DOCSLIB.ORG

Aspects of the Biology of Astrostole Scabra

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aspects of the Biology of Astrostole Scabra ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF ASTROSTOLE SCABRA (HUTTON, 1872) -------------_.. _.. __ ._. A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology, in the University of Canterbury by John C. Town University of Canterbury 1979 THESlS i \ ,~ t I ':) [ -lit- ;'. CONTENTS I L r . r'l CHAPTER Page ABSTRACT x INTRODUCTION • 1 SECTION 1 1 DISTRIBUTION AND DISPERSAL OF THE GENUS ASTROSTOLE FISHER, 1923 (ECHINODERMATA: ASTEROIDEA) 3 Introduction 3 Distribution of Astrostole • 4 Distribution of Astrostole scabra •• • • 0 5 Discussion • 9 SECTION 2 2 SOME ASPECTS OF THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF ASTROSTOLE SCABRA • 17 Introduction • • • • 17 Materials and Methods 19 Results 22 Movement 22 Size and morphology • 30 Growth, recruitment, mortality and longevity 36 Discussion • 39 SECTION 3 3 REPRODUCTIVE PERIODICITY AND SOME FACTORS AFFECTING GONAD PRODUCTION IN ASTROSTOLE SCABRA 46 Introduction • • • • . • 46 Materials and Methods 47 ii CHAPTER Page Results 48 Annual reproductive cycle • 48 Pyloric caeca indices . 51 Gonad production 51 Sex ratio • 54 Discussion • • 54 SECTION 4 4 DIETARY COMPOSITION AND SEASONAL ASPECTS OF FEEDING ACTIVITY IN ASTROSTOLE SCABRA • 59 General Study Area • 61 Study Sites 63 Materials and Methods 64 Results 68 Feeding behaviour • 68 Overall dietary composition • 69 Comparison of diet between sites 74 Seasonal aspects of feeding behaviour and dietary compositon 79 The impact of predation on the prey community • 87 5 SELECTIVE FEEDING 91 Introduction • • • • 91 Materials and Methods 92 Results 94 6 PREY ESCAPE REACTIONS 98 Introduction . • • . • . 98 Materials and Methods 103 Results 103 iii CHAPTER Page chitons • 104 Abalone • 104 Limpets, 107 Fissurellid gastropods 107 Littorinid gastropods • 108 Trochid gastropods 109 Whelks 110 Echinoderms . 110 7 SOME BIOTIC FACTORS AFFECTING DIETARY COMPOSITION IN ASTROSTOLE SCABRA • 112 Introduction . • • 112 Materials and Methods 114 Statistical methods . 115 Results 117 Effects of predator size on dietary composition and feeding frequency . 117 Effects of prey size on dietary composition 131 Effect of prey-predator spatial overlap on dietary composition 136 8 DISCUSSION . 151 Introduction . 151 Dietary composition in A. scabra . 153 Selective feeding • 155 Prey escape reactions . 160 Biotic factors and dietary composition 163 SUMMARY 173 ACKNOviLEDGENENTS 177 REFERENCES . • 178 iv LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 1.1 Distribution of Astrostole and Meyenaster in the South Pacific 6 1.2 Distribution records of Astrostole scabra in New Zealand 8 1.3 Suggested routes and major current systems involved in the dispersal of Astrostole and Meyenaster 16 2.1 Site lA, a long shallow gully at the southern end of First Bay 21 2.2 Site lB, a rectangular pool at the northern end of First Bay 21 2.3 Stained, immigrant, emigrant and total A. scabra at sites lA and IB 23 2.4 Numbers of A. scabra tagged and remaining at site lA 25 2.5 Numbers of A. scabra tagged and remaining at site lB 26 2.6 Diagrammatic representations of movement of A. scabra at site lA 27 2.7 Diagrammatic representations of movement of A. scabra at site lB 28 2.8 Size frequencies of intertidal and subtidal A. scabra measured in October 1976 31 2.9 Size frequencies of intertidal A. scabra measured at monthly intervals 32 2.10 Relationship between eviscerated wet weight and radius in intertidal A. scabra 34 2.11 Relationship between eviscerated wet weight and radius in intertidal and subtidal A. scabra 35 2.12 Size frequency data subjected to paper analysis 37 2.13 Normal curves superimposed on size frequency data 38 v FIGURE Page 3.1 Monthly gonad and pyloric caeca indices 49 3.2 Monthly male and female gonad indices 50 3.3 Relationship between female gonad and pyloric caeca volumes 52 3.4 Relationship between male gonad and pyloric caeca volumes 52 3.5 Relationship between gonad volume and eviscerated wet weight in female A. scabra 53 3.6 Relationship between gonad volume and eviscerated wet weight in male A. scabra 53 4.1 Location of four sites used in the feeding study 62 4.2 Site 1, First Bay. An extensive intertidal limestone platform. site 2, a deeply indented greywacke shore platform 65 4.3 site 3 and site 4. Greywacke shore platforms 66 4.4 Quantitative distribution of prey groups of A. scabra from four sites 75 4.5 Cumulative number of