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Index
Abebe,A 69 conservation and sustainable Abuja Treaty,African Union 22, 45 management of land resources adaptive capacity 64–5 Africa, legal perspectives on climate Decision on Climate Change and change 54–5 Development 52–3 ASEAN and Singapore Declaration forest exploitation 65 on Climate Change 289–90, Great Green Wall for the Sahara 297–8 Initiative 58 Africa, legal perspectives on climate greenhouse gas emissions 57 change 51–71 migration through climate change adaptive capacity 54–5 66–70 African Convention on the Nairobi Declaration on theAfrican Conservation of Nature and Process to Combat Climate Natural Resources 62–3 Change 53–4, 55, 57–8 African Convention on Human and New Partnership forAfrica’s Peoples’Rights (Banjul Charter) Development (NEPAD) 60 61–2 pollution control 64 African Ministerial Conference on RevisedAfrican Convention on the Environment (AMCEN) Nature and Natural Resources 57–8 63–6 African Monitoring of the socio-economic concerns 63–4 Environment for Sustainable state cooperation, importance of 66 Development (AMESD) project technology transfer and joint research 58 programmes 65–6 African Union seeAfrican Union UN Millennium Development Goals 55 Climate for Development inAfrica UNFCCC and Kyoto accession 54 programme (ClimDev-Africa) vegetation cover, sustainable use and 58 rehabilitation of 65 Climate Policy Centre (ACPC) 58–9 waste management 64 common position, consensus water resources 64–5 problems 57 Africa, sustainable development of common position, emergence of 52–7 SADC’s watercourses 72–101 common position, problems with African Network for Basin sustaining 56–7 Organisations (ANBO) 91 Conference ofAfrican Heads of agriculture irrigation, need for State and Government on efficient 73 Climate Change (CAHOSCC) benchmarking sustainable 54–5 development 91–2
417
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418 Regional environmental law
ecosystems, water needs of 74 transboundary water management energy resources, need for adequate cooperation as regional 73 integration mechanism 84–91 environmental impact assessment transboundary water sources by (EIA), importance of 91 co-basin countries, sharing of Global Water Partnership 79 74–5 Integrated Water Resources UN Conference on Water, Mar del Management (IWRM) 77–83, PlataAction Plan 78 89–90, 91, 92, 96–9 UN Millennium Development Goals Integrated Water Resources 81, 84 Management (IWRM), water as common symbol of historical development 78–82 humanity, social equity and Integrated Water Resources justice 82–3 Management (IWRM), water contamination problems 73 international fora involvement World Summit on Sustainable 78–81 Development (WSSD) 80–81, International Conference on 83, 95 Freshwater, The Bonn Keys World Water Forum and Ministerial 79–80 Conference, Second 79 International Conference on Water Africa, sustainable development of and the Environment (ICWE) SADC’s watercourses, 78–9 IncoMaputoAgreement 92–9 InternationalYear of Water agreed flow regimes 98 Cooperation (2013) 84 as effecting mechanism of IWRM SADC CommonAgenda 84–6 approach 96–9 SADC Guidelines 89–91 First UseAgreement 93 SADC Guidelines, environmental historical development 93–5 management information system Joint Incomati Basin Study (JIBS) (EMIS) 90 94–5 SADC Guidelines, environmental Joint Water Commission (JWC2) management programme and between SouthAfrica and strategic environment Mozambique 94 assessment (SEA) 90–91 local communities and other SADC Guidelines, environmental stakeholders, participation policy 89–90 concerns 99 SADC Mandate for Water Second UseAgreement 94 Cooperation 84–6 shortcomings 98–9 SADC Protocol on shared sustainable utilisation principle 97 watercourses 47–8, 86–8, Tripartite Permanent Technical 100–101 Committee (TPTC) 94, 96–8 SADC Protocol on shared unique qualities 95–6 watercourses, River Basin women’s central role, lack of Management Institutions recognition of 99 (RBMIs) similarities 88 African Commission on Human and time considerations 74 Peoples’Rights transboundary river basin Centre for Minority Rights management (TRBM) as Development (Kenya) v Kenya successful tool 82–3 39–41
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Index 419
DRC v Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda African Convention on the 110, 113 Conservation of Nature and Endorois Welfare Council v Kenya Natural Resources 120 113–14 ConstitutiveAct 103 MichelotYogogombaye v Senegal 123 developed states, development Social and Economic Rights Centre assistance to developing (SERAC) v Nigeria 38–9, 108–9, countries 111–12 110 development and ecological Sudan Human Rights Organisation v considerations, links between Sudan (Darfur case) 110, 113 119 African Commission on Human and New International Economic Order People’s Rights (ACHPR) 102–3, (NIEO), Declaration on the 122–3 Right to Development 111–13, African Convention on the 119–20 Conservation of Nature and New International Economic Order Natural Resources 32–5, 62–3, (NIEO), Programme forAction 120 120 African Convention on Human and Protocol to theAfrican Charter on Peoples’Rights (Banjul Charter) Human and Peoples’Rights on seeAfrican Union (AU), human the establishment of anAfrican rights and the environment, Court on Human and Peoples’ African Charter on Human and Rights 123–5 Peoples’Rights (Banjul Charter) Protocol to theAfrican Charter on African Economic Community, Human and Peoples’Rights on creation of 21–2, 25, 32 the Rights of Women inAfrica African Ministerial Conference on the 118–19 Environment (AMCEN) 42, 57–8 sustainable development, Brundtland African Monitoring of the Environment definition 117 for Sustainable Development African Union (AU), human rights (AMESD) project 58 and the environment,African African Union (AU) Charter on Human and ConstitutiveAct 4, 59–60 Peoples’Rights (Banjul Charter) Kampala Convention and Climate 103–4 Induced Displacement 66–70 common heritage of mankind and Kampala Convention and Climate human rights framework, links Induced Displacement, domestic between 112–13 implementation monitoring 69 development right 206–7 Kampala Convention and Climate and judicial adjudication 113–14 Induced Displacement, legal perspectives on climate change implementation problems 69–70 61–2 normative framework 59–70 ‘peoples’interpretation 110 programmes 57–9 peoples’rights to economic, social African Union (AU), human rights and and cultural development the environment 102–27 110–15 African Commission on Human and peoples’rights to economic, social People’s Rights (ACHPR) and cultural development, and 102–3, 122–3 benefit sharing 115
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420 Regional environmental law
