DOCSLIB.ORG

Fault-Controlled Hydrothermal Alteration of Palaeoproterozoic Manganese Ore in Wessels Mine, Kalahari Manganese Field

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fault-Controlled Hydrothermal Alteration of Palaeoproterozoic Manganese Ore in Wessels Mine, Kalahari Manganese Field COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A. (Philosophy)/M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za (Accessed: Date). FAULT-CONTROLLED HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION OF PALAEOPROTEROZOIC MANGANESE ORE IN WESSELS MINE, KALAHARI MANGANESE FIELD by ,- ALBERT MEIRING BURGER dissertation submitted in fulfillment for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in GEOLOGY in the FACULTY OF SCIENCE at the RAND AFRIKAANS UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR: PROF. N. J. BEUKES CO-SUPERVISOR: DR. A.S.E. KLEYENSTOBER DECEMBER 1994 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the following: MINTEK for their financial support. Samancor for their logistical support. Mr. E. Karberg of the analytical chemistry department of Samancor at Hotazel for chemical analyses. The analytical chemistry department at MINTEK for chemical analyses and the use of instrumentation at MINTEK. The geological and administrative personnel of Samancor at Hotazel, especially Mr. R. Arnot, Miss C. Lathy and Mr. O. Mciver for their help and assistance during field and follow-up work. Also the administrative personnel of Samancor at Hotazel and Wessels Mine for making my stay comfortable and smooth running. Patrick and his underground sampling team at Wessels Mine, for assistance during field work as well as advice and guidance during the project. Dr. Hsue-Wen Yeh of the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics in Honolulu, USA for stable isotope analyses. My co-supervisor at MINTEK, Dr. A.S.E. KleyenstOber for his guidance, help and advice, XRD and SEM analyses. The personnel and post graduate students at the Geological department of the Rand Afrikaans University, especially Dr. M. Buxton, Mrs. N. Day, Mr. H. Oirr, Mr. H. Jonker, Mrs. E. Maritz, Mr. V. Morel, Mr. K. Mokgatla (for answering the phone) Prof. C. Roering and Mr. J. Gutzmer for sharing his "manganese knowledge". Mr. D. Selepe and Mr. M. Baloy for cutting and polishing thin sections and Mr. H. Leteane for tea. My parents and brothers for their love, encouragement and financial support. My fiance lIane for her love, encouragement and understanding. My supervisor Prof. N.J. Beukes for his guidance, help and advice which made it possible. All thanks to God who made it possible for everyone of us, through his everlasting love. Hieride tesis is opgedra aan my broer Francois. 25/11/1970 • 10/07/1994 ! Opsomming Die Kalaharimangaanveld, ongeveer 60km noordwes van Kuruman in die Noord­ Kaapprovinsie gelee, bevat die grootste landelike mangaanafsettings ter wereld. Dit bestaan grootliks uit faegraadse sedimentere Mamatwantipe erts (met tot 38 gewigspersent Mn) wat ongeveer 97 persent van die ertsreserwes uitmaak. .Ongeveer 3 persent van die bekende reserwes bestaan uit hoegraadse Wesselstipe erts (met 'n gemiddeld van tussen 42 en 48 gewigspersent Mn) wat voorkom in die noordwestelike deel van die afsetting. fn hierdie gedeelte van die afsetting word die opeenvolging verplaas deur 'n stelsel van noord-suidstrekkende normale verskuiwings. Verskuiwingsones is veryster en die. oorspronklike sedimentere Mamatwantipe erts is hidrotermaal opgegradeer fangs verskuiwings tot hoegraadse Wesselstipe erts. Relikte van Mamatwantipe erts is bewaar in the sentrale gedeeltes van verskuiwingsblokke. Mamatwantipe erts bestaan hoofsaaklik uit braunietlutiet en die mangaankarbonaat kutnahoriet met ondergeskikte kalsiet. In kontras bestaan Wesselstipe erts uit hausmanniet, bixbyiet, brauniet /I en manganiet en ondergeskikte sekondere minerale soos kalsiet, chlinochloor, gaudefroyiet en andradiet. Hidrotermale verandering van Mamatwantipe erts na Wessefstipe erts behels hoofsaaklik loging van 8i02 uit die sisteem en 'n oksidering van mangaankarbonate na mangaanoksiedes. In effens veranderde Mamatwantipe erts is sferiese klein kutnahoritiese konkresies vervang deur hausmanniet en kalsiet. Brauniet is verander na brauniet /I deur 'n loging van 8i02. Die volgende stadium van verandering behels 'n transformasie van brauniet /I na bixbyiet en oksidering van al die mangaankarbonaat na