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The Early Response by ARL Libraries Please do not remove this page Google Scholar and the Library Web Site: The Early Response by ARL Libraries Mullen, Laura Bowering; Hartman, Karen A. https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/discovery/delivery/01RUT_INST:ResearchRepository/12643445460004646?l#13643533640004646 Mullen, L. B., & Hartman, K. A. (2006). Google Scholar and the Library Web Site: The Early Response by ARL Libraries. College & Research Libraries, 67(2), 106–122. https://doi.org/10.7282/T3KH0KQ0 This work is protected by copyright. You are free to use this resource, with proper attribution, for research and educational purposes. Other uses, such as reproduction or publication, may require the permission of the copyright holder. Downloaded On 2021/09/25 16:29:30 -0400 Google Scholar and the Library Web Site: The Early Response by ARL Libraries Laura Bowering Mullen and Karen A. Hartman With the introduction of Google Scholar in November 2004, research libraries faced the decision of whether to integrate this “blended” resource into their collections and services via their library Web sites.The authors are members of a Web Advisory Committee and present a case study detailing Rutgers University Libraries’ experience with integrating Google Scholar onto the library’s Web site. A descriptive study of all ARL univer- sity members’ library Web sites also was undertaken to determine how other academic libraries were treating Google Scholar in July 2005. Did ARL libraries place Google Scholar on alphabetical lists of indexes and databases, subject guides, or in OPACs, for instance? Results from this study are presented and implications of putting Google Scholar on the Web site are discussed for all major user groups. hen Google Scholar first ap- usage of their fee-based resources while peared in November 2004, promoting discovery of open-access ma- the library world was abuzz terials. Discussions began with regard to with questions, concerns, and adding it to library Web pages in some tempered enthusiasm.At Rutgers Univer- fashion to make patrons more aware of sity, librarians quickly began discussing it. Google Scholar appeared to offer the it in meetings, including it in instruction library scholarly value at no cost. sessions, trying it out with patrons at the University members of the Association reference desk in cases where a couple of Research Libraries (ARL) and their of scholarly full-text articles on a specific Web committees have recently had to subject would suffice, using it to quickly grapple with Google Scholar and make verify incomplete interlibrary loan cita- decisions regarding its integration into tions, and informally comparing its cita- services and collections. Google Scholar tion analysis capabilities to those of our is a different type of “blended” resource, other venerable subscribed-to resources. one that allows a patron to search for all The librarians soon became aware that, types of scholarly materials, many in full- in addition to being an easy way to text format. It is especially valuable for the search for a few scholarly articles, Google researcher who happens to be affiliated Scholar was another tool that could drive with a research institution and can link to Laura Bowering Mullen is the Behavioral Sciences Librarian in the Library of Science and Medicine at Rutgers University Libraries; e-mail: [email protected]. Karen A. Hartman is Social Sciences Librarian in the Archibald S. Alexander Library at Rutgers University Libraries; e-mail: khartman@rci. rutgers.edu. 106 Google Scholar and the Library Web Site 107 subscribed full-text either on-site at the li- study was undertaken to determine how brary or through remote access. Scholarly other ARL libraries were handling this materials found in Google Scholar may new type of important resource. The include peer-reviewed articles as well as authors have studied the Web sites of full-text of dissertations, theses, preprints, ARL libraries to get a “snapshot” at this and technical reports from all subject ar- point in time of how academic libraries eas. According to the Google Scholar Web are integrating Google Scholar into their site, materials are included from scholarly collections and services via their Web publishers, universities, professional soci- sites. In addition to the descriptive study eties, and preprint repositories. The prin- of Google Scholar on ARL Web sites, the cipal engineer for Google Scholar, Anurag local experience at the Rutgers University Acharya, has focused development of the Libraries is presented. product on the concept of “versioning,” or gathering all the differing versions of Review of Relevant Literature a single scholarly work together in one With the introduction of Google Scholar, place.1 Librarians can see the value of libraries have struggled to find ways to displaying at once all possible versions make decisions about how to integrate of an author’s work, including preprints, such a product into their collections via postprints, self-archived journal articles, their Web sites. Few scholarly articles have conference