peoples’rights to economic, social data-bank-stored environmental and cultural development, and information, retrieval facility 32 community consultation and environmental justice and empowerment 114–15 compensatory relief for peoples’rights to a general environmental, social and satisfactory environment economic losses 42–3 favourable to their development environmental protection legislation 107–10, 115 development 32 protection mechanisms 121–5 environmental protection and poverty regional environmental law 33, reduction 26–7 37–41 Executive Council 24–5 solidarity rights 105–15 financial aid packages and sustainable development 116–21 technology transfers 44 African Union (AU), regional game reserves 39–41 environmental law 21–50 greenhouse gas emissions in 1999 Protocol on Environment and developed countries 43 Natural Resources Management hazardous waste processing and 46–8 disposal 36–7 Abuja Treaty 22, 45 indigenous communities’rights 34, African Convention on the 38–41 Conservation of Nature and institutional framework 23–30 Natural Resources 32–5 Kyoto Protocol and climate change African Economic Community, 44–5 creation of 21–2, 25, 32 Lagos Plan ofAction and natural African Ministerial Conference on resource development 30–32, 45 the Environment (AMCEN) 42 LusakaAgreement on Illegal Trade in agricultural performance 27 Wild Fauna and Flora 35–6 Assembly of Heads of State and MillenniumAfrica Recovery Plan 25 Government 23–4 Minimum Integration Programme Bamako Convention (Management of (2010) 49 Hazardous Wastes Within Nairobi Declaration on theAfrican Africa) 36–7, 44 Process for Combating Climate Banjul Charter (African Charter on Change 42–4 Human and Peoples’Rights) 33, normative framework 30–48 37–41 Omega Plan 25 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 24 Organization ofAfrican Unity climate change adaptation measures, (OAU), creation of 21–2, 25 and cooperation with developed poaching 35–6 countries 43, 44 pollution problems 36–7 climate change response 41–5 procedural rights 34 climate change response, funding property rights 39–41 issues 44 SADC Protocol on Shared ComprehensiveAfricaAgriculture Watercourses 47–8 Development Programme Sirte Declaration onAgriculture and (CAADP) 27 Water inAfrica 27 ConstitutiveAct 25, 28, 30–32 South-South transfer of knowledge criminal law enforcement, illegal 42 traffic in hazardous waste 37 sovereignty over natural resources 31
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Index 421
sub-regional developments 45–8 Declaration on Climate Change sustainable development recognition 299–300 22–3, 39–41, 46–7 aircraft see aviation technical committees 24 Akehurst, M 246 transboundary environmental Amazon Basin, sustainable water problems 31 resource management 220–48 Treaty for the Establishment of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty (ACT) EastAfrican Community (EAC) 238–42 46 Amazon Cooperation Treaty (ACT), UN Economic Commission for Strategic Plan 240–41 Africa report 48–9 Amazon source, tributaries and and UN Millennium Declaration 23, length 226–7 24, 27 Andean Community (CAN) African Union (AU), regional CartagenaAgreement 238 environmental law, New Andean sub-regional cooperation and Partnership forAfrica’s Andean Community (CAN) Development (NEPAD) 23, 25–6, 242–3 27–8 bilateral commissions 231–2 African Peer Review Mechanism bilateral cooperation 230–36 (APRM) 29–30 Caribbean, sub-regional cooperation Declaration on Democracy, Political, and water security 243–5 Economic and Corporate collective action 225 Governance 29–30 illegal mining 241 Environment Initiative and climate institutions, regional and change 41–2 sub-regional cooperation Heads of State and Government 235–45 Orientation Committee and international drainage basin (HSGOC) 28–9 principle 227–8 integration withAU objectives 28–9 international navigation regulation agriculture 230, 239–40 ComprehensiveAfricaAgriculture MAP Initiative in theAcre River 232 Development Programme national laws 233–5, 236 (CAADP) 27 natural vegetation cover, irrigation, need for efficient, and disappearance of 229 sustainable development of partial accessibility 223 SADC’s watercourses 73 physical characteristics 226–9 air pollution regional cooperation 222–6, 230–31 ASEANAgreement on regional cooperation obligations Transboundary Haze Pollution 223–4 266–7, 299–300 regional treaty, lack of 221 EU CleanAirAct 354–5 regulation and institutions 229–45 EU environmental law 327, 331–2 sewage treatment concerns European Court of Human Rights 225–6 370–71 shared watercourses 228 forest fires pollution,ASEAN 266–7 sub-basins 228 transboundary haze pollution, water quality concerns 225–6 ASEAN and Singapore see also individual countries
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422 Regional environmental law
Amazon Basin, sustainable water Dominican Republic – Central resource management, America Free TradeAgreement Organization ofAmerican States (DR-CAFTA), environmental (OAS) cooperation 152–3 human right to safe drinking water economic development processes and and sanitation 237 environmental rights 156–7 interaction with other regional and Environmental ImpactAssessments sub-regional organizations (EIA) 170 237–8 environmental rights in sub-regional cooperation in the inter-American system 154–65 Amazon 238–42 exchange of information facilitation and sustainable development 236–8 146–7 Amechi, E 38, 49, 62 governance implementation concerns American Convention on Human 137 Rights, Inter-American human Haiti, Bays ProtectedArea 148 rights system see Inter-American healthy environment right and San human rights system, contribution Salvador Protocol 154–8 to sustainable development, healthy environment right and San American Convention on Human Salvador Protocol, indicators Rights (ACHR) and periodic reports 157–8 American Declaration of the Rights and Inter-American Biodiversity Duties of Man (ADRDM) 179, Network (IABIN) 143 180–81, 183, 189 Inter-American Council for Integral Americas, environmental law 131–76 Development 141 access to information, participation Inter-American Council for and justice and Santa Cruz Sustainable Development (ISP) Summit Declaration 158–65 159 and biodiversity 142 Inter-American Human Rights collaboration among experts on System 157, 161, 164 environmental law and policy Inter-American Program on 147 Sustainable Development compliance and Multilateral (PIDS) 141–2, 144–5 EnvironmentalAgreements International Court of Justice (ICJ) (MEAs) 147 jurisdiction, recognition of 167 Convention of Biological Diversity LaAmistad International Park (CBD) and CITES 148–50 implementation 143 new protected areas and biological Convention on Nature Protection and corridors, identification of Wildlife Preservation in the 148–51 Western Hemisphere 148 Organization ofAmerican States Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar (OAS), environmental Convention) 173 protection 132 Declaration of Panama: Energy for Organization ofAmerican States Sustainable Development in the (OAS), role of 131–6, 142 Americas 143–6 Pact of Bogota 167, 169 Dominican Republic – Central Pollutant Release and Transfer America Free TradeAgreement Registers (PRTRs) and trade (DR-CAFTA) 151–2 agreement cooperation 153
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Index 423
regional environmental challenges ASEANAgreement on Transboundary 136–8 Haze Pollution 2002 (AATHP) regional environmental initiatives 299–300 140–51 ASEAN Charter, legal and institutional regional environmental instruments framework 256, 258, 261 138–40 ASEAN Climate Change Initiative renewable energy and (ACCI) 304–5 energy-efficiency technologies ASEAN Community Roadmap 143–6 2009–2015 292–4 stakeholder cooperation 148–51 ASEAN Concord II Declaration 286 substantive environmental rights, ASEAN COP-13 Declaration 295, 296, existing mechanisms to 298 guarantee 158–65 ASEAN Declaration on Environmental trade-related environmental Sustainability 261, 288 initiatives 151–3 ASEAN Declarations on international Trifinio Plan and Biosphere Reserve policymaking process 294–7 150–51 ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) UN Millennium Development Goals Blueprint 294, 298–9 155 ASEAN Human Rights Declaration 262 water and land resource degradation ASEAN Joint Statement on Climate problems and information Change 295 exchange 146–7 ASEAN Leaders’Statement on Joint water and sanitation right 155 Response to Climate Change Americas, environmental law, 289–90 transboundary environmental ASEAN Plan ofAction for Energy disputes 165–76 Cooperation (2010–2015) 298–9 Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador ASEAN Political Security Community v Colombia) 165, 173–5 (APSC) Blueprint 293–4 controversial decisions, recent ASEAN regional environmental law 167–76 251–81 legal framework for peaceful ASEAN 2020Vision 255–6, 258 settlement 166–7 ASEANAgreement on the Maritime Dispute (Peru v Chile) Conservation of Nature and 175–6 Natural Resources 264–5 Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay ASEANAgreement on (Argentina v Uruguay) 165, Transboundary Haze Pollution 168–70, 392, 410 266–7 San Juan River cases (Nicaragua v ASEAN Charter, legal and Costa Rica) 171–3 institutional framework 256, Anton, D 259 258, 261 Argentina, Pulp Mills on the River ASEAN Declaration on Uruguay (Argentina v Uruguay) Environmental Sustainability 165, 168–70, 392, 410 261 Arnal, E 178 ASEAN Human Rights Declaration Arnold, G 386 262 ASEANAgreement on the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Conservation of Nature and Blueprint 256 Natural Resources 264–5 and biodiversity conservation 262
