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STUDIES on CHANDLERELLA Hawkincf, a FILARIAL PARASITE of CROW

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STUDIES on CHANDLERELLA Hawkincf, a FILARIAL PARASITE of CROW STUDIES ON CHANDLERELLA HAWKiNCf, A FILARIAL PARASITE OF CROW ABSTRACT Mthesis SUBMITtED' ' IN FULM.LMENT:OF THE:RHQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR .OF PHlLOSdPHY IN . /nomRY SHAHNAZ BANO SECTION OF PARASITOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH January, 1981 ABSTRACT The thesis embodies the results of the studies on Chandlerella haukingi, a filarial parasite of Indian jungle crou, Corvus macrorhynchos (Uagler). Only four aspects, morphology, histology, histochemistry and in ^itro culture have been taken up. The morphological studies include a re description of adult worm uith an addition of a feu minor details in the adult. The structures described in microfilaria are the nuclear structures, cephalic structures, pharyngeal thread, Innenkorper and also occurrence of tuo forms of microfilariae in blood of crou. The nuclear structures naue been studied uith special reference to nuclear landmarks which are of great taxonomic vyalu^. Sometimes the nuclear structures do not suffice for identification of genera and soecies, the cephalic structures, pharyngeal thread and Innenkorper have also been studied. It has also been proved that the tuo forms of microfilariae, the long and the short, present in the blood of crou belono to the same species, C. haukingi. The stereoscan studies of the cuticular structures of the adult and the microfilaria have heen done as these are of great taxonomic importance in classification of uorms. The histological studies include the study of histological features of the body uall, musculature, alimentary canal and reproductiue organs as some of these structures provide a taxonomic tool at various levels. Among histochemical •^^tudies, four enzymes, viz; acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and carboxylesterase have been localized as these enzymes are attributed to different functions and their distribution is very specific. Thus the localization of these enzymes helos in determining the various functions assigned to different organs and parts of the body of adult uorm. In microfilaria, five enzyres, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, carboxy lesterase and aryl sulphatase, have betin studied. The distribution of these enzymes is so specific that their patterns help in identification nf different genera and species. In the present uork only microfilariae of C. haukingi have been CLiltivated in vitro, in vieu to study their development outsidf-i the body of the host. These studies are important even for testing the drugs on parasite alone and also for collection of ES products uhich may servs as functional antigens against filariasis. STUDIES ON CHANDLERELLA HAWKING!, A FILARIAL PARASITE OF CROW . A THESIS SUBMITTED;^ IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQtjiREMENTS FpR THE DEGREE OF. DOCTOR OF PHILOSbyHY IN ZOOLOiSY BY SHAHNAZ BANO SECTION OF PARAiil'l'OLOUY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH January, 1981 / J T5322 llipri) Muslim ALIGARH. M. P. 202001 PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH LABORATORY ^Enibersiitp DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY Director ; Ather H. Siddiqi Ph.D. (Aiig.); Ph.D. (Purdue) 5 3anuary, 1981 This is to certify that the thesis entitled, "Studies on Chandlerella hamkingi« a filarial parasite of crow", which is beirrg submitted by Tslrs. Shahniaz Banoi, embadies original urork done by the candidate herself. The entire toark was carried out under my stipervisipn. betuieenB 1976-1980 and that I alloui her ta submit the same in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philcisophy in Zoology of this University. Q \ ATHER W. SIDDIQI Supervisor ACKNOULEDGEI^ENTS I uish to extend my sincere thanks to Prof. Ather H. Siddiqi to uhom I am indebted for his supervision, guidance, invaluable suggestions, constructive criticism and encouragement throughout this uork. I am thankful to Prof. S.i^. Alam for providing me necessary facilities in the Department of Zoology. I am grateful to Dr. Nitya Nand, Director, Central Drug Research Institute (CDRl), Lucknou, and to Dr. A.B. Sen, Head, Parasitology Division, for the use of research facilities in the Central Drug Research Institute. The help given by Dr. Ran Govind, Scientist, Division of Parasitology, CDRI , is gratefully acknouledged, for he permitted me to use all the facilities available in his laboratory, especially for the use of his culture room and for providing all chemically defined culture media and for giving valuable suggestions. ( SHAHIMAZ BAIMO ) N T E N T S Page No. I . INTRODUCTINN 1 - 7 II. HISTORICAL REUIEU 8 -49 III. STATEI^ENT GF PRGBLEN 50 -53 L\J. MATERIALS AND HETHOOS 54 -77 \J, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Morphology (a) Light microscopy 78-104 (b) Stereoscan studies 105-110 2. Histolo gy ... 