hausmanniet en vorming van kalsiet en andradiet as aarsteenminerale. Die hoogste graad Wesselstipe erts bestaan hoofsaaklik uit hausmanniet. Oit is langs verskuiwingssones gekonsentreer. In die onmiddelike omgewing van verskuiwingsones is die mangaanerts gehematitiseer en van die hausmanniet is ysterryk. Die ysterryke hausmanniet (met tot 15 gewigspersent Fe) is hoogs magneties. In die oorgangsone tussen hoegraadse hausmannietryke Wesselstipe erts en die verysterde sone is 'n sekondfJre fase van massiewe braunietryke erts ontwikkel. Oit is moontlik veroorsaak deur die herpresipitasie van silika, gefoog uit Mamatwantipe erts deur die hidrotermale vloeistowwe. Die hematietryke verskuiwingsones bevat hee/wat ka/siet en tot 'n mindere mate ook kwarts. Normale verskuiwings het blykbaar as kanale vir hidrotermale vloeistowwe gedien. Hidrotermale oplossings, wat verantwoordelik was vir die opgradering van die erts, was blykbaar ryk in tweevalente yster en alkalies om silika te kan loog uit primfJre Mamatwantipe erts. Fe203 is in verskuiwingssones gepresipiteer, terwyl mangaan gemobi/iseer is as Mn2+ om as hausmanniet te presipiteer meer distaal tot die verskuiwingsone. 8i1ikaloging deur die hidrotermale oplossings het veroorsaak dat brauniet verander is na brauniet /I wat op sy beurt weer verander is na bixbyiet. Langs die veranderingsfront, tussen Mamatwantipe- en Wesselstipe erts, was die oplossings oksiderend soos aangedui word deur die verandering van mangaan karbonate na hausmanniet en die vorming van kalsiet. Hidrotermale verandering het blykbaar plaasgevind in 'n tipe van konveksiesel met 8i02 en Ca wat geloog is vanuit Mamatwan-tipe erts en geherpresipiteer is in die nabyheid van die normale verskuiwings in die vorm van sekondere brauniet en kalsiet. Die laterale mineralogiese sonering in die ertse mag moontlikhede inhou vir selektiewe mynbou van verskillende tipes ertse. Die ontdekking van magnetiese hausmanniet in die ertse mag moontlik toepassing vind in geofisiese eksplorasie na hoegraadse Wesselstipe erts, soweI as in die skeiding van verskillende erts grade. Abstract The Kalahari manganese field, situated some 60km northwest of Kuruman in the Northern Cape Province, contains the world's largest known land-based manganese deposits. Low-grade. sedimentary Mamatwan-type are (containing up to 38 weight percent Mn) dominates and constitutes about 97 percent of the are .. reserves. It is composed of finely intergrown braunite and Mn-carbonate. High­ grade Wessels-type are (containing on average between 42 and 48 weight percent Mn) constitutes about 3 percent of the known reserves and occurs in the northwestern part of the deposit. Here the sequence is displaced by a system of north-southstriking normal faults. Fault zones are ferruginized and alongside faults sedimentary Mamatwan-type are has been upgraded by hydrothermal alteration to Wessels-type are. Pockets of Mamatwan-type are are present in cores of fault blocks. Wessels-type are consists mainly of hausmannite, bixbyite, braunite /I and manganite, and subordinate secondary minerals such as calcite, clinochlore, gaudefroyite and andradite. Hydrothermal alteration of Mamatwan-type are to Wessels-type are involved essentially leaching of 5i02 from the system and oxidation of manganese­ carbonates to manganese oxides. In slightly altered Mamatwan-type are kutnahoritic ovoids are replaced by hausmannite and residual calcite remaining and braunite altered to braunite /I through leaching of 5i02. The next stage of alteration involve~ transformation of braunite II into bixbyite and oxidation of all manganese carbonate into hausmannite and formation of calcite or andradite as gangue minerals. Highest grade Wessels-type are is essentially composed of hausmannite. In proximity to fault zones hematitization of manganese are took place and hausmannite is iron-rich. This iron-rich hausmannite (containing up to 15 weight percent Fe) is highly magnetic, as indicated by magnetic susceptibility and other paleomagnetic studies. In the transition zone between hematite-rich fault zones and high-grade.hausmannite-rich Wessels-type are, a secondary phase of massive braunite is developed, as a result of reprecipitation of earlier leached silica. The hematite-rich fault zones may contain abundant calcite and some quartz. Normal faults apparently acted as conduits for hydrothermal fluids. Hydrothermal solutions, responsible for the upgrading of the are, were presumably rich in ferrous iron and alkaline in order to mobilize Mn2+ and turned less alkaline to neutral with relative high temperature (± 300°C), to leach silica from primary Mamatwan-type ores. The solution precipitated ferric iron as Fe203 adjacent to normal faults, while mobilizing manganese as Mn2+ to precipitate it more distal to the fault zone as hausmannite. Leaching of Si02 by the hydrothermal solution caused transformations from braunite into braunite