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424 Regional environmental law
biological richness 252 sustainable development promotion and climate change 262 256, 260–61, 265, 266–7, colonialism, legacy of 257 268–71, 279–80 cooperative federalism (Malaysia) and transboundary pollution 262 275–6 and UN Millennium Development deforestation 252 Goals (MDGs) 261, 270–71 environmental impact assessments and World Summit on Sustainable (EIAs) 269, 273, 274, 275, 276, Development (WSSD) aims 261 278 ASEAN regional environmental law, environmental management national environmental law commitment 254–5 271–80 forest fires pollution 266–7 Brunei Darussalam 272–3 Greening Governance in the Cambodia 273 Asia-Pacific (Institute for Global Indonesia 273–4 Environmental Strategies) 272 Laos 275 history of 252–5 Malaysia 275–6 hydro development issues 269–70 Myanmar/Burma 276–7 legally binding regional instruments Philippines 278–9 263–7 Singapore 277, 281 Lower Mekong Region 267–70 Thailand 277–8 multilateral environmental Timor Leste 279–80 agreements (MEAs) , Vietnam 280 implementation of 263, 272, 277 ASEAN and Singapore Declaration on negotiation and consensus Climate Change, Energy and the decision-making 257–8 Environment 282–309 NGOs and class actions (Indonesia) adaptive qualities 289–90, 297–8 274 ASEANAgreement on non-legally binding instruments Transboundary Haze Pollution 259–62 2002 (AATHP)299–300 public participation 274, 277–8 ASEAN Climate Change Initiative regional cooperation and ‘ASEAN (ACCI) 304–5 ASEAN Community Roadmap Way’257 2009–2015 292–4 regional environmental initiatives, ASEAN Concord II Declaration recent 255–6 286 and Rio+20 UN Conference on ASEAN COP-13 Declaration 295, Sustainable Development 261–2 296, 298 Roadmap for anASEAN Community ASEAN Declaration on 2009–2015 256, 261 Environmental Sustainability rule of law, lack of application 258–9, (ASEAN Declaration) 288 261–2, 268 ASEAN Declarations on soft law approach 258–9, 260, 277 international policymaking SoutheastAsia Nuclear-Weapon Free process 294–7 Zone Treaty 266 ASEAN Economic Community sovereignty considerations 255 (AEC) Blueprint 294, 298–9 sovereignty and non-interference ASEAN Joint Statement on Climate 256–9 Change 295
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Index 425
ASEAN Leaders’Statement on Joint future requirements 308–9 Response to Climate Change Initiative forASEAN Integration (ASEAN Leaders’Statement) (IAI) 294 289–90 multilateral environmental ASEAN Plan ofAction for Energy agreements (MEAs) 282–3 Cooperation (2010–2015) 298–9 Nairobi Work Programme 305 ASEAN Political Security national responses and Community (APSC) Blueprint non-interference in domestic 293–4 affairs 291–2, 308 ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community nuclear power and Fukushima Blueprint (ASCC Blueprint) disaster 299 292–4, 298, 302, 304 Reducing Emissions from ASEANVision 2020 286, 292, 298 Degradation and Forest ‘ASEAN Way’decision making Deforestation (REDD) and 290–91, 305, 307–8 REDD-Plus 300–301 ASEAN Working Group on Climate Regional Climate ChangeAgenda Change (AWGCC) 304–5 289–92 Asian Cities Climate Change regional coordination, need for 290 Resilience Network (ACCCRN) Singapore Declaration, adoption of 305 288–9 ‘Bali Concord III’Plan ofAction soft law measures 290–91 2013–2017 291–2, 304 structural framework 303–6 Bangkok Declaration on theASEAN sustainable development and the Environment 284, 296, 303 environment inASEAN 284–7, biodiversity considerations 300–301 292–4, 296–7 carbon mitigation technologies and technology transfer from developed cleaner fossil fuel technologies countries 292 298 transboundary haze pollution Cebu Declaration on EastAsian 299–300 Energy Security 298 UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, climate change agenda, development 2007, effects of 287–9 of 287–97 UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol climate change concerns, support 295, 296 incorporation in other areas of World Commission on Environment cooperation 297–303 and Development (Brundtland climate change impact scenarios, Report) 284–5 development of 290 and World Summit on Sustainable CoolASEAN and Green Capitals Development 286 Initiative 306 ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community disaster management and risk Blueprint 256, 292–4, 298, 302, reduction 302–3 304 eco-cities 301–2 ASEANVision 2020 255–6, 258, 286, economic growth and sustainable 292, 298 development, links between ‘ASEAN Way’decision making 257, 285–6, 296 290–91, 305, 307–8 energy security 297–9 ASEAN Working Group on Climate environmental management, Change (AWGCC) 304–5 understanding of 285 Ashton, P 93, 94, 95
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426 Regional environmental law
Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience biosphere, Trifinio Plan and Biosphere Network (ACCCRN) 305 Reserve,Americas 150–51 Attwell, W 47 Birnie, P 223 AU seeAfrican Union Biswas,A 72, 73, 74–5, 77, 78 aviation Bjørke, S 70 aircraft noise pollution by 367, Boer, Ben 251–81, 308 370–71, 377 Bogota Pact,Americas, environmental and EU emissions trading law 167, 169 programme, and aviation 357 Boisson de Chazournes, L 224 Awumo, K 60 Boitier, B 354 Bolivia, MAP Initiative in theAcre Bals, C 338 River 232 Bamako Convention (Management of Born, C 324 Hazardous Wastes WithinAfrica) Bosselmann, K 117, 252 36–7, 44 Boyle,A 1, 179, 223, 368, 370 Bangkok Declaration on theASEAN Braga, B 220 Environment 284, 296, 303 Brazil Banjul Charter seeAfrican Union (AU), Acre River, GT-Acre working group human rights and the environment, 232 African Charter on Human and Amazon Basin bilateral commissions Peoples’Rights (Banjul Charter) 231–2 Barberis, J 225 Brazilian CooperationAgency 232 Barnard, Michelle 72–101 Gomes Lund.v Brazil 203, 204 Barrington, D 270 hydroelectric power plants 225, Baslar, K 112 234–5 Belize, Maya Indigenous Communities MAP Initiative in theAcre River 232 (Belize) 199–200 National WaterAgency (ANA) 233–4 Benvenisti, E 223, 224, 247 National Water Council (CNRH) Beyerlin, U 2, 117 234–5 Bhatia, R 82 Raposa Serra Do Sol Indigenous Bhullar, Lovleen 282–309 People (Brazil) report 199 biodiversity Technical Chamber of andAmericas, environmental law 142 Trans-boundary Water Resource conservation,ASEAN regional Management 234 environmental law 262 Brookes,A 82 Convention of Biological Diversity Brown, O 59 (CBD) 143 Brunée, J 404 Inter-American Biodiversity Brunei Darussalam, national Network (IABIN) 143 environmental law 272–3 and nature conservation, EU 323–4 Brundtland Report (World Commission Singapore Declaration on Climate on Environment and Change, Energy and the Development) 117, 284–5 Environment 300–301 Buijse,A 82 see also nature conservation Burhenne-Guilmin, F 264 biological corridors,Americas 148–51 Buzás, Z 386 biosafety, Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety,African Union 24 Calasans, Jorge Thierry 220–48
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Index 427