prey species and feeding seastars 78 4.6 Seasonal variation in the proportion of animals feeding and the monthly variation at each site 80 4.7 Diversity and evenness of the whole diet compared with the proportion of seastars feeding 81 4.8 Number of animals feeding and the diversity of the diet at sites 1-4 82 6.1 Reactions of Haliotis iris and H. australis 106 7.1 Feeding frequency indices of A. scabra of various size classes 118 7.2 Qualitative changes in dietary composition with increase in predator size 119 7.3 Per cent inclusion of M. aethiops and M. dilatatus in the whole diet according to seastar size 121 vi FIGURE Page 7.4 Per cent inclusion of I. maorianus, O. neglectus and A. glaucus in the whole diet according to seastar size 121 7.5 Indices of prey species diversity and similarity 123 7.6 Relationship between mean size of chitons and spiral-shelled gastropods consumed and seastar size 124 7.7 Difference in mean size of spiral-shelled gastropods consumed by A. scabra of given size classes 127 7.8 Difference in mean size of prey chi tons consumed by A. scabra of given size classes 127 7.9 Relationship between shell length and dry weight of foot and viscera in I. rnaorianus, O. neglectus and A. glaucus 128 7.10 Relationship between shell height and dry weight of foot and viscera in M. aethiops and T. smaragdus 129 7.11 Mean prey per meal consumed by A. scabra of different size classes 130 7.12 Mean annual freeding frequency of different A. scabra size classes 130 7.13 Relationship between prey size and predator size for M. aethiops and T. smaragdus 132 7.14 Relationship between prey size and predator size for I. maorianus 133 7.15 Size refuge and attractiveness threshold limits for three major chiton prey species 135 7.16 Vertical distribution and mean density patterns of major prey species at site 1 138 7.17 Vertical distribution and mean density patterns of major prey species at site 3 139 7.18 Vertical distribution and mean density patterns of major prey species at site 4 140 7.19 Size discriminant predation pattern for T. smaragdus 144 vii FIGURE Page 7.20 Size discriminant predation pattern for R. varia 145 7.21 Size discriminant predation pattern for M. aethiops 146 7.22 Size discriminant predation pattern for M. dilatatus 147 7.23 Size di ser iminant predation pattern for I. maorianus 148 7.24 Size discriminant predation pattern for o. neglectus 149 7.25 Size discriminant predation pattern for A~ glaucus 150 viii LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 1.1 The known distribution and bathymetric range of Astrostole and Meyenaster 11 2.1 Net distances moved by resident A. scabra 29 2.2 Numbers of A. scabra regenerating lost rays 33 2.3 Year classes derived from analysis of size frequency data 33 2.4 Estimates of asteroid longevity 43 2.5 Estimates of age at first maturity in various asteroids 44 4.1 Prey species and their frequency in the diet of A. scabra at four sites 71 4.2 Dietary proportion in total meals of major prey species 76 4.3 Number of observations and diet characteristics at four study sites 76 4.4 Monthly composition of the diet at site 1 83 4.5 Monthly composition of the diet at site 2 84 4.6 Monthly composition of the diet at site 3 85 4.7 Monthly composition of the diet at site 4 86 4.8 Number of prey consumed/m2/year 89 4.9 Mean, range and standard deviation of prey density, and percentage removal rates 89 5.1 Range of prey sizes offered in selective feeding experiments 95 5.2 Percentage inclusion of species in the natural diet 95 5.3 Results of prey choice experiments 1 and 2 97 7.1 Difference in mean size of prey chitons and spiral­ shelled gastropods consumed by A. scabra of single size classes 126 ix TABLE Page 7.2 Size related prey characteristics compared with prey density, escape reactions and predator preferences 126 ABSTRACT The known geographical distributions of the genus Astrostole and the New Zealand species A. scabra are modified extensively by new records presented here. The supposed dispersal agency, West Wind Drift, is shown to have been incapable of producing the present pattern, and interaction, between a west to east current north of the sub-tropical convergence, an eastern Pacific surface gyre and the Peru Coastal Current is suggested as the dispersal mechanism. Studies conducted at Kaikoura (420 ,25'8, l73°,42'E) showed that intertidal A. scabra were not site specific, and were heavier, smaller, immature, and regenerated more rays than subtidal ones. Longevity in A. scabra exceeds six years and sexual maturity is achieved during the fourth year of life, after seastars have migrated to depths of 20-146m. During three years of study, spawning in subtidal A. scabra occurred once per year in late August -early September. The volume of gonad produced by individual seastars was reduced by ray damage, and a few, large intertidal seastars developed small gonads. A. scabra is a food generalist and scavenger with a diet composed chiefly of mollUSCs and crustaceans belonging to more than sixty genera.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • State of the Environment Rocky Shore Monitoring Report 2015-2017