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Interaction Between Vegetation and Groundwater: Research Priorities for South Africa
    THE INTERACTION BETWEEN VEGETATION AND GROUNDWATER: RESEARCH PRIORITIES FOR SOUTH AFRICA by D.F. Scott and D.C. Le Maitre CSIR Division of Water, Environment and Forestry Technology Stellenbosch Water, Environment and Forestry CSIR CSIR Report No. ENV/S-C 97161 Report to the Water Research Commission on the project K5 730 entitled 'Development of a research strategy on the interaction between vegetation and groundwater" WRC Report No. 730/1/98 May 1998 ISBN 1 86845 398 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background and Motivation There is a growing appreciation in South Africa that the conceptual separation of surface and groundwater is artificial, and that these systems are but expressions of the same precious resource. As the limits of water resources in South Africa become more obvious, and with the current revision of South African water law aiming to providing all water with a consistent status in law, there is an ever more pressing need to understand the complete cycle of water in the environment. The new approach requires a much greater understanding of the role of vegetation in the hydrological cycle, specifically the neglected area of interactions between vegetation and groundwater. This project aimed to review and organise the available information on this subject, and to prepare an initial strategy to guide research decision making on this topic. Several recent developments have focussed attention on our lack of information on, and the importance of, vegetation and groundwater interactions in South Africa in the recent past. Measurement and modelling of the recharge on the Atlantis and Zululand coastal aquifers have highlighted the role of vegetation cover on recharge, and even abstraction from shallow groundwater.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Processing
    Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • Sugilite in Manganese Silicate Rocks from the Hoskins Mine and Woods Mine, New South Wales, Australia
    Sugilite in manganese silicate rocks from the Hoskins mine and Woods mine, New South Wales, Australia Y. KAWACHI Geology Department, University of Otago, P.O.Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand P. M. ASHLEY Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia D. VINCE 1A Ramsay Street, Essendon, Victoria 3040, Australia AND M. GOODWIN P.O.Bo• 314, Lightning Ridge, NSW 2834, Australia Abstract Sugilite relatively rich in manganese has been found at two new localities, the Hoskins and Woods mines in New South Wales, Australia. The occurrences are in manganese-rich silicate rocks of middle to upper greenschist facies (Hoskins mine) and hornblende hornfels facies (Woods mine). Coexisting minerals are members of the namansilite-aegirine and pectolite-serandite series, Mn-rich alkali amphiboles, alkali feldspar, braunite, rhodonite, tephroite, albite, microcline, norrishite, witherite, manganoan calcite, quartz, and several unidentified minerals. Woods mine sugilite is colour-zoned with pale mauve cores and colourless rims, whereas Hoskins mine sugilite is only weakly colour-zoned and pink to mauve. Within single samples, the chemical compositions of sugilite from both localities show wide ranges in A1 contents and less variable ranges of Fe and Mn, similar to trends in sugilite from other localities. The refractive indices and cell dimensions tend to show systematic increases progressing from Al-rich to Fe- Mn-rich. The formation of the sugilite is controlled by the high alkali (especially Li) and manganese contents of the country rock, reflected in the occurrences of coexisting high alkali- and manganese- bearing minerals, and by high fo2 conditions. KEYWORDS: sugilite, manganese silicate rocks, milarite group, New South Wales, Australia Introduction Na2K(Fe 3 +,Mn 3 +,Al)2Li3Sit2030.