Cambodia legal perspectives,Africa seeAfrica, hydro development issues 269 legal perspectives on climate national environmental law 273 change carbon capture and storage, EU 358 Nairobi Declaration on theAfrican carbon mitigation technologies and Process for Combating Climate cleaner fossil fuel technologies, Change 42–4 Singapore Declaration on Climate response,African Union, regional Change, Energy and the environmental law 41–5 Environment 298 Singapore Declaration seeASEAN Caribbean, sub-regional cooperation and Singapore Declaration on and water security 243–5 Climate Change, Energy and the CartagenaAgreement,Andean Environment Community 238 Colombia Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador African Union 24 v Colombia) 165, 173–5 Cashman,A 244 Amazon Basin bilateral commissions Castro, J 149 231–2 Cebu Declaration on EastAsian Energy Amazonian Cooperation agreement Security 298 with Peru 235 Cendra de Larragán, Javier de 338–62 colonialism, legacy of,ASEAN regional Chabal, P 60 environmental law 257 chemicals see hazardous substances ComprehensiveAfricaAgriculture Chile Development Programme Maritime Dispute (Peru v Chile) (CAADP) 27 175–6 Conference ofAfrican Heads of State Reyes v Chile 160, 164, 187, 202–3, and Government on Climate 204 Change (CAHOSCC) 54–5 China, hydro development issues ConstitutiveAct,African Union 25, 28, 269–70 30–32, 103 Chowdhury, S 111 Convention of Biological Diversity Christensen, C 121 (CBD) 143 Churchill, R 108 Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Cilliers, J 29 Convention) 173 Clapp, P 276 CoolASEAN and Green Capitals climate change Initiative 306 andASEAN regional environmental Costa Rica law 262 LaAmistad International Park cooperation with developed 148–50 countries,African Union 43, 44 San Juan River cases (Nicaragua v eco-design of energy consuming Costa Rica) 171–3 products, EU 325 court access right, European Court of EU climate change law see EU Human Rights 370–71 climate change law as credible Craven, M 61, 371 example EU environmental law 327–8, 332 dam construction and flooding of nature and International Mechanism for reserves, European Court of Loss and Damage 43 Human Rights 372
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428 Regional environmental law
De Sadeleer, N 324, 365, 371 eco-cities,ASEAN 301–2 De Waart, P 113 economic crisis, and EU emissions De Windt, Claudia 131–76 trading programme 355–6 deforestation economic development processes and Africa 65 environmental rights 156–7 ASEAN regional environmental law economic growth and sustainable 252 development, links between forest fires pollution,ASEAN 266–7 285–6, 296 Inter-American human rights system economic welfarism 346 187–8, 202–3 ecosystems development and ecological Reducing Emissions from considerations, links between Degradation and Forest 119 Deforestation (REDD) 300–301 Europe’s transboundary waters, legal developed countries frameworks 403–6 African Union cooperation with 43, water needs, SADC’s watercourses 44, 111–12 74 greenhouse gas emissions in 43 Ecuador technology transfer from, Singapore Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador Declaration on Climate Change v Colombia) 165, 173–5 292 exploitation of oil resources 194–7 Dhondt, N 349 Kichwa Indigenous People of Dinerstein, E 82 Sarayaku v Ecuador 196–7 disaster management EIAs see environmental impact extreme weather events, EU 380 assessments (EIAs) industrial installation accidents, EU El Salvador 323 Piche Osorio, Domitilda Rosario v Singapore Declaration on Climate Minister and Vice-minister of Change 302–3 Environment and Natural dispute settlement Resources 164 Americas seeAmericas, Trifinio Plan and Biosphere Reserve environmental law, 150–51 transboundary environmental Elliott, L 308 disputes Elsheikh, I 123 Europe’s transboundary waters, legal Embid,A 77 frameworks, UN Helsinki emissions Convention and EU Water controls, Europe’s transboundary Framework Directive, waters 406 comparative analysis 412 greenhouse gas 43, 57 Dominican Republic, CentralAmerica greenhouse gas and UN Kyoto Free TradeAgreement Protocol 44–5, 54, 295, 296, (DR-CAFTA) 151–3 327–8, 332 Dooge, J 83 indirect, challenge of, EU 354 DRC, DRC v Burundi, Rwanda and Reducing Emissions from Uganda 110, 113 Degradation and Forest Durán, G 365 Deforestation (REDD) 300–301 trading programme, EU 354–7, Ebeku, K 60, 108 360–61
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Index 429
energy domestic implementation and eco-design of energy consuming achievement of Union products 325 mitigation targets 359–60 resources, need for adequate, economic welfarism 346 SADC’s watercourses 73 emissions trading programme 354–7, Singapore Declaration seeASEAN 360–61 and Singapore Declaration on emissions trading programme, and Climate Change, Energy and the aviation 357 Environment emissions trading programme, environmental degradation and right to economic crisis effects 355–6 life, Inter-American human rights emissions trading programme, merits system 195–201 of 356 environmental impact assessments enforcement challenges 360–61 (EIAs) foundation values of EU 344–5 Americas, environmental law 170 future generations’rights and ASEAN regional environmental law interests 346–7 269, 273, 274, 275, 276, 278 and global competitiveness 340, EU environmental law 322–3 350–51 SADC’s watercourses 90–91 historical perspective of legal sustainable development of SADC’s framework 343 watercourses 91 ideas-based credibility 352–8 environmental management implementation challenges 359–60 information system (EMIS), indirect emissions, challenge of SADC’s watercourses 90 accounting for 354 EU international level commitment 345, Charter of Fundamental Rights 350–51 334–5, 364–5 legal framework as debate forum 343 Court of Justice 318, 322, 334, 384 long-term targets, challenge of 352–3 Fisheries Policy 335 market based instruments 358 EU climate change law as credible mitigation strategies and Effort example 338–62 Sharing Decision 357–8 normative foundations of climate carbon capture and storage 358 change law 344–8 CleanAirAct 354–5 policy compromises promoting climate change law framework 341–2 effective policy design 354–8 common good of citizens and policy discourse between norms and environment, promotion of interest 348–51 344–5 principles-based credibility 344–52 conceptual framework 343 public support for climate law, credibility appraisal from legal assessment of 351–2 perspective 342–4 sanctions, use of 352 credibility as basis of leadership sustainable development and 338–40 relations between human and credibility of legal framework non-human species 347–8 339–40 sustainable development and directional and structural-based solidarity between generations credibility 359–61 346–7
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430 Regional environmental law
taxation, public attitude towards majority decisions on law-making 351–2 317 universal climate change policy monitoring the application of EU law 344–5 317–18 vagueness and ambiguity claims in nature conservation (‘Natura 2000’ policy language 345, 349–51 network) 320, 331 values, meaning of 349 noise emissions 328, 332 EU environmental law 3–4, 12–15, products and chemical substances 313–37 324–5 air pollution 327, 331–2 progressive 3–4, 12–15 public authorities’responsibilities biodiversity and nature conservation 330, 333 323–4 public participation in Charter on Fundamental Rights decision-making 322, 330, 333 334–5 Restoration of the Damaged clean environment right 334–5 Environment directive 323 climate change 327–8, 332 rule of law 315–16 climate change and eco-design of specificities in EU law 315–21 energy consuming products 325 and sustainability 315, 316, 336–7 compliance measures 329–33 transport sector and integration constitutional framework 321–2 requirement 336 court access restrictions 322, 334 and UNECEAarhus Convention 322 directives, adoption of 321–2 waste management 320, 329, 331, energy sector and integration 332 requirement 335–6 water management 320, 326 enforcement measures 329–36 European Commission role 316–18 environmental action programmes European Court of Human Rights, case 319–20 law contribution to sustainable environmental impact assessments development 363–85 322–3 airport noise and air pollution 370–71 EU Court of Justice 318, 322, 334 case law in environmental cases EU Fisheries Policy and integration 368–82 requirement 335 and Charter of Fundamental Rights EU institutions 313–15 364–5 European Commission role and dam construction and flooding of function 316–18 nature reserves 372 flora and fauna protection 323–4, 331 environmental NGOs acting as greenhouse gas emissions and Kyoto watchdogs 372 Protocol 327–8, 332 environmental NGOs and members’ hazardous substances 324–5, 329 interests 371–2 horizontal measures 322–3 environmental pollution 366–7 industrial installation accidents 323 environmental procedural law information access 322, 330 369–74 institutional integration 318–20 EU Court of Justice involvement 384 integration of environmental European Convention on Human requirements into other EU Rights (ECHR) environment policies 320–21, 335–6 right, lack of 366–8 justice, access to 322, 334 extreme weather events 380