    State of the Environment Rocky Shore Monitoring Report 2015-2017 Technical Report 2017-79 Taranaki Regional Council Private Bag 713 ISSN: 1178-1467 (Online) STRATFORD Document: 1845984 (Word) Document: 1918743 (Pdf) October 2017 Executive summary Section 35 of the Resource Management Act 1991 requires local authorities to undertake monitoring of the region’s environment, including land, air, marine and freshwater. The rocky shore component of the State of the Environment Monitoring (SEM) programme for Taranaki was initiated by the Taranaki Regional Council in the 1994-1995 monitoring year and has subsequently continued each year. This report covers the state and trends of intertidal hard shore communities in Taranaki. As part of the SEM programme, six representative reef sites were monitored twice a year (spring and summer surveys) using a fixed transect, random quadrat survey design. For each survey, a 50 m transect was laid parallel to the shore and substrate cover, algal cover and animal cover/abundance in 25 x 0.25 m2 random quadrats were quantified. Changes in the number of species per quadrat (species richness) and Shannon-Wiener index per quadrat (diversity) were assessed at the six reef sites over the 23 years of the SEM programme (spring 1994 to summer 2017). Of the six sites surveyed, the intertidal communities at Manihi (west Taranaki) were the most species rich (median = 19.4 species per quadrat) and diverse (median Shannon Wiener index = 1.05 per quadrat) due to the low supply of sand and the presence of pools that provided a stable environment with many ecological niches. The intertidal communities at Waihi (south Taranaki) were the least species rich (median = 11.5 species per quadrat) and diverse (median Shannon Wiener index = 0.84 per quadrat) due to the high energy wave environment, lack of stable habitat and periodic sand inundation.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidad Austral De Chile Facultad De Ciencias Escuela De Biología Marina
    Universidad Austral de Chile Facultad de Ciencias Escuela de Biología Marina Profesor Patrocinante: Dr. Dirk Schories. Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas. Facultad de Ciencias – Universidad Austral de Chile. Profesor Co-patrocinante: Dr. Luis M. Pardo. Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas. Facultad de Ciencias – Universidad Austral de Chile. ECOLOGÍA TRÓFICA DEL ASTEROIDEO Cosmasterias lurida (Phillipi, 1858) EN EL SENO DEL RELONCAVÍ (SUR DE CHILE): DISTRIBUCIÓN, ABUNDANCIA, ALIMENTACIÓN Y MOVIMIENTO. Tesis de Grado presentada como parte de los requisitos para optar al grado de Licenciado en Biología Marina y Título Profesional de Biólogo Marino. IGNACIO ANDRÉS GARRIDO IRIONDO VALDIVIA - CHILE 2012. AGRADECIMIENTOS Primero que todo, me siento extremadamente afortunado gracias a tanta gente maravillosa que en estos 25 años se ha cruzado por mi camino. Quiero agradecer especialmente a todos los que aportaron de alguna forma en mi formación como Biólogo Marino: A mi núcleo familiar, Margarita I., Dagoberto G. y Augusto G. (también Gorlak y Ulises) que con sus consejos y apoyo incondicional logre cumplir este sueño que tanto anhelaba. Gracias por todo el cariño y por creer en mí, esto se los dedico a ustedes. Al Dr. Dirk Schories, amigo y profesor, quien me enseño a disfrutar y valorar lo que más admiro en la vida, la naturaleza y el infinito mundo submarino. Asimismo, quien me guió en mi formación como Biólogo Marino y con quien compartí incontables inmersiones fascinantes e inolvidables. Además fue quien financio esta tesis de pregrado. Espero podamos continuar trabajando en el futuro. ¡Muchas gracias por todo! Al Dr. Luis M. Pardo, quien con el tiempo se convirtió en un importante guía profesional y amigo.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Phylogeography of Southern Ocean Sea Stars (Asteroidea)