    [Show full text]
  • New Minerals Approved Bythe Ima Commission on New
    NEW MINERALS APPROVED BY THE IMA COMMISSION ON NEW MINERALS AND MINERAL NAMES ALLABOGDANITE, (Fe,Ni)l Allabogdanite, a mineral dimorphous with barringerite, was discovered in the Onello iron meteorite (Ni-rich ataxite) found in 1997 in the alluvium of the Bol'shoy Dolguchan River, a tributary of the Onello River, Aldan River basin, South Yakutia (Republic of Sakha- Yakutia), Russia. The mineral occurs as light straw-yellow, with strong metallic luster, lamellar crystals up to 0.0 I x 0.1 x 0.4 rnrn, typically twinned, in plessite. Associated minerals are nickel phosphide, schreibersite, awaruite and graphite (Britvin e.a., 2002b). Name: in honour of Alia Nikolaevna BOG DAN OVA (1947-2004), Russian crys- tallographer, for her contribution to the study of new minerals; Geological Institute of Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity. fMA No.: 2000-038. TS: PU 1/18632. ALLOCHALCOSELITE, Cu+Cu~+PbOZ(Se03)P5 Allochalcoselite was found in the fumarole products of the Second cinder cone, Northern Breakthrought of the Tolbachik Main Fracture Eruption (1975-1976), Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. It occurs as transparent dark brown pris- matic crystals up to 0.1 mm long. Associated minerals are cotunnite, sofiite, ilin- skite, georgbokiite and burn site (Vergasova e.a., 2005). Name: for the chemical composition: presence of selenium and different oxidation states of copper, from the Greek aA.Ao~(different) and xaAxo~ (copper). fMA No.: 2004-025. TS: no reliable information. ALSAKHAROVITE-Zn, NaSrKZn(Ti,Nb)JSi401ZJz(0,OH)4·7HzO photo 1 Labuntsovite group Alsakharovite-Zn was discovered in the Pegmatite #45, Lepkhe-Nel'm MI.
    [Show full text]
  • The Seven Crystal Systems
    Learning Series: Basic Rockhound Knowledge The Seven Crystal Systems The seven crystal systems are a method of classifying crystals according to their atomic lattice or structure. The atomic lattice is a three dimensional network of atoms that are arranged in a symmetrical pattern. The shape of the lattice determines not only which crystal system the stone belongs to, but all of its physical properties and appearance. In some crystal healing practices the axial symmetry of a crystal is believed to directly influence its metaphysical properties. For example crystals in the Cubic System are believed to be grounding, because the cube is a symbol of the element Earth. There are seven crystal systems or groups, each of which has a distinct atomic lattice. Here we have outlined the basic atomic structure of the seven systems, along with some common examples of each system. Cubic System Also known as the isometric system. All three axes are of equal length and intersect at right angles. Based on a square inner structure. Crystal shapes include: Cube (diamond, fluorite, pyrite) Octahedron (diamond, fluorite, magnetite) Rhombic dodecahedron (garnet, lapis lazuli rarely crystallises) Icosi-tetrahedron (pyrite, sphalerite) Hexacisochedron (pyrite) Common Cubic Crystals: Diamond Fluorite Garnet Spinel Gold Pyrite Silver Tetragonal System Two axes are of equal length and are in the same plane, the main axis is either longer or shorter, and all three intersect at right angles. Based on a rectangular inner structure. Crystal shapes include: Four-sided prisms and pyramids Trapezohedrons Eight-sided and double pyramids Icosi-tetrahedron (pyrite, sphalerite) Hexacisochedron (pyrite) Common Tetragonal Crystals: Anatase Apophyllite Chalcopyrite Rutile Scapolite Scheelite Wulfenite Zircon Hexagonal System Three out of the four axes are in one plane, of the same length, and intersect each other at angles of 60 degrees.