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Index 431
fertilizer factory pollution 373 Fadeyeva v Russia 375 human rights impact assessments Flamenbaum v France 379 377–8 Giacomelli v Italy 375 human rights, testing environmental Gorraiz Lizarraja v Spain 372 cases against 368–9 Greenpeace Schweiz v Switzerland industrial pollution 374–7 372 industrial pollution, ‘causal Guerra v Italy 373 relationship’issues 375–6 Hamer v Belgium 381–2, 383 mining pollution 371, 375–6 Hatton v United Kingdom 367, 377–8 nature conservation and hunting Herrmann v Germany 382 381–2 Kolyadenko v Russia 380 noise pollution 367, 377–9 Kyrtatos v Greece 366–7, 381 noise pollution by aircraft 367, 377 noise pollution from traffic 379 López Ostra v Spain 374–5, 377 nuclear power station, people living Mileva v Bulgaria 379 near 371 Moreno Gómez v Spain 379 private and family life rights 373, Oluic´ v Croatia 379 374–5 Õneryildiz v Turkey 376–7 regional integration and sustainable Tas¸kin v Turkey 371, 373 development impact 384–5 Tătar v Romania 375–6 right of access to an independent and VAK v Latvia 372 impartial court 370–71 Zander v Sweden 370 right to life 376–7 Zimmermann and Steiner v United Nations Economic Switzerland 370–71 Commission for Europe Europe’s transboundary waters, legal (UNECE)Aarhus Convention on frameworks 386–415 Access to Information … and ecosystems approach 403–6 Justice 369–70, 371 emission controls 406 United Nations Economic enforcement procedures 410–11 Commission for Europe environmental protection focus (UNECE) and economic 406–8 integration 365 EU law 393–7 urban development and nature EU Water Framework Directive conservation 381 396–7 waste disposal 376–7 Global Water Partnership (GWP) on waste water treatment 370 water governance 413–14 water management and floods 380 industrial pollution directives 396 water pollution 376 international law 388–93, 406–7, 410 European Court of Human Rights, case International Law Commission Draft law contribution to sustainable Articles on Transboundary development, cases Aquifers 389, 398, 403, 404 Athanassoglou v Switzerland 371 land-use activities 402–3 Balmer-Schafroth v Switzerland 371 legislative standards for protection of Chassagnou v France 382 aquatic environment 395–6 Commission v Ireland (MOX Plant monitoring arrangements 410 Case) 395 national law 398–400 Deés v Hungary 379 pollution and discharge of waste salts Dubetska v Ukraine 376 399–400
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432 Regional environmental law
pollution and limit values forAnnex I Fabra,A 178 (‘Black List’) substances 393–4 Faridz, D 300 public participation, importance of Fawcett, L 3 411 federalism, Malaysia 275–6 regional integration and inter-State Ferrera, M 346 cooperation 394–5 financial aid packages and technology ‘Reinwater’v. Mines Domaniales de transfers,African Union 44 Potasse d’Alsace 399–400 fishing, EU Fisheries Policy 335 reporting requirements 410–11 forests see deforestation Rhine Chemical Pollution Forteau, M 3 Convention 393–4 fossil fuels, cleaner technologies 298 riparian States 404–6, 409–10 Francioni, F 251, 385 ‘river basin districts’, coordination Freestone, D 1 projects 397, 402–3, 409–11 future generations’rights and interests, sustainable development 390–93, EU 346–7 407–8 see also human rights UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of game reserves,African Union 39–41 International Watercourses 389 Garcia, Beatriz 220–48 UN Helsinki Convention on the Gardiner, S 340 Protection and Use of Gerstl,A 289 Transboundary Watercourses Gibney, M 105 388–9, 390–91, 394–5 Gleick, P 245 UN Watercourses Convention 398–9, global competitiveness 404 and EU climate change law 340, United Nations Economic 350–51 Commission for Europe see also trade-related issues (UNECE) 388–90 Global Water Partnership (GWP) 79, United Nations Economic 413–14 Commission for Europe Glowka, L 65 (UNECE), Water Convention Gopalakrishnan, C 82 Guide 391–3, 411 Gormley, W 367 water quality objectives for surface Goulding, M 226 waters 395–6 Europe’s transboundary waters, legal Graffy, C 246–7 frameworks, UN Helsinki Gray, K 55, 357–8 Convention and EU Water Great Green Wall for the Sahara Framework Directive, Initiative 58 comparative analysis 400–412 Green Capitals, and CoolASEAN 306 dispute settlement 412 Greene, E 244 implementation arrangements greenhouse gas emissions see emissions 408–12 Grimes, H 414 scope of 401–6 Grober, U 265 substantive rules and principles Guatemala, Trifinio Plan and Biosphere 406–8 Reserve 150–51 sustainability concept 401 Gunatilake, M 82 extreme weather events 380 Gupta, J. 55
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Index 433
Haas, E 222 see also poaching Haiti, Bays ProtectedArea,Americas, Hyam, J 378 environmental law 148 hydro development issues,ASEAN Hall,A 413 regional environmental law Halvorssen,A 54 269–70 Handl, G 117 Hashimoto, T 73 IncoMaputoAgreement seeAfrica, Hastings, D 51 sustainable development of Haug, C 356 SADC’s watercourses, Havercroft, I 358 IncoMaputoAgreement hazardous substances see pollution; indigenous peoples’rights waste management African Union 34, 38–41 healthy environment right and San Salvador Protocol,Americas, Inter-American human rights system environmental law 154–8 181–2, 185–6, 191–2, 194–5, Heinämäki, L 217 198–201, 205–6 Helmke, B 289 Indonesia Herz, M 4, 237 national environmental law 273–4 Heyns, P 93, 94 NGOs and class actions 274 Hirsch, P 268 transboundary haze pollution Honduras 299–300 Kawas-Fernandez v Honduras 181, industrial pollution see pollution 187–8, 205 information access Trifinio Plan and Biosphere Reserve EU environmental law 322, 330 150–51 exchange of information facilitation, Hossain, K 118 Americas 146–7 human rights Inter-American Court of Human African Union seeAfrican Union Rights 202–5 (AU), human rights and the Santa Cruz Summit Declaration environment 158–65 ASEAN Human Rights Declaration see also procedural rights; public 262 participation European Court of Human Rights see Initiative forASEAN Integration (IAI) European Court of Human 294 Rights, case law contribution to sustainable development Institute for Global Environmental future generations’rights and Strategies, Greening Governance interests, EU 346–7 in the Asia-Pacific 272 Inter-American Court of Human institutions Rights see Inter-American Court institutional framework,African of Human Rights Union 23–30 Inter-American Human Rights institutional integration, EU 318–20 System 157, 161, 164 regulation and institutions, right to life see right to life sustainable water resource right to safe drinking water and management,Amazon Basin sanitation,Amazon Basin 237 229–45 hunting Inter-American Biodiversity Network and nature conservation, EU 381–2 (IABIN) 143
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434 Regional environmental law
