschrunds or no bergschrunds, that one must look, in my opinion, to understand processes of cirque erosion, especially under former, more extensive glaciation. With this objective in mind, I had attempted in 1952 to excavate a tunnel through to bedrock in the cold nivi at the 4,000 m. contour, under the Silbersattel, on Monte Rosa in the Pennine Alps. A year later, after that first tunnel had advanced 50 m., the Silbersattel site had to be abandoned, due to increasing danger of ice falls to the crew. I then had a tunnel driven through the nivi on the nearby Sattel of Monte Rosa, elevation 4,20 0 m. ; this tunnel reached the rock interface (Fisher, 1955). The results from that project can be summarized as follows : that "Sattel" tunnel, 92 m. in length, penetrated nivi the temperature of which Horizontal s.cale in meters. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Fig. I . Cross-section on a north- south line of the south face of the Breithorn, showing both tunnels and the water reservoir. Isotherms, marked in degrees Fahrenheit, have been sketched in to join IJ oints of equal temperature in the two tunnels, and have been proj ected up and do wn through the neve ~ Y the author rose with minor oscillations from - 14° C. at the beginning to - 5° C. at stations 30~40 m. and then reverted to - , 3° C. at the rock interface, at its end. Having expected to find temperatures rising all the way to bedrock, I was confused, but eventually reconciled this surprise by the fact that the rock behind the tunnel was only a subsidiary rock ridge, the opposite side of which, not so many tens of meters horizontally through the rock beyond this tunnel heading, was one great face of bare rock, exposed to the very low mean annual atmo­ spheric temperature appropriate to 4,200 m., and the thermal conductivity of that solid rock, being very much higher than that of the insulating nivi (rock being relatively less insulating, see Fisher ('955, p.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Characteristics of the Bergschrund of an Avalanche-Cone Glacier in the Canadian Rocky Mountains
    JOlIl"lla/ o/G/aci%gl'. VoL 29. No. 10 1. 1983 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BERGSCHRUND OF AN AVALANCHE-CONE GLACIER IN THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS By G ERALD OSBORN (Department of Geology and Geophysics, Uni versity o f Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N I N4, Canada) ABSTRACT. Fi eld study of th e bergschrund of a small avalanche-cone glacier at the base of Mt Chephren, in Banff Nati onal Park , has been ca rried out as part of a general ex pl oratory study of glacier-head crevasses in th e Canadi an Roc ki es. The bergsc hrun d consists of a wide. shall ow. partl y bedrock-fl oored gap, und erneath whi ch ex tends a nearl y vertical Ralldklu!I, and a small , offset, subsidi ary crevasse (or crevasses). The fo ll owin g observations rega rdin g the behavior of th e bergsc hruncl and ice adjacent to it are of parti cul ar interest: ( I) topograph y of the subglaeial bedrock is a control on the location of the main bergschrund and subsidi a ry crevasses. (2) th e main bergschrund and subsid ia ry crevasse(s) are conn ected by subglacial gaps betwee n bedrock and ice; th e gaps are part of th e "bergschrund system" , (3) snow/ ice immedi ately down-glacier of the bergschrund system moves nea rl y verticall y dow nwa rd in response to rotational fl ow of the glacier. a ll owin g the bergschrund components to keep the same location and size fro m year to year, (4) an inde pend ent accumul ati on, fl ow.
