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I Chapter News • (See also Page 13} Information JAPAN CHAPTER wins the Editor's Prize this month for B. A second meeting chaired by Chuji Sujuki, SID content and humor. On July 23 this chapter had two Chapter Committeeman was attended by 14 SID meetings at the offices in Tokyo as members and 15 non-members. This meeting was follows: primarily for yo ung engineers and research scientists. A. Meeting chaired by lwao Ohishi, Chai rman of SID Topics discussed included: Display Japan Chapter and Masao Sugimoto, Vice-Chairman, BCEE Group, IEEE Tokyo Chapter, attended by 29 SID * Topics i n author interviews at the 1981 SID members and 29 non-members. The program was as symposium j The Official Journal of t he Society For Information D isplay NOVEM BER, 1981 follows: * Sinclair's f lat CRTs * Application of POPs v * Cost down of Flat Panel Displays 1. Report on the 1981 SID International Symposium * Kanji Displays and Human Fa ctors General Review Koh-ichi Miyaji, * Penetration CRTs Shibaura Institute of Technology 1 .2 Session VII Human Factors * Eurodisplay '81 and Japan Display '83 Hideo Kusaka, NHK Broadcasting Science Research Labs., Tokyo 1.3 Session X Color CATs Humor: Ryuichi Kaneko, Japan Chapter Secretary, sent CATs your Editor a package of material which arrived just too Osamu Takeuchi, Corp., Tokyo 1.4 Session IX Passive Displays I late for our September/ October issue. But don't ever let Noboru Kaneko, Daini Seikosha anyone tell you that our Japanese friends lack a sense of Co., Ltd., Tokyo humor. Quoting Kaneko: As to Meet ing B, the chairman, 1 .5 Session XI Passive Displays II Dr. Suzuki, "seemed to be greatly annoyed because he