Inter-American Council for Sustainable Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Development (ISP) 159 Community v Nicaragua 186, Inter-American Court of Human Rights 192, 205–6, 209, 213–14 Commission’s State report on Metropolitan Nature Reserve v Ecuador 194–6 Panama 190, 191–3 environmental harm, remedies and Mossville Environmental Action Now redress responsibility 211–16 v United States 204, 210–11 establishment of 180 Raposa Serra Do Sol Indigenous information access 202–5 People (Brazil) report 199 judicial recourse, right to effective Reyes v Chile 160, 164, 187, 202–3, 204 208–11 Saramaka People v Suriname 186, precautionary and provisional 192, 205, 206–8, 213, 214, 217, measures 197–201 218 public participation in Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous decision-making 205–8 Community v. Paraguay 186 standards development for VelasquezRodriguez v Honduras 212 environmental protection in case Xákmok Kásek Indigenous law 193–216 Community v Paraguay 209–10 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Yakye Axa Indigenous Community v cases Paraguay 186, 209 12 Saramaka clans 197–8 Yanomani Indians of Brazil 190, Awas Tingni Indigenous Community 212–13 (Nicaragua) 200–201 Inter-American Human Rights System, Baena Ricardo 210 Americas, environmental law 157, Cabrera Garcia and Montiel Flores v 161, 164 Mexico 188 Inter-American human rights system, Community of La Oroya (Peru) 190, contribution to sustainable 200, 204 development 177–219 Community of San Mateo de American Declaration of the Rights Huanchor (Peru) report 198, and Duties of Man (ADRDM) 210, 213 179, 180–81, 183, 189 deforestation projects 187–8, 202–3 Dann v The United States 213 human rights advocates, protection of Gomes Lund.v Brazil 203, 204 187–8 John Doe v Canada 191, 193 indigenous peoples’rights 181–2, Kawas-Fernandez v Honduras 181, 185–6, 191–2, 194–5, 198–201, 187–8, 205, 218 205–6 Kichwa Indigenous People of Inter-American Commission on Sarayaku v Ecuador 196–7, 213, Human Rights (IACHR) 279 215 Inter-American Court of Human Kuna of Madungandí and Emberá of Rights see Inter-American Court Bayano Peoples (Panama) report of Human Rights 199 natural resources protection 187 Mary and Carrie Dann v United Organization ofAmerican States States 186, 213 (OAS) legal instruments Maya Indigenous Communities conducive to protection of the (Belize) 199–200, 209, 213, 214 environment 179–88
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Index 435
Organization ofAmerican States Maritime Dispute (Peru v Chile) (OAS) human rights bodies 175–6 179–80 Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay Organization ofAmerican States (Argentina v Uruguay) 165, (OAS) human rights instruments 168–70, 392, 410 and suitability to protect the San Juan River cases (Nicaragua v environment 180–83 Costa Rica) 171–3 pollution and toxic waste 197–201 international drainage basin principle, property rights 205–8 andAmazon Basin 227–8 San Salvador Protocol and right to a international fora involvement, SADC’s healthy environment 181, 183, watercourses 78–81 187–8 international law Inter-American human rights system, and EU climate change law as contribution to sustainable credible example 345, 350–51 development,American and Europe’s transboundary waters Convention on Human Rights 388–93, 406–7, 410 (ACHR) 179, 180, 181, 183, International Law Commission Draft 184–8 Articles on Transboundary environmental degradation and right Aquifers 389, 398, 403, 404 to life 195–201 international navigation regulation, information access 202 Amazon Basin 230, 239–40 petition admissibility criteria 190–93 InternationalYear of Water Cooperation procedural provisions conducive to (2013) 84 protection of environment 189–93 Jensen, K 268 procedural provisions conducive to Jerger, D 267 protection of environment, Jobodwana, Z 42 Commission and court Joyner, C 112 jurisdiction 189 judicial recourse treaties and other sources outside access to, EU environmental law 322, Inter-American system, use to 334 expand mandate 185–6 right to effective, Inter-American Inter-American Program on Sustainable Court of Human Rights 208–11 Development (PIDS) 141–2, 144–5 International Conference on Karlsson, C 338 Freshwater, The Bonn Keys 79–80 Kenya International Conference on Water and Centre for Minority Rights the Environment (ICWE) 78–9 Development (Kenya) v Kenya International Court of Justice (ICJ) 39–41 Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador Endorois Welfare Council v Kenya v Colombia) 165, 173–5 113–14 Hungary v Slovakia Killander, M 29, 69 (Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros Case) 1, Kim, R 252 2, 116, 392, 410 Kingston, S 359 jurisdiction recognition,Americas Knighton, W 353 167 Knox, J 61, 107
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436 Regional environmental law
Koh Kheng-Lian 257, 258, 259, 264, Lixinski, L 184, 185, 187 266, 282–309 Lorenzmeier, S 395 Krämer, Ludwig 313–37 Loures, F 401 Kroes, M 392 Louw, L 108 Kulovesi, K 341, 358 Lowe,V 1 Kyoto Protocol 44–5, 54, 295, 296, Lubbe, Willem Daniël 72–101 327–8, 332 Luke, D 22 LusakaAgreement on Illegal Trade in Lagos Plan ofAction,African Union Wild Fauna and Flora,African 30–32, 45 Union 35–6 Lammers, J 393, 394 Lye, L 276, 277 land use deforestation see deforestation MacIntyre,A 346 Europe’s transboundary waters, legal McIntyre, Owen 386–415 frameworks 402–3 Makoto, I 275 resource degradation problems, Malanczuk, P 4 Americas 146–7 Malaysia, cooperative federalism Lang, W 1 275–6 Laos, national environmental law 275 Malhotra, R 111 legal framework Maluwa, T 4, 103, 119 Africa seeAfrica, legal perspectives Manby, B 120 on climate change Mangu,A 69 Amazon Basin, regulation and Mansfeld, E 3 institutions 229–45 MAP Initiative inAcre River,Amazon Americas seeAmericas, Basin 232 environmental law Margono, B 252 ASEAN seeASEAN regional market-based instruments environmental law EU climate change law 358 environmental law, EU see EU see also trade-related issues environmental law Masters, L 53, 56 EU climate change law see EU Mazzuoli,V 177, 183, 185 climate change law as credible MEAs see multilateral environmental example agreements (MEAs) Europe’s transboundary waters see Meijknecht,Anna 177–219 Europe’s transboundary waters, Mekong basin, Lower Mekong Region legal frameworks 267–70 Organization ofAmerican States migration through climate change, (OAS) 179–88 Africa 66–70 rule of law, EU environmental law MillenniumAfrica Recovery 315–16 Plan 25 rule of law, lack of application, see also UN, Millennium ASEAN regional environmental Development Goals law 258–9, 261–2, 268 Milner, H 3 soft law approach,ASEAN 258–9, mining 260, 277, 290–91 illegal,Amazon Basin 241 Leib, L 115, 118 pollution, European Court of Human Letchumanan, R 304 Rights 371, 375–6
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Index 437