    Diversity and phylogeography of Southern Ocean sea stars (Asteroidea) Thesis submitted by Camille MOREAU in fulfilment of the requirements of the PhD Degree in science (ULB - “Docteur en Science”) and in life science (UBFC – “Docteur en Science de la vie”) Academic year 2018-2019 Supervisors: Professor Bruno Danis (Université Libre de Bruxelles) Laboratoire de Biologie Marine And Dr. Thomas Saucède (Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté) Biogéosciences 1 Diversity and phylogeography of Southern Ocean sea stars (Asteroidea) Camille MOREAU Thesis committee: Mr. Mardulyn Patrick Professeur, ULB Président Mr. Van De Putte Anton Professeur Associé, IRSNB Rapporteur Mr. Poulin Elie Professeur, Université du Chili Rapporteur Mr. Rigaud Thierry Directeur de Recherche, UBFC Examinateur Mr. Saucède Thomas Maître de Conférences, UBFC Directeur de thèse Mr. Danis Bruno Professeur, ULB Co-directeur de thèse 2 Avant-propos Ce doctorat s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une cotutelle entre les universités de Dijon et Bruxelles et m’aura ainsi permis d’élargir mon réseau au sein de la communauté scientifique tout en étendant mes horizons scientifiques. C’est tout d’abord grâce au programme vERSO (Ecosystem Responses to global change : a multiscale approach in the Southern Ocean) que ce travail a été possible, mais aussi grâce aux collaborations construites avant et pendant ce travail. Cette thèse a aussi été l’occasion de continuer à aller travailler sur le terrain des hautes latitudes à plusieurs reprises pour collecter les échantillons et rencontrer de nouveaux collègues. Par le biais de ces trois missions de recherches et des nombreuses conférences auxquelles j’ai activement participé à travers le monde, j’ai beaucoup appris, tant scientifiquement qu’humainement.
    [Show full text]
  • Localised Population Collapse of the Invasive Brown Alga, Undaria Pinnatifida: Twenty Years of Monitoring on Wellington’S South Coast
    Localised population collapse of the invasive brown alga, Undaria pinnatifida: Twenty years of monitoring on Wellington’s south coast By Cody Lorkin A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Marine Biology Victoria University of Wellington 2019 Abstract Invasive species pose a significant threat to marine environments around the world. Monitoring and research of invasive species is needed to provide direction for management programmes. This thesis is a continuation of research conducted on the invasive alga Undaria pinnatifida following its discovery on Wellington’s south coast in 1997. By compiling the results from previous monitoring surveys (1997- 2000 and 2008) and carrying out additional seasonal surveys in 2018, I investigate the distribution and spread of U. pinnatifida on Wellington’s south coast, how this may have changed over time and what impacts it may have had on native macroalgal and invertebrate grazer communities. Intertidal macroalgal composition and U. pinnatifida abundance was recorded on fifteen occasions between 1997 and 2018 at two sites at Island Bay and two sites at Owhiro Bay. In addition, the subtidal abundance of six invertebrate grazers was recorded eight times within the same sampling period. Microtopography was also measured at each site to determine if topography had an influence on macroalgal composition. From 1997 to 2000 U. pinnatifida abundance gradually increased per year, but its spread remained localised to Island Bay. In 2008 U. pinnatifida had spread westward to Owhiro Bay where it was highly abundant. However, in 2018 no U. pinnatifida was recorded at any of the sites indicating a collapse of the invasion front.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diet and Predator-Prey Relationships of the Sea Star Pycnopodia Helianthoides (Brandt) from a Central California Kelp Forest
    THE DIET AND PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONSHIPS OF THE SEA STAR PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES (BRANDT) FROM A CENTRAL CALIFORNIA KELP FOREST A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories San Jose State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Timothy John Herrlinger December 1983 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments iv Abstract vi List of Tables viii List of Figures ix INTRODUCTION 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS Site Description 4 Diet 5 Prey Densities and Defensive Responses 8 Prey-Size Selection 9 Prey Handling Times 9 Prey Adhesion 9 Tethering of Calliostoma ligatum 10 Microhabitat Distribution of Prey 12 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS Diet 14 Prey Densities 16 Prey Defensive Responses 17 Prey-Size Selection 18 Prey Handling Times 18 Prey Adhesion 19 Tethering of Calliostoma ligatum 19 Microhabitat Distribution of Prey 20 DISCUSSION Diet 21 Prey Densities 24 Prey Defensive Responses 25 Prey-Size Selection 27 Prey Handling Times 27 Prey Adhesion 28 Tethering of Calliostoma ligatum and Prey Refugia 29 Microhabitat Distribution of Prey 32 Chemoreception vs. a Chemotactile Response 36 Foraging Strategy 38 LITERATURE CITED 41 TABLES 48 FIGURES 56 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My span at Moss Landing Marine Laboratories has been a wonderful experience. So many people have contributed in one way or another to the outcome. My diving buddies perse- vered through a lot and I cherish our camaraderie: Todd Anderson, Joel Thompson, Allan Fukuyama, Val Breda, John Heine, Mike Denega, Bruce Welden, Becky Herrlinger, Al Solonsky, Ellen Faurot, Gilbert Van Dykhuizen, Ralph Larson, Guy Hoelzer, Mickey Singer, and Jerry Kashiwada. Kevin Lohman and Richard Reaves spent many hours repairing com­ puter programs for me.
    [Show full text]
  • Benthic Habitat Classes and Trawl Fishing Disturbance in New Zealand Waters Shallower Than 250 M
    Benthic habitat classes and trawl fishing disturbance in New Zealand waters shallower than 250 m New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No.144 S.J. Baird, J. Hewitt, B.A. Wood ISSN 1179-6480 (online) ISBN 978-0-477-10532-3 (online) January 2015 Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publications Logistics Officer Ministry for Primary Industries PO Box 2526 WELLINGTON 6140 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries websites at: http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-resources/publications.aspx http://fs.fish.govt.nz go to Document library/Research reports © Crown Copyright - Ministry for Primary Industries Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. INTRODUCTION 3 The study area 3 2. COASTAL BENTHIC HABITAT CLASSES 4 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Habitat class definitions 6 2.3 Sensitivity of the habitat to fishing disturbance 10 3. SPATIAL PATTERN OF BOTTOM-CONTACTING TRAWL FISHING ACTIVITY 11 3.1 Bottom-contact trawl data 12 3.2 Spatial distribution of trawl data 21 3.3 Trawl footprint within the study area 26 3.4 Overlap of five-year trawl footprint on habitats within 250 m 32 3.5 GIS output from the overlay of the trawl footprint and habitat classes 37 4. SUMMARY OF NON-TRAWL BOTTOM-CONTACT FISHING METHODS IN THE STUDY AREA 38 5. DISCUSSION 39 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 41 7. REFERENCES 42 APPENDIX 1: AREAS CLOSED TO FISHING WITHIN THE STUDY AREA 46 APPENDIX 2: MAPS SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DATA INPUTS FOR THE BENTHIC HABITAT DESCRIPTORS 49 APPENDIX 3: SENSITIVITY TO FISHING DISTURBANCE 53 APPENDIX 4: TRAWL FISHING DATA 102 APPENDIX 5: CELL-BASED TRAWL SUMMARIES 129 APPENDIX 6: TRAWL FOOTPRINT SUMMARY 151 APPENDIX 7: TRAWL FOOTPRINT – HABITAT OVERLAY 162 APPENDIX 8: SUMMARY OF DREDGE OYSTER AND SCALLOP EFFORT DATA WITHIN 250 M, 1 OCTOBER 2007–30 SEPTEMBER 2012 165 APPENDIX 9: SUMMARY OF DANISH SEINE EFFORT 181 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Baird, S.J.; Hewitt, J.E.; Wood, B.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Autotomy of Rays of Heliaster Helianthus (Asteroidea: Echinodermata)*
    Zoosymposia 7: 173–176 (2012) ISSN 1178-9905 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zoosymposia/ ZOOSYMPOSIA Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1178-9913 (online edition) Autotomy of rays of Heliaster helianthus (Asteroidea: Echinodermata)* JOHN M. LAWRENCE1,3 & CARLOS F. GAYMER2 1 Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA 2 Departamento de Biología Marina, CEAZA and IEB, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile 3 Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] *In: Kroh, A. & Reich, M. (Eds.) Echinoderm Research 2010: Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Echinoderms, Göttingen, Germany, 2–9 October 2010. Zoosymposia, 7, xii + 316 pp. Abstract In species of the family Heliasteridae, the ossicles of the proximal parts of the sides of each ray are joined by connective tissue to those of the adjacent rays to form interradial septa. These provide support to the extensive disc. Only a relatively small part of the ray is free. Autotomy of rays occurs in Heliaster helianthus in response to predatory attack by the