    [Show full text]
  • POUDRETTEITE, Knarb3si12o3e, a NEW MEMBER of the OSUMILITE GROUP from MONT SAINT-HILAIRE, OUEBEC, and ITS CRVSTAL STRUCTURE Assr
    Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 25, pp.763-166(1987) POUDRETTEITE,KNarB3Si12O3e, A NEW MEMBEROF THE OSUMILITEGROUP FROM MONT SAINT-HILAIRE,OUEBEC, AND ITS CRVSTALSTRUCTURE JOEL D. GRICE, T. SCOTT ERCIT AND JERRY VAN VELTHUIZEN Mineral SciencesDivision, National Museumof Natural Sciences,Ottawa, Ontario KIA 0M8 PETE J. DUNN Departmentof Mineral Sciences,Smithsonian Institution, Washington,D.C, 20560,U,S.A. Assrnact positionC d coordinanceXII, le sodium,la position,4d unecoordinance VI, le bore,la position72 ir coordinance Poudretteiteis a newmineral species from the Poudrette IV, le silicium,la position71 i coordinanceIV, etla posi- quarry, Mont Saint-Hilaire,Quebec. It occursin a marble tion B estvacante. xenolith includedin nephelinesyenite, associated with pec- tolite, apophyllite, quartz and minor aegirine.It forms clear, Mots-clds: poudrettdite, nouvelle espbce min6rale, groupe colorlessto very pale pink, equidimensional,subhedral del'osumilite, mont Saint-Hilaire, borosilicate, affi ne. prismsup to 5 mm. It is brittle, H about 5, with a splin- mentde Ia structure. tery fracture;Dmetr. 2.51(l) g/cml, D"6".2.53 g/cm3. Uniaxialpositive, co 1.516(l), e 1.532(l).It is-hexagonal, spacegroup P6/ mcc, a I 0.239(l), c 13.485(3)A and,Z : 2. INTRoDUcTIoN The strongestten X-ray-diffractionlines in the powderpat- tern [d in A(r\(hkDl are: 6.74(30)(002),5.13 (100)(110), The optical and physical propertiesof members 4.07(30)(r 12), 3.70(30)(202), 3.3 6e(30)(004), 3.253 ( I 00) of the osumilite group are similar to those of com- (2r r), 2.9s6(40)(3 00), 2.8 I 5(60)(I I 4), 2.686(50)(213,204) mon mineralssuch as quartz and cordierite;for this and 2.013(30)(321).An analysisby electron microprobe reason, they are probably generally overlooked.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Healing Uses of Crystals & Minerals
    Guide to Healing Uses of Crystals & Minerals Addiction- Iolite, amethyst, hematite, blue chalcedony, staurolite. Attraction – Lodestone, cinnabar, tangerine quartz, jasper, glass opal, silver topaz. Connection with Animals – Leopard skin Jasper, Dalmatian jasper, silver topaz, green tourmaline, stilbite, rainforest jasper. Calming – Aqua aura quartz, rose quartz, amazonite, blue lace agate, smokey quartz, snowflake obsidian, aqua blue obsidian, blue quartz, blizzard stone, blood stone, agate, amethyst, malachite, pink tourmaline, selenite, mangano calcite, aquamarine, blue kyanite, white howlite, magnesite, tiger eye, turquonite, tangerine quartz, jasper, bismuth, glass opal, blue onyx, larimar, charoite, leopard skin jasper, pink opal, lithium quartz, rutilated quartz, tiger iron. Career Success – Aqua aura quartz, ametrine, bloodstone, carnelian, chrysoprase, cinnabar, citrine, green aventurine, fuchsite, green tourmaline, glass opal, silver topaz, tiger iron. Communication – Apatite, aqua aura quartz, blizzard stone, blue calcite, blue kyanite, blue quartz, green quartz, larimar, moss agate, opalite, pink tourmaline, smokey quartz, silver topaz, septarian, rainforest jasper. www.celestialearthminerals.com Creativity – Ametrine, azurite, agatized coral, chiastolite, chrysocolla, black amethyst, carnelian, fluorite, green aventurine, fire agate, moonstone, celestite, black obsidian, sodalite, cat’s eye, larimar, rhodochrosite, magnesite, orange calcite, ruby, pink opal, blue chalcedony, abalone shell, silver topaz, green tourmaline,