monitoring see also regional integration; African Monitoring of the sovereignty considerations Environment for Sustainable natural resources Development (AMESD) project African Convention on the 58 Conservation of Nature and domestic implementation Natural Resources 62–6, 120 monitoring,Africa 69 ASEANAgreement on the monitoring arrangements, EU 317–18, Conservation of Nature and 410 Natural Resources 264–5 Morgera, E 235, 365 biodiversity and nature conservation, EU 323–4 Mozambique, Joint Water Commission Convention on Nature Protection and (JWC2) with SouthAfrica 94 Wildlife Preservation in the multilateral environmental agreements Western Hemisphere 148 (MEAs) flora and fauna protection, EU 323–4, Americas 147 331 ASEAN 263, 272, 277, 282–3 game reserves,African Union 39–41 Mumma,A 42, 54 Lagos Plan ofAction and natural Murray, R 122 resource development 30–32, 45 Myanmar/Burma, national LusakaAgreement on Illegal Trade in environmental law 276–7 Wild Fauna and Flora 35–6 Natura 2000 network, EU 320, 331 Nairobi Declaration on theAfrican nature conservation and hunting, Process for Combating Climate European Court of Human Change 42–4, 53–4, 55, 57–8 Rights 381–2 Nairobi Work Programme 305 nature reserves, flooding, and dam Narine, S 257 construction 372 national responses protection, Inter-American human Amazon Basin, sustainable water rights system 187 resource management 233–5, sovereignty over,African Union 31 236 urban development and nature ASEAN environmental law see conservation, European Court of ASEAN regional environmental Human Rights 381 law, national environmental law vegetation cover disappearance, domestic implementation and Amazon Basin 229 achievement of Union see also biodiversity; water mitigation targets, EU 359–60 management domestic implementation Nesadurai, H 257 monitoring,African Union 69 Netherlands, ‘Reinwater’v. Mines Europe’s transboundary waters Domaniales de Potasse d’Alsace 398–400 399–400 local communities and other New International Economic Order stakeholders, participation (NIEO), Declaration on the concerns, SADC’s watercourses Right to Development 111–13, 99 119–20 and non-interference in domestic New Partnership forAfrica’s affairs, Singapore Declaration Development (NEPAD) 23, 25–6, on Climate Change 291–2, 308 27–8, 60
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438 Regional environmental law
NGO involvement legal instruments conducive to and class actions, Indonesia 274 protection of the environment members’interests, European Court 179–88 of Human Rights 371–2 role of 4, 9–11, 131–6, 142 see also stakeholder cooperation see also Inter-American human rights Nicaragua system Awas Tingni Indigenous Community Ouguergouz, F 123 (Nicaragua) 200–201 Ovey, C 378 San Juan River cases (Nicaragua v Costa Rica) 171–3 Packer, C 103 Nigeria, Social and Economic Rights Pallangyo, Daniel M 51–71 Centre (SERAC) v Nigeria 38–9, Panama 108–9, 110 Declaration of Panama: Energy for noise pollution Sustainable Development in the airport noise 370–71 Americas 143–6 EU environmental law 328, 332 Kuna of Madungandí and Emberá of European Court of Human Rights, Bayano Peoples (Panama) report case law contribution 367, 199 370–71, 377–9 LaAmistad International Park see also pollution 148–50 Ntambirweki, J 102 Parker, C 338 nuclear power Pavoni, R 191, 193, 372, 385 and Fukushima disaster 299 Peel, J 223 SoutheastAsia Nuclear-Weapon Free Peeters, M 339, 360 Zone Treaty 266 Pereira,A 94 stations, people living near, EU 371 Peru Nurhidaya, L 257 Amazonian Cooperation agreement Nwobike, J 60 with Colombia 235 Community of La Oroya (Peru) 190, Oakford, S 252 200, 204 Odinkalu, C 121 Community of San Mateo de Huanchor (Peru) 198 Oke,Y 45 MAP Initiative in theAcre River 232 Olson, D 82 Maritime Dispute (Peru v Chile) Omega Plan,African Union 25 175–6 Oppong, R 9, 46 Philippines Orellana, MarcosA. 131–76 national environmental law 278–9 Organization ofAmerican States (OAS) Oposa v Factoran 278 Amazon Basin seeAmazon Basin, poaching sustainable water resource African Union 35–6 management, Organization of see also hunting American States (OAS) pollution environmental protection 132 African Union, regional human rights bodies 179–80 environmental law 36–7 human rights instruments and control,Africa, legal perspectives 64 suitability to protect the discharge of waste salts, Europe’s environment 180–83 transboundary waters 399–400
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Index 439
European Court of Human Rights, EU environmental law 322, 330, 333 and sustainable development Europe’s transboundary waters 411 366–7, 373, 374–7 Inter-American Court of Human industrial pollution, EU 371, 373, Rights 205–8 374–7, 393–4, 396, 399–400 Santa Cruz Summit Declaration, and Inter-American human rights Americas 158–65 system 197–201 see also information access; limit values forAnnex I (‘Black List’) stakeholder cooperation substances, EU 393–4 public support for climate law, mining pollution, EU 371, 375–6 assessment of, EU 351–2 noise see noise pollution Purdy, J 340 Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTRs) and trade agreement cooperation, Rahaman, M 78, 82, 83 Americas 153 Rajamani, L 54, 56 Rhine Chemical Pollution Ramnewash-Oemrawsingh, S 368 Convention 393–4 Ramsar Convention (Convention on transboundary,ASEAN regional Wetlands) 173 environmental law 262 Reducing Emissions from Degradation water contamination problems, and Forest Deforestation (REDD) SADC’s watercourses 73 300–301 see also waste management regional challenges,Americas, poverty reduction,African Union, environmental law 136–8 regional environmental law 26–7 regional cooperation,Amazon Basin precautionary and provisional 222–6, 230–31, 235–45 measures, Inter-American Court regional initiatives,Americas 138–51 of Human Rights 197–201 regional integration Preston, B 348, 349 EU 363–4 private and family life rights Europe’s transboundary waters European Court of Human Rights 394–5 373, 374–5 and sustainable development, EU see also human rights 384–5 procedural rights transboundary water management, African Union, regional SADC’s watercourses 84–91 environmental law 34 see also national responses Santa Cruz Summit Declaration, Reimann, M 15 Americas, environmental law renewable energy and energy-efficiency 158–65 technologies,Americas 143–6 see also information access Reni, D 274 property rights research programmes African Union 39–41 and technology transfer,Africa 65–6 Inter-American human rights system see also technology transfer 205–8 Rhine Chemical Pollution Convention public authorities’responsibilities, EU 393–4 330, 333 Rieu-Clarke,A 386, 392, 401, 409, 412 public participation right to life ASEAN regional environmental law European Court of Human Rights 274, 277–8 376–7
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440 Regional environmental law
Inter-American human rights system Schreuer, C 3 195–201 Schulte, W 273 see also human rights Schunz, S 348 risk Scott, S 59 reduction and disaster management, Selborne, L 82 ASEAN 302–3 Senegal, MichelotYogogombaye v see also disaster management Senegal 123 river basins Sengupta,A 112 ‘river basin districts’, coordination sewage treatment see under waste projects, Europe’s management transboundary waters 397, shared watercourses 402–3, 409–11 Amazon Basin 228 River Basin Management Institutions SADC Protocol on shared (RBMIs),Africa 88 watercourses 47–8, 86–8, transboundary river basin 100–101 management (TRBM) as see also transboundary issues; water successful tool,Africa 82–3 management transboundary water sources by Shaw, T 22 co-basin countries, sharing of, Shelton, D 108, 185, 193, 259 Africa 74–5 Shen, D 79, 81 see also water management Silva, R 82 Robinson, M 309 Singapore Robinson, N 290 national environmental law 277, 281 Rogers, P 413 Transboundary Haze PollutionAct Rombouts, S 208 300 Roy, S 113 Singapore Declaration on Climate Rukare, D 103 Change seeASEAN and rule of law see under legal framework Singapore Declaration on Climate Rutter, J 353 Change, Energy and the Environment SADC (SouthernAfrican Development Skogly, S 105 Community), watercourse Slaughter,A-M 125 sustainable development see Slinger, J 95 Africa, sustainable development Smith, C 54 of SADC’s watercourses socio-cultural issues,ASEAN Sahraie, M 304, 307 Socio-Cultural Community Salman, S 76 Blueprint (ASCC Blueprint) 256, San Salvador Protocol and right to a 292–4, 298, 302, 304 healthy environment 154–8, 181, socio-economic concerns,Africa 63–4 183, 187–8 soft law approach sanctions use, EU 352 ASEAN 258–9, 260, 277, 290–91 Sands, P 223 see also legal framework Santa Cruz Declaration,Americas, solidarity rights,African Charter on environmental law 158–65 Human and Peoples’Rights Savaresi,A 65 (Banjul Charter) 105–15 Scholtz, Werner 1–17, 42, 51–71, SoutheastAsia Nuclear-Weapon Free 102–27 Zone Treaty 266
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Index 441