    [Show full text]
  • Trip Factsheet: Monte Rosa Climber Zermatt Zermatt Is a Charming
    Trip Factsheet: Monte Rosa Climber Zermatt Zermatt is a charming alpine village. It is car-free and reached only by a 15 minute train journey from the valley station of Tasch. As you would expect given its location it is one of Europe's main centres of Alpinism and is a bustling town in both winter and summer. The town is at 1,650m/5,420ft. Zermatt is in the German-speaking section of Switzerland. English (and French) are widely spoken. For further details on Zermatt click on the Zermatt Tourism website at www.zermatt.ch/en/ Monte Rosa (4,634m/15,203ft) Monte Rosa is the second highest mountain in the Alps and the highest mountain in Switzerland. The Monte Rosa is known in German as the Dufourspitze. It is in the Monte Rosa massif which is a range that lies on the border between Switzerland and Italy and is made up of several summits over 4500m, including Nordend, Zumsteinspitze, Signalkuppe and Ludwigshohe. Monte Rosa is located in the Pennine Alps (at 45°56′12.6″N, 7°52′01.4″E), 12kms east of Zermatt. It was first climbed in 1855. We usually ascend Monte Rosa over a 3 day period via the West ridge - the route is graded AD. The ascent begins from the Monte Rosa Hut which is accessed via the Gornergrat railway and a 2 hour trek. Summit day is a long, steady climb with 1800m of ascent to the highest point, called the Dufourspitze. There is a short grade 3 rock section and ice-slopes up to 40 degrees.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithostratigraphy and U-Pb Zircon Dating in the Overturned Limb of the Siviez-Mischabel Nappe: a New Key for Middle Penninic Nappe Geometry
    1661-8726/08/020431-22 Swiss J. Geosci. 101 (2008) 431–452 DOI 10.1007/s00015-008-1261-5 Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2008 Lithostratigraphy and U-Pb zircon dating in the overturned limb of the Siviez-Mischabel nappe: a new key for Middle Penninic nappe geometry FLORIAN GENIER1, JEAN-LUC EPARD 1, FRANÇOIS BUSSY 2 & TOMAS MAGNA2 Key words: alps, Middle Penninic, Siviez-Mischabel nappe, Permo-Carboniferous, Randa orthogneiss, zircon typology, U-Pb geochronology ABSTRACT Detailed field work and zircon analysis have improved the knowledge of the This coherent overturned sequence can be observed from the St-Niklaus area to lithostratigraphy at the base of the Siviez-Mischabel nappe in the Mattertal the Moosalp pass to the north. Detailed mapping revealed that the St-Niklaus (St-Niklaus-Törbel area). They confirm the existence of an overturned limb syncline is symmetrical and connects the overturned limb of the Siviez-Mischa- and clarify the structure of the St-Niklaus syncline. The following formations bel nappe to the normal series of the Upper Stalden zone. U-Pb zircon geo- can be observed: chronology on magmatic and detrital zircons allowed constraining ages of these formations. Detrital zircons display ages ranging from 2900 ± 50 to 520 ± 4 Ma • Polymetamorphic gneisses; composed of paragneisses, amphibolites and in the Törbel Formation, and from 514 ± 6 to 292 ± 9 Ma in the Moosalp Forma- micaschists (Bielen Unit, pre-Ordovician). tion. In addition, the Permian Randa orthogneiss is intrusive into the polymeta- • Fine-grained, greyish quartzite and graywacke with kerogen-rich hori- morphic gneisses and into the Permo-Carboniferous metasediments of the zons (Törbel Formation, presumed Carboniferous).
    [Show full text]
  • Antarctic Primer
    Antarctic Primer By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller Designed by: Olivia Young, Aurora Expeditions October 2018 Cover image © I.Tortosa Morgan Suite 12, Level 2 35 Buckingham Street Surry Hills, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia To anyone who goes to the Antarctic, there is a tremendous appeal, an unparalleled combination of grandeur, beauty, vastness, loneliness, and malevolence —all of which sound terribly melodramatic — but which truly convey the actual feeling of Antarctica. Where else in the world are all of these descriptions really true? —Captain T.L.M. Sunter, ‘The Antarctic Century Newsletter ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 3 CONTENTS I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Guidance for Visitors to the Antarctic Antarctica’s Historic Heritage South Georgia Biosecurity II. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Antarctica The Southern Ocean The Continent Climate Atmospheric Phenomena The Ozone Hole Climate Change Sea Ice The Antarctic Ice Cap Icebergs A Short Glossary of Ice Terms III. THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Life in Antarctica Adapting to the Cold The Kingdom of Krill IV. THE WILDLIFE Antarctic Squids Antarctic Fishes Antarctic Birds Antarctic Seals Antarctic Whales 4 AURORA EXPEDITIONS | Pioneering expedition travel to the heart of nature. CONTENTS V. EXPLORERS AND SCIENTISTS The Exploration of Antarctica The Antarctic Treaty VI. PLACES YOU MAY VISIT South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Weddell Sea South Orkney Islands South Georgia The Falkland Islands South Sandwich Islands The Historic Ross Sea Sector Commonwealth Bay VII. FURTHER READING VIII. WILDLIFE CHECKLISTS ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 5 Adélie penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Antarctica is the largest wilderness area on earth, a place that must be preserved in its present, virtually pristine state.