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Index
    Mineral Index Abhurite T.73, T.355 Anandite-Zlvl, T.116, T.455 Actinolite T.115, T.475 Anandite-20r T.116, T.45S Adamite T.73,T.405, T.60S Ancylite-(Ce) T.74,T.35S Adelite T.115, T.40S Andalusite (VoU, T.52,T.22S), T.27S, T.60S Aegirine T.73, T.30S Andesine (VoU, T.58, T.22S), T.41S Aenigmatite T.115, T.46S Andorite T.74, T.31S Aerugite (VoU, T.64, T.22S), T.34S Andradite T.74, T.36S Agrellite T.115, T.47S Andremeyerite T.116, T.41S Aikinite T.73,T.27S, T.60S Andrewsite T.116, T.465 Akatoreite T.73, T.54S, T.615 Angelellite T.74,T.59S Akermanite T.73, T.33S Ankerite T.74,T.305 Aktashite T.73, T.36S Annite T.146, T.44S Albite T.73,T.30S, T.60S Anorthite T.74,T.415 Aleksite T.73, T.35S Anorthoclase T.74,T.30S, T.60S Alforsite T.73, T.325 Anthoinite T.74, T.31S Allactite T.73, T.38S Anthophyllite T.74, T.47S, T.61S Allanite-(Ce) T.146, T.51S Antigorite T.74,T.375, 60S Allanite-(La) T.115, T.44S Antlerite T.74, T.32S, T.60S Allanite-(Y) T.146, T.51S Apatite T.75, T.32S, T.60S Alleghanyite T.73, T.36S Aphthitalite T.75,T.42S, T.60 Allophane T.115, T.59S Apuanite T.75,T.34S Alluaudite T.115, T.45S Archerite T.75,T.31S Almandine T.73, T.36S Arctite T.146, T.53S Alstonite T.73,T.315 Arcubisite T.75, T.31S Althausite T.73,T.40S Ardaite T.75,T.39S Alumino-barroisite T.166, T.57S Ardennite T.166, T.55S Alumino-ferra-hornblende T.166, T.57S Arfvedsonite T.146, T.55S, T.61S Alumino-katophorite T.166, T.57S Argentojarosite T.116, T.45S Alumino-magnesio-hornblende T.159,T.555 Argentotennantite T.75,T.47S Alumino-taramite T.166, T.57S Argyrodite (VoU,
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Morokweng Filling Station and Mall Kagisana-Molopo Local Municipality, North West Province Farm
    Morokweng Filling Station and Mall Kagisana-Molopo Local Municipality, North West Province Farm: Morokweng 246 IM Fourie, H. Dr [email protected] 012 322 7632/012 993 3110 Palaeontological Impact Assessment: Phase 1: Field Study Facilitated by: LEAP P.O. Box 13185, Hatfield, 0028 Tel: 012 344 3582 2017/09/30 Ref: Pending 1 B. Executive summary Outline of the development project: LEAP has facilitated the appointment of Dr H. Fourie, a palaeontologist, to undertake a Paleontological Impact Assessment (PIA), Phase 1: Field Study of the suitability of the proposed filling station and mall development, with related infrastructure on the Farm Morokweng 246 IM in the Kagisana- Molopo Local Municipality, North West Province. The applicant, The Vildev Group Pty (Ltd) proposes to develop the property in to a filling station and mall development with related infrastructure in Morokweng. The Project includes one Option (see google.earth image): Option 1: A rectangular block outlined in red with the R379 to the southwest. The town of Morokweng is to the south. The site is approximately 2,446 hectares. Legal requirements:- The National Heritage Resources Act (Act No. 25 of 1999) (NHRA) requires that all heritage resources, that is, all places or objects of aesthetic, architectural, historical, scientific, social, spiritual, linguistic or technological value or significance are protected. The Republic of South Africa (RSA) has a remarkably rich fossil record that stretches back in time for some 3.5 billion years and must be protected for its scientific value. Fossil heritage of national and international significance is found within all provinces of the RSA.