SouthernAfrican Development economic growth and sustainable Community (SADC), watercourse development, links between sustainable development see 285–6, 296 Africa, sustainable development EU case law see European Court of of SADC’s watercourses Human Rights, case law sovereignty considerations contribution to sustainable African Union 31 development ASEAN regional environmental law and EU environmental law 315, 316, 255, 256–9 336–7 see also national responses Europe’s transboundary waters, legal Spain frameworks 390–93, 407–8 dam construction and flooding of Inter-American Council for nature reserves 372 Sustainable Development (ISP) renewable energy premiums 360 159 water basin management 77 Inter-American human rights system stakeholder cooperation see Inter-American human rights Americas 148–51 system, contribution to participation concerns, SADC’s sustainable development watercourses, IncoMaputo Inter-American Program on Agreement 99 Sustainable Development see also NGO involvement; public (PIDS) 141–2, 144–5 participation Organization ofAmerican States Stals, C 69 (OAS) 236–8 Steiger, H 367 and relations between human and Stetser,A 273 non-human species 347–8 Strydom, Hennie 21–50 and solidarity between generations, Sudan, Sudan Human Rights EU climate change law as Organisation v Sudan (Darfur credible example 346–7 case) 110, 113 UN Helsinki Convention and EU Sullivan, K 55 Water Framework Directive, Sunchindah,A 255 comparative analysis 401 Suriname, 12 Saramaka clans 197–8, UN Rio+20 Conference on 205 Sustainable Development 261–2 sustainable development vegetation cover rehabilitation and African Charter on Human and sustainable use,Africa 65 Peoples’Rights (Banjul Charter) water resource management,Amazon 116–21 Basin seeAmazon Basin, African Union 22–3, 39–41, 46–7 sustainable water resource ASEAN Declaration on management Environmental Sustainability World Summit on Sustainable 261 Development 23, 80–81, 83, 95, ASEAN regional environmental law 261, 286 256, 260–61, 265, 266–7, Switkes, G 220 268–71, 279–80 ASEAN and Singapore Declaration Tadeg, M 112 on Climate Change 284–7, Tamanaha, B 356 292–4, 296–7 Tanner, L 187
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442 Regional environmental law
Tarlock,A 415 water management cooperation as taxation, public attitude towards, EU regional integration mechanism, 351–2 SADC’s watercourses 84–91 Taylor, I 60 see also shared watercourses; water technologies management carbon mitigation cleaner fossil fuels transport sector 298 aviation see aviation renewable energy and and integration requirement, EU 336 energy-efficiency 143–6 Trevisan, J 304, 305, 307 technical committees,African Union Trifinio Plan and Biosphere Reserve, 24 Americas 150–51 technology transfer Trindade,A 116 and financial aid packages,African Union 44 Tropp, H 414 from developed countries,ASEAN Turton,A 93, 94–5 and Singapore Declaration on Climate Change 292 UK, noise pollution at Heathrow and joint research programmes, Airport 367, 377–8 Africa 65–6 UN Teixeira, G 177, 183, 185 Bali Concord III Plan ofAction Thailand, national environmental law 2013–2017 291–2, 304 277–8 Conference on Water, Mar del Plata Timor Leste, national environmental Action Plan 78 law 279–80 Convention on the Law of the Toope, S 404 Non-Navigational Uses of trade-related issues International Watercourses 95, environmental initiatives,Americas 389 151–3 Economic Commission forAfrica global competitiveness and EU regional integration report climate change law 340, 350–51 48–9 market based instruments, EU Global Consultation on the Right to climate change law 358 Development as a Human Right traffic noise see noise pollution 114, 115 transboundary issues Helsinki Convention see Europe’s African Union 31 Americas seeAmericas, transboundary waters, legal environmental law, frameworks, UN Helsinki transboundary environmental Convention and EU Water disputes Framework Directive, Europe see Europe’s transboundary comparative analysis waters, legal frameworks Kyoto Protocol 44–5, 54, 295, 296, haze pollution,ASEANAgreement 327–8, 332 on Transboundary Haze Millennium Declaration 23, 24, 27 Pollution 266–7, 299–300 Millennium Development Goals 55, pollution, andASEAN regional 81, 84, 155, 261, 270–71 environmental law 262 Rio+20 Conference on Sustainable river basin management (TRBM) Development 261–2 SADC’s watercourses 82–3 riparian states 224
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Index 443
UN-REDD (Programme on Reducing national environmental law 280 Emissions from Deforestation) Viljoen, F 21, 22, 46, 110, 122, 123 65 Vinogradov, S 398, 399 Water Conference, Mar del Plata Viñuales, J 2, 116 Action Plan 31 Voigt,C 2, 117, 118 water security definition 244–5 Watercourses Convention 224, waste management 398–9, 404 Africa 36–7, 44, 64 World Summit on Sustainable criminal law enforcement, hazardous Development 23 waste,African Union 37 UNECE (United Nations Economic EU environmental law 320, 324–5, Commission for Europe) 388–90 329, 331, 332 Aarhus Convention onAccess to European Court of Human Rights Information … and Justice 322, 370, 376–7 369–70, 371 sewage treatment concerns,Amazon and economic integration 365 Basin 225–6 Water Convention Guide 391–3, 411 see also pollution UNFCCC (Framework Convention on water management Climate Change) Africa 64–5 andAfrican Kyoto accession 54 Amazon Basin seeAmazon Basin, ASEAN Kyoto Protocol support 295, sustainable water resource 296 management Conference of the Parties 2007, contamination problems,Africa 73 effects of,ASEAN and dam construction and flooding of Singapore Declaration on nature reserves 372 Climate Change 287–9 EU environmental law 320, 326 Copenhagen Conference 44 and floods 380 universal climate change policy, EU hydro development issues,ASEAN 344–5 269–70 Upham, P 351 land resource degradation problems, urban development and nature Americas 146–7 conservation, EU 381 and pollution, European Court of Uruguay, Pulp Mills on the River Human Rights 376 Uruguay (Argentina v Uruguay) quality objectives, Europe’s 165, 168–70, 392, 410 transboundary waters 395–6 US, Mossville Environmental Action SADC sustainable development see Now v United States 204 Africa, sustainable development of SADC’s watercourses Van der Linde, M 62, 108 and sanitation right,Americas 155 Van Schaik, L 342, 348 UN Watercourses Convention 224, Varis,O 74, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83 398–9, 404 Varkkey, H 308 water as common symbol of Vas,A 94 humanity 82–3 Vedder, C 395 see also natural resources; river Verschuuren,Jonathan 1–17, 363–85 basins; shared watercourses; Vietnam transboundary issues hydro development issues 269 Wayakone, S 275
Werner Scholtz and Jonathan Verschuuren - 9781781951781 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/23/2021 10:09:54AM via free access
Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Scholtz-Regional_Environmental_Law / Division: Index /Pg. Position: 27 / Date: 11/3 JOBNAME: Scholtz PAGE: 28 SESS: 2 OUTPUT: Thu Mar 19 11:21:05 2015
444 Regional environmental law
weather, extreme weather events 380 World Summit on Sustainable wetlands, Convention on Wetlands Development 23, 80–81, 83, 95, (Ramsar Convention) 173 261, 286 White, R 378 World Water Forum and Ministerial Whitmarsh, L 351 Conference 79 wildlife see under natural resources Wouters, P 392, 415 Williams, M-A 140 Wunderlich, J-U 308 Wolfrum, R 3, 112 women’s central role, lack of Yanga, E 288, 295, 304, 306 recognition of,Africa 99 World Commission on Environment Zamagni, S 351 and Development (Brundtland Zelin, L 165 Report) 117, 284–5
Werner Scholtz and Jonathan Verschuuren - 9781781951781 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/23/2021 10:09:54AM via free access
Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Scholtz-Regional_Environmental_Law / Division: Index /Pg. Position: 28 / Date: 11/3