    [Show full text]
  • Název Prezentace
    4. Tourist attractions in Central European. Countries Předmět: The Tourist Attractions in the Czech Republic and in the World Geography of Switzerland The beautiful, mountainous country of Switzerland is landlocked in south-central Europe, and remains one of the most popular travel destinations on the planet. Mountains cover 60% of Switzerland's land area, with ranges of the Alps in the south and the Jura Mountains to the north. Switzerland's highest point is Dufourspitze (Monte Rosa), in the Pennine Alps, which rises to (4,634 m). Also located within the Pennine Alps is the infamous Matterhorn whose summit is (4,478 m) high. Moving north, the Rhine River makes up much of Switzerland's border with Germany, as well as part of Lake Constance. Switzerland's two largest lakes are Lake Geneva (shared with France) and Lake Neuchatel - which is the largest lake entirely within the country's borders. The main tourist attractions in Switzerland The Matterhorn, Switzerland's iconic pointed peak is one of the highest mountains in the Alps. On the border with Italy, this legendary peak rises to 4,478 meters, and its four steep faces lie in the direction of the compass points. The first summiting in 1865 ended tragically when four climbers fell to their death during the descent. Today, thousands of experienced climbers come here each summer. One of the most popular experiences in the beautiful Bernese Oberland is the train journey to Jungfraujoch, the "Top of Europe," with an observation terrace and scientific observatory perched at 3,454 meters. The longest glacier in Europe, the Great Aletsch Glacier begins at Jungfraujoch, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
    [Show full text]
  • Pennine Alps 1993 Alpine Meet
    THE YORKSHIRE RAMBLERS' CLUB ALPINE MEET 1993. , , The Meet The question asked of many mountaineers is, 'Have you ever climbed the . Matterhorn?' This year was the opportunity for our members to dojustthat. .' The' valley boasts many very fine peaks, the Weisshorn, the Dom.: and the Monte Rosa, to name but a few. With a total of 39 attending, the meet was the best attended so far. The average age was considerably.down on that of earlier alpine meets and the activity was very high with the majority :oLthemajor .. peaks: bounding the valley being climbed. ' Location The campsite chosen was at Randa in the Saint Nicholas valley- perhaps the most famous valley in all the alpine regions. It lies to the south of the Rhone valley, leaving it at Visp and extending up to Zermatt. Randa was preferred to Zermatt as it is less spoiled and does not attract so many tourists. The dominant peak seen from the campsite is the Zinal Rothorn.' A massive land slip ofa few, years ago only a two kilometres away demonstrated the anger that these mountains can exert, but it also illustrated how man can respond;" the Swiss re­ routed the road, railway and river injust one week. Campsite Most people considered the site to be the best so far. It was fairly crowded, ,, but there was a rapid turnover. The site shop was very handy and there were the villages of Tasch and Randa in' easy walking distance. Also easy rail access for Zermatt and a cheap minibus ferrying to and from Zermatt. The owner and staff spoke good English and were extremely helpful in booking huts for us by telephone atno charge.
    [Show full text]
  • Alpine Adventures 2019 68
    RYDER WALKER THE GLOBAL TREKKING SPECIALISTS ALPINE ADVENTURES 2019 68 50 RYDER WALKER ALPINE ADVENTURES CONTENTS 70 Be the first to know. Scan this code, or text HIKING to 22828 and receive our e-newsletter. We’ll send you special offers, new trip info, RW happenings and more. 2 RYDERWALKER.COM | 888.586.8365 CONTENTS 4 Celebrating 35 years of Outdoor Adventure 5 Meet Our Team 6 Change and the Elephant in the Room 8 Why Hiking is Important – Watching Nature 10 Choosing the Right Trip for You 11 RW Guide to Selecting Your Next Adventure 12 Inspired Cuisine 13 First Class Accommodations 14 Taking a Closer Look at Huts 15 Five Reasons Why You Should Book a Guided Trek 16 Self-Guided Travel 17 Guided Travel & Private Guided Travel EASY TO MODERATE HIKING 18 Highlights of Switzerland: Engadine, Lago Maggiore, Zermatt 20 England: The Cotswolds 22 Isola di Capri: The Jewel of Southern Italy NEW 24 French Alps, Tarentaise Mountains: Bourg Saint Maurice, Sainte Foy, Val d’Isère 26 Sedona, Arches & Canyonlands 28 Croatia: The Dalmatian Coast 28 30 Engadine Trek 32 Scotland: Rob Roy Way 34 Montenegro: From the Durmitor Mountain Range to the Bay of Kotor 36 New Mexico: Land of Enchantment, Santa Fe to Taos NEW 38 Slovakia: Discover the Remote High Tatras Mountains NEW MODERATE TO CHALLENGING HIKING 40 Heart of Austria 42 Italian Dolomites Trek 44 High Peaks of the Bavarian Tyrol NEW 46 Sicily: The Aeolian Islands 48 Rocky Mountain High Life: Aspen to Telluride 50 New Brunswick, Canada: Bay of Fundy 52 Via Ladinia: Italian Dolomites 54 Dolomiti di