    [Show full text]
  • Sugilite in Meditation
    SUGILITE IN MEDITATION chakra balancing, healing, relaxation, & FEATURING more Our Crystal of the Week is The Shield of Light, Sugilite. So, today we are going to discuss using Sugilite in meditation and what benefits it can offer. First off, we’ll briefly touch on some information about Sugilite and some of its healing properties. We’ll also discuss chakra healing, guided meditation, and more that you can do with this stone and Crystal Meditation! Sugilite in Meditation Sugilite in Meditation CHAKRA BALANCING, HE ALING, RELAXATION, & MORE ABOUT SUGILITE A most beautiful and powerful crystal of the Violet Ray energy, Sugilite is a premier “love stone for this age,” embodying the perfection of Divine love and the manifestation of this energy on the Earth plane. It brings the gifts of wisdom and spiritual devotion, helping one to understand that Truth is the highest form of love, and living in one’s own truth is not only healing but empowering. Working with, wearing or meditating with Sugilite amplifies the ability to channel high frequency Violet energy into every aspect of one’s being in order to walk the Earth in strength and grace. What is it? Sugilite is a relatively rare cyclosilicate of the Osumilite group, a potassium sodium lithium iron manganese aluminum silicate mineral. Its form is usually granular to massive, though rarely it forms in tiny prismatic crystals. It is named for Dr. Ken-ichi Sugi, a Japanese petrologist who discovered the first specimens in 1944 on Iwagi Islet, Japan. Specimens found in Japan were often a light brownish-yellow rock-forming mineral, classified and soon forgotten.
    [Show full text]
  • Sorbent Development for in Situ Gas Conditioning in Hydrogen Generation Processes
    In situ Gas Conditioning in Fuel Reforming for Hydrogen Generation Andreas Bandi*), Michael Specht and Peter Sichler Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research, ZSW Hessbruehlstr. 21 C, D-70565 Stuttgart, Germany Norbert Nicoloso Institute of Physical Electronic, University Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 47, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany Key Words: CO2 absorbents, cycle stability, fuel reforming, hydrogen production. Abstract The production of hydrogen for fuel cell applications requires cost and energy efficient technologies. The Absorption Enhanced Reforming (AER), developed at ZSW with industrial partners, is aimed to simplify the process by using a high temperature in situ CO2 absorption. The in situ CO2 removal results in shifting the steam reforming reaction equilibrium towards increased hydrogen concentration (up to 95 vol%). The key part of the process is the high temperature CO2 absorbent. In this contribution results of Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) investigations on natural minerals, dolomites, silicates and synthetic absorbent materials in regard of their CO2 absorption capacity and absorption/desorption cyclic stability are presented and discussed. It has been found that the inert parts of the absorbent materials have a structure stabilising effect, leading to an improved cyclic stability of the materials. Introduction The production of hydrogen for fuel cell application requires cheap, efficient and reliable technologies. In order to produce a hydrogen-rich gas for fuel cell applications with today's technologies, several catalytically supported reaction steps are required. Furthermore, in order to obtain a CO2-free hydrogen an additional purification step, e.g. PSA, is required. At ZSW a new fuel-to-hydrogen conversion process, the Absorption Enhanced Reforming (AER), has been developed, which simplifies the conventional three or four step process into a basically one or tow step process, making the hydrogen production more easily and less costly.
    [Show full text]
  • Faculty of Science
    Faculty of Science DEAN’S REPORT received an NRF A-rating, while three young researchers, Dr Amanda Weltman (Department of Mathematics and Applied The Faculty of Science enjoyed Mathematics), and Dr David Braun and considerable success in its Dr Shadreck Chirikure from the Department of Archaeology, received NRF P-ratings research endeavours in a in 2011. number of areas during 2011. At the university level, three of our more senior scientists, professors George To meet the continuing rise in cost of Janelidze (Department of Mathematics internationally competitive research, staff and Applied Mathematics), Hans-Peter were successful in raising approximately Kunzi (Department of Mathematics and R141 million in research income to cover Applied Mathematics), and Ed Rybicki a range of projects, including salaries were honoured by being elected as for soft-funded staff, postdoctoral fellows of the University of Cape Town in fellows and master’s and PhD bursaries. This is a recognition of their international research standing and particularly noteworthy achievement, given the dwindling the impact of their research. Professor Janelidze was NRF resources for the pure sciences. Of this funding, recognised for his work in categorical algebra, including R58 million was received from the NRF and some abstract Galois theory, with applications in classical R78 million from research contracts with industry, algebra, geometry and topology; Professor Kunzi for his government, public entities and statutory bodies, and work in analytic and categorical topology, focusing on science councils; with about R28 million being raised frame theory and asymmetric topology; and Professor from foreign sources. Of importance to the training of Rybicki for his work on the use of plants and cell cultures postgraduate students in our faculty, staff were able to to make pharmaceutically-important proteins, and in raise R32 million for bursaries in support of honours, elucidating the virus-host interactions of grass- and cereal- master’s and PhD students in the faculty.
    [Show full text]