111-135 3. Histochemistry ... 136-165 4. In vitro cultivation 165-173 \LL, REFERENCES 174-222 \YIL. ABBREVIATIONS 223-225 Win. SUr^HARY 226-228 *** * INTRODUCTION Among the nematodes uhich include a uery large number of worms belonging to different groups, the filariids are of great medical and veterinary importance. They cause much human suffering in many parts of the uorld, especially in the developing countries. In early stages of infection the patient suffers from chills, fever, aches and general malaise. This, if neglected, results in inflammation of lymph glands (lymphadenitis) and lymph channels (lymphangitis), thereby starting allergic reactions ending in elephantiasis. The latter is characterised by enlargement of certain parts of the body due to the deposition of extracellular protein, fibrosis and necrosis of tissues, causing physical discomfort as uGll as disabilities resulting in much mental agony. Not only that, these filarial worms cause tropical eosinophilia, if accidentally, man gets infected uith filariae of animal origin uhich cannot develop satisfactorily in man. These filarial worms may cause disturbances in eyes and central nervous system also. The most common human filariids are Uuchereria bancrpfti and Bruq5 a malayi. U. bancrofti is prevalent in warm and humid countries like India, Africa, China, Arabia, Nalaya, Formosa and West Indies; uhereas B, malayi is found in India, nalaya, Southeastern Asia and East Indies etc. These are the worms commonly responsible for lymphangitis, lymphadenitis and elephantiasis. The other filariids infecting man are Onchocerca uolv/ulus, Dipetalonema perstans, D. streptocerca, l^ansonella ozzardi, Loa loa and Dirofilaria spp. Ivulus occurs in Plexico, Guatemala, Salvador, Northuest Venezuela, Africa and Yemen. It causes onchocerciasis, resulting in deuelopment of fibrous nodules in the skin. Dipetalonema perstans is Found in Congo, Uganda, South America and northern Argentina. D. streptocerca is found in Liest and Central Africa. No evident symptoms are produced except a persistent headache, drousyness, skin rash and eos inophi li a. Plansone 11a ozzardi is common in West Indies, Yucatan, Panama, South America and in northern Arqentia. The uorms are found in mesentries and visceral fat. No pathogenic symptoms are produced, infection results in an increase of blood eosinophils. Loa loa is common in Uest and Central Africa. Adults live in sub-cutaneous tissue of man and make excursions from place to place under skin causing itching and creeping sensation. They shou a special preference for creeping in and about the eyes. It causes painless or itchy edematous suellings called "Calabar suellings" which appear suddenly, last a feu days and then disappear, to reappear later someuhere else. These are due to the allergic reactions, to metabolic products of the uorms or to proteins liberated from injured or expired uorms. flicrof-ilaria loa may cause fatal encephalitis, uhen they penetrate into the brain and spinal cord. Gne species of Dirofilaria, 0. conJuctivae has been found to parasitise man in Europe, India, U.S.S.R. and Thailand. It lives in cyst like tumors of eye, nose, arm and mesentry. The filarial parasites of domestic animals belong to the species of Brugia, Dipetalonema, Onchocerca, Setaria, Stephanofilaria, Parafilarja and Dirofilaria. The species of Brugia parasitising cats and dogs are, B, malayi in India (Orissa) , P'lalaya and Kenya coast of Africa; B. pahanqi in Malaya, and B. patei in Pate island and Kenya. They do not produce any pathogenic symptoms. Only one species of Dipetalonema, D. reconditum is a very common parasite of dogs in U.S.A. but it does not produce any pathogenic symptoms. The species of Onchocerca infecting domestic animals are, £. qibsoni parasitic in cattle.^ It injures hides and carcasses by forming hard nodules, 0. indica and 0. gutterpsa infect cattle and they also form skin nodules. 0. reticulata (O. cervicalis) inhabits the neck ligament of horses in U.S.A. causing "poll ill" and fistulous withers, the microfilariae cause papular itching skin sores. 0. armillatus causes aneurysms in aorta of cattle in Africa, The species of Setaria parasitic in domestic animals are, 5. equina in horses, 5. labiato-papillosa, 5. cervi and digitata in cattle in India. They do not cause any damage, but in non-specific hosts, they are carried even to the brain and there is a danger of invasion of central nervous system of sheep, goat and horses etc. The 'epizootic cerebro-spinal nematodiasis' is found to be caused by immature S. cervi, besides this, lumbar paralysis or 'Kumri' has also been caused. The species of Stephanofilaria parasitising cattle are S. assamensis causing humpsore in cattle in Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, zaheeri causing ear-sore in Hyderabad and stelesi causing
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