    [Show full text]
  • Korean Direct
    AAC Publications Korean Direct The First Ascent Of Gasherbrum V Insignificant against the blinding white backdrop of Gasherbrum V’s south face, we stood like silhouettes atop a moraine, the wall before us in full view. The complex glacier leading up to the face reminded me of scaly dragon’s tail. We had spotted a snaking line that would lead us to the jagged bergschrund at the foot of the wall. Once on the face, we would have to keep left to avoid a menacing serac, then move right in the upper mixed section before finishing with a direct line to the top. Seong Nak-jong and I had never really considered a route on the south side of unclimbed Gasherbrum V until we were denied passage up the northeast face. We had started our first attempt on the 7,147- meter peak from Camp 1 on the South Gasherbrum Glacier, along the normal routes to Gasherbrums I and II. We trudged through thigh-deep snow to reach the northeast face, which was covered in loose ice and snow, and was nearly impossible to protect. Falling ice and spindrift poured down from above. We finally had no choice but to evacuate from our high point of 6,400 meters. This unsuccessful attempt quashed our desire to climb. As the leader of our small team, the quandaries of a second attempt weighed heavily on my mind. Not only were we physically weakened and our confidence shot, it was already mid-July and more snow was laying siege to the camps. We had been away from home for more than a month.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacial Archaeology in the Pennine Alps, Switzerland/Italy, 2011–2014
    JGA 3.1 (2016) 27–41 Journal of Glacial Archaeology ISSN (print) 2050-3393 https://doi.org/10.1558/ jga.33530 Journal of Glacial Archaeology ISSN (print) 2050-3407 Glacial Archaeology in the Pennine Alps, Switzerland/Italy, 2011–2014 Stephanie R. Rogers1, 3, Philippe Curdy2, Muriel Eschmann-Richon2 and Ralph Lugon4 1. Auburn University; 2. Valais History Museum; 3. University of Fribourg, Switzerland 4. University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] This report summarizes a glacial archaeology project funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) which took place between 2011 and 2014. This interdis- ciplinary project integrated methods from archaeology, history, and geography and resulted in the collection of more than one hundred objects of archaeological interest. Until now, 37 of those objects have been dated using radiocarbon analysis and range from the Bronze Age to modern times. The final results are presented and discussed and perspectives are offered in regard to future regional scale, interdisciplinary, gla- cial archaeological projects. Introduction The subject of glacial archaeology is a consequence of climate change; high-altitude and -latitude environments, which have been covered in ice and snow for hundreds to thousands of years, have been recently subject to increased melting due to aug- mented global temperatures, leading to the discovery of archaeological artefacts and remains in these areas (Dixon et al. 2014). The glacial-archaeological phenomenon was brought to light after the discovery of Ötzi in 1991 (Seidler et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ministry for the Future / Kim Stanley Robinson
    This book is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents are the product of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual events, locales, or persons, living or dead, is coincidental. Copyright © 2020 Kim Stanley Robinson Cover design by Lauren Panepinto Cover images by Trevillion and Shutterstock Cover copyright © 2020 by Hachette Book Group, Inc. Hachette Book Group supports the right to free expression and the value of copyright. The purpose of copyright is to encourage writers and artists to produce the creative works that enrich our culture. The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book without permission is a theft of the author’s intellectual property. If you would like permission to use material from the book (other than for review purposes), please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your support of the author’s rights. Orbit Hachette Book Group 1290 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10104 www.orbitbooks.net First Edition: October 2020 Simultaneously published in Great Britain by Orbit Orbit is an imprint of Hachette Book Group. The Orbit name and logo are trademarks of Little, Brown Book Group Limited. The publisher is not responsible for websites (or their content) that are not owned by the publisher. The Hachette Speakers Bureau provides a wide range of authors for speaking events. To find out more, go to www.hachettespeakersbureau.com or call (866) 376-6591. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Robinson, Kim Stanley, author. Title: The ministry for the future / Kim Stanley Robinson. Description: First edition.