asteroid Meyenaster gelatinosus. Autotomy of the ray does not occur at the base of the free part of the ray (arm) but near the base of the ray. In addition to the plane of autotomy at this location, a longitudinal plane of autotomy occurs in the connec- tive tissue between the ossicles of the interradial septa. This indicates a plane of mutable collagenous tissue is present. Autotomy of the ray involves all these planes of autotomy and results in loss of most of the ray. Key words: Asteroidea, Heliasteridae, autotomy, ray loss, mutable collagenous tissue Introduction Autotomy of rays occurs near the base of the arm (the free part of the ray) in most asteroids (Emson & Wilkie 1980).
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Gigantism on Temperate Seashores
    bs_bs_banner Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106, 776–793. The evolution of gigantism on temperate seashores GEERAT J. VERMEIJ* University of California Davis, Department of Geology, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 Received 10 January 2012; revised 22 February 2012; accepted for publication 22 February 2012bij_1897 776..793 The extent to which animal lineages achieve large body size, a trait with broad advantages in competition and defence, varies in space and time according to the supply of (and demand for) resources, as well as the magnitude and effects of extinction. Using the maximum sizes of shallow-water marine shell-bearing molluscs belonging to nineteen guilds (groups of species with similar habits and food sources) in seven temperate regions from the Early Miocene to the Recent, the present study examined the controls on productivity and predation that enable and compel large size to evolve. The North Pacific (especially its eastern sector) has been most favourable to large-bodied species from the Pliocene onward. Large productive kelps (Laminariales) evolved there in conjunction with herbivorous mammals, setting the stage through positive feedbacks between production and consumption for the evolution of large molluscan herbivores and suspension-feeders. The evolution of bottom-feeding predatory mammals together with other large predators created intense selection for large molluscan sizes. Very large molluscs in the Early Miocene were concentrated in the southern hemisphere, especially among metabolically passive species. Extinctions, which preferentially targeted the largest members of guilds in most regions, were more numerous in the southern hemisphere and the North Atlantic than in the North Pacific.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN AGUSTÍN DE AREQUIPA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE BIOLOGÍA Riqueza Y
    UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN AGUSTÍN DE AREQUIPA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE BIOLOGÍA Riqueza y tipos de hábitat de equinodermos en la Región Arequipa al 2017 Tesis para optar el título profesional de Biólogo presentado por el Bachiller en Ciencias Biológicas: Michael Leopoldo Espinoza Roque Asesor: Blgo. Dr. Graciano Alberto Del Carpio Tejada AREQUIPA – PERÚ 2018 1 ____________________________________ Blgo. Dr. Graciano Alberto Del Carpio Tejada ASESOR 2 DEDICATORIA A la memoria de mi padre, Leopoldo Espinoza Ramos, por todo su cariño, comprensión y sacrificio, sé que estaría feliz al verme cumplir esta meta. 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa (UNSA INVESTIGA), por el soporte financiero, con recursos del canon de la UNSA, para que se realice el presente proyecto de investigación (Contrato de financiamiento N° 156 – 2016 – UNSA), y un especial agradecimiento al Blgo. Luis Alberto Ponce Soto por la paciencia y apoyo en el acompañamiento y monitoreo de mi proyecto. A mi asesor de tesis, Blgo. Dr. Graciano Alberto Del Carpio Tejada, por su apoyo incondicional durante el desarrollo del presente trabajo de investigación. A la Blga. Rosaura Gonzales Juárez, por su contribución al inicio de este proyecto y sus enseñanzas y consejos que han aportado en mi formación profesional. Al Blgo. Franz Cardoso Pacheco, por permitirme consultar material de la colección científica del Laboratorio de Biología y Sistemática de Invertebrados Marinos de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (LaBSIM), de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. A Gustavo Robles Fernández, Por permitirme consultar material del Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo Hidrobiológico de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín (INDEHI – UNSA).