presentations, and technical been published to this point analyzing reports. In some ways, the introduction Google Scholar’s role in academic librar- of Google Scholar has forced academic ies’ collections or services or, specifically, librarians to analyze the relationships how academic libraries are deciding to among publishers, vendors, free search integrate it into their Web sites. As Google engines, and research-level libraries. The Scholar was introduced only recently, this relationship between libraries and Google literature will surely develop with time. Scholar, unprecedented in that it does not In addition to the scholarly literature, depend on sales, has implications for the development of the product and reaction library Web site. It is an example of a new to it by librarians may be studied through type of collaboration between a commer- various articles, blogs, and news items as cial enterprise and academia. well as by visiting the Google Scholar Web Google Scholar provides discovery as site.3 As a free scholarly search engine well as access, and librarians can promote that bridges to academic fee-based library its use through the Web site. Scholarly content, Google Scholar was integrated journal publishers are participating in into some library Web sites early on in initiatives such as CrossRef while mak- its development. According to a review ing their content available to Google in The Charleston Advisor, Google Scholar Scholar.2 Librarians are working with “has gained widespread acceptance and their link resolver products, and librar- is linked from the websites of highly re- ies are participating in initiatives such spected libraries.”4 as OCLC WorldCat, which is making the book materials more discoverable. Early Google Scholar Literature With the ability to set “Preferences” and Many of the articles and editorials ap- personalize search in Google Scholar by pearing in the library literature detail the moving a chosen institution’s holdings pros and cons of adding Google Scholar to the top of the relevancy ranking, we to the offerings of academic libraries.5 are seeing the integration of institution- Advantages discussed informally in many specific identification to results. forums include the ability to retrieve Following Rutgers University Librar- only scholarly material when searching, ies’experience with integration of Google the usefulness of the “cited by” feature, Scholar into collections and services, a Google Scholar’s potential metasearch ca- 108 College & Research Libraries March 2006 pability, and the value of pushing usage of literature does contain some early aempts the library’s fee-based electronic resources. at comparison between Google Scholar Google Scholar, without charge, offers and the Thompson/ISI citation analysis personalization through the “Preferences” products. Richard K. Belew’s recent study search function, discovery of repository of 203 publications collectively cited by content, a one-stop shop for open-access more than 4,000 other publications showed publications, and a vehicle for discovery that Google Scholar’s data citation counts of the institutions’ book collections. As all “showed surprisingly good agreement” ARL libraries are OCLC WorldCat par- with the Thompson/ISI product.7 Belew ticipants, patrons using Google Scholar at adds the caveat that publications in books these libraries will find their institutions’ and conferenceproceedings are morelikely book materials highlighted. Affiliates of to be included in Google Scholar whereas ARL libraries will be able to link to their journal articles are beer indexed by the libraries’extensive holdings of subscribed- Thomson/ISI product.8 Marcus A. Banks to content from Google Scholar. cautions that some librarians feel that Conversely, Google Scholar raises Google Scholar’s “cited by” algorithms many questions and concerns for aca- are not fully reliable.9 Kathleen Bauer demic librarians. With Google Scholar still and Nisa Bakkalbasi, in a comparison of a beta product with a “plug-and-play” Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Sci- development scheme, and almost all ence, suggest that no one citation analysis revenue generated by advertisements on source may be considered comprehensive the regular Google product, libraries are anymore for collecting the citation counts opening their Web pages to a new type of of a particular author or article.10 commercial enterprise. Librarians are not Banks also suggests comparison of sure what their role is in the evolution of Google Scholar with Elsevier’s Scirus the product and are not an integral part search engine.11 Dean Giustini and Eu- of the development team. Concerns have gene Barsky point out that one of the been raised about the comprehensiveness differences between these two free schol- of the indexing and the lack of a defini- arly search engines is that Scirus clearly tion of “scholarly,” as well as the issue of lists the sources that make up its content whether students should be encouraged whereas Google Scholar does not.12 As for to look beyond what is offered by Google. comparison with Scirus, Laura M.
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