    [Show full text]
  • Chamonix to Zermatt
    CHAMONIX TO ZERMATT About the Author Kev Reynolds first visited the Alps in the 1960s, and returned there on numerous occasions to walk, trek or climb, to lead mountain holidays, devise multi-day routes or to research a series of guidebooks covering the whole range. A freelance travel writer and lecturer, he has a long associa- tion with Cicerone Press which began with his first guidebook to Walks and Climbs in the Pyrenees. Published in 1978 it has grown through many editions and is still in print. He has also written more than a dozen books on Europe’s premier mountain range, a series of trekking guides to Nepal, a memoir covering some of his Himalayan journeys (Abode of the Gods) and a collection of short stories and anecdotes harvested from his 50 years of mountain activity (A Walk in the Clouds). Kev is a member of the Alpine Club and Austrian Alpine Club. He was made an honorary life member of the Outdoor Writers and Photographers Guild; SELVA (the Société d’Etudes de la Littérature de Voyage Anglophone), CHAMONIX TO ZERMATT and the British Association of International Mountain Leaders (BAIML). After a lifetime’s activity, his enthusiasm for the countryside in general, and mountains in particular, remains undiminished, and during the win- THE CLASSIC WALKER’S HAUTE ROUTE ter months he regularly travels throughout Britain and abroad to share that enthusiasm through his lectures. Check him out on www.kevreynolds.co.uk by Kev Reynolds Other Cicerone guides by the author 100 Hut Walks in the Alps Tour of the Oisans: GR54 Alpine Points
    [Show full text]
  • (0)27 966 01 01 Sunnegga Furi Furi Breuil-Cervinia
    DE FR EN IT SUNNEGGA-ROTHORN 7 Standard 16 Chamois 28 White Hare 37 Riffelhorn MATTERHORN GLACIER 56 Kuhbodmen 65 Rennstrecke / Skimovie SOMMERSKI / BREUIL-CERVINIA 11 Gran Roc-Pre de Veau 39 Gaspard 9 Baracon PANORAMAKARTE / PLAN PANORAMIQUE / 1 Untere National 8 Obere National 17 Marmotte 29 Kelle 38 Rotenboden PARADISE 57 Aroleid 66 Theodulsee THEODULGLETSCHER 2 Cretaz 12 Muro Europa 46 Bontadini 2 10 Du Col PANORAMIC MAP / MAPPA PANORAMICA. 2 Ried 9 Tufteren 18 Arbzug 30 Mittelritz 39 Riffelalp 49 Bielti 58 Hermetji 67 Garten Buckelpiste 80 Testa Grigia 3 Plan Torrette-Pre de Veau 13 Ventina-Cieloalto 47 Fornet 2 11 Gran Sometta 2a Riedweg (Quartier- 10 Paradise 19 Fluhalp 31 Platte 40 Riffelboden 50 Blatten 59 Tiefbach 68 Tumigu 81 Führerpiste 3.0 Pre de Veau-Pirovano 14 Baby Cretaz 59 Pista Nera del Cervino 12 Gran Lago strasse, keine Skipiste) 11 Rotweng 32 Grieschumme 41 Landtunnel 51 Weisse Perle 60 Momatt 69 Matterhorn 82 Mittelpiste 3.00 Pirovano-Cervinia 16 Cieloalto-Cervinia 60 Snowpark Cretaz 14 Tunnel 2017/2018 3 Howette 12 Schneehuhn GORNERGRAT 33 Triftji 42 Schweigmatten 52 Stafelalp 61 Skiweg 70 Schusspiste 83 Plateau Rosa 3bis Falliniere 21 Cieloalto 1 62 Gran Roc 15 E. Noussan 4 Brunnjeschbord 13 Downhill 25 Berter 34 Stockhorn 43 Moos 53 Oberer Tiefbach 62 Furgg – Furi 71 Theodulgletscher 84 Ventina Glacier 4 Plan Torrette 22 Cieloalto 2 15a Sigari 5 Eisfluh 14 Kumme 26 Grünsee 35 Gifthittli 44 Hohtälli 54 Hörnli 63 Sandiger Boden 72 Furggsattel 85 Matterhorn glacier 5 Plan Maison-Cervinia 24 Pancheron VALTOURNENCHE
    [Show full text]