    [Show full text]
  • Interviewee Number: ……..…. Location: …………….… Weather: …..………………… Date/Day: ……….……………………
    POST-QUAKE RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN THE AVON RIVER AND THE AVON-HEATHCOTE ESTUARY/IHUTAI ____________________________________ A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Water Resource Management in the University of Canterbury by Palamy Xayasenh University of Canterbury 2015 ____________________________________ Table of Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 2 Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Contribution of the Research in the Development of Water Management Systems in Laos .................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives ......................................................................... 11 1.4 Study Locations ................................................................................................. 12 1.5 Structure of Thesis ............................................................................................ 12 Chapter 2 Evaluation of Current Recreational Opportunities .................................. 14 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Scales of Detection and Escape of the Sea Urchin Tetrapygus Niger in Interactions with the Predatory Sun Star Heliaster Helianthus
    Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 407 (2011) 302–308 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jembe Scales of detection and escape of the sea urchin Tetrapygus niger in interactions with the predatory sun star Heliaster helianthus Tatiana Manzur a,b,⁎, Sergio A. Navarrete a a Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas & Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile b Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile article info abstract Article history: Predators can simultaneously have lethal (consumption) and non-lethal (modification of traits) effects on Received 26 January 2011 their prey. Prey escape or fleeing from potential predators is a common form of a non-lethal predator effect. Received in revised form 20 June 2011 The efficiency of this response depends on the prey's ability to detect and correctly identify its predator far Accepted 26 June 2011 enough to increase the probability of successful escape, yet short enough to allow it to allocate time to other Available online 26 July 2011 activities (e.g. foraging). In this study, we characterized the non-lethal effect of the sun star Heliaster helianthus on the black sea urchin Tetrapygus niger by assessing the nature of predator detection and the Keywords: fi Detection spatial scale involved both in predator detection and in the escape response. Through eld and laboratory Escape experiments we demonstrate that T.
    [Show full text]
  • A Literature Review on the Poor Knights Islands Marine Reserve
    A literature review on the Poor Knights Islands Marine Reserve Carina Sim-Smith Michelle Kelly 2009 Report prepared by the National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd for: Department of Conservation Northland Conservancy PO Box 842 149-151 Bank Street Whangarei 0140 New Zealand Cover photo: Schooling pink maomao at Northern Arch Photo: Kent Ericksen Sim-Smith, Carina A literature review on the Poor Knights Islands Marine Reserve / Carina Sim-Smith, Michelle Kelly. Whangarei, N.Z: Dept. of Conservation, Northland Conservancy, 2009. 112 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 30 cm. Print ISBN: 978-0-478-14686-8 Web ISBN: 978-0-478-14687-5 Report prepared by the National Institue of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd for: Department of Conservation, Northland Conservancy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67 -74). 1. Marine parks and reserves -- New Zealand -- Poor Knights Islands. 2. Poor Knights Islands Marine Reserve (N.Z.) -- Bibliography. I. Kelly, Michelle. II. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (N.Z.) III. New Zealand. Dept. of Conservation. Northland Conservancy. IV. Title. C o n t e n t s Executive summary 1 Introduction 3 2. The physical environment 5 2.1 Seabed geology and bathymetry 5 2.2 Hydrology of the area 7 3. The biological marine environment 10 3.1 Intertidal zonation 10 3.2 Subtidal zonation 10 3.2.1 Subtidal habitats 10 3.2.2 Subtidal habitat mapping (by Jarrod Walker) 15 3.2.3 New habitat types 17 4. Marine flora 19 4.1 Intertidal macroalgae 19 4.2 Subtidal macroalgae 20 5. The Invertebrates 23 5.1 Protozoa 23 5.2 Zooplankton 23 5.3 Porifera 23 5.4 Cnidaria 24 5.5 Ectoprocta (Bryozoa) 25 5.6 Brachiopoda 26 5.7 Annelida 27 5.8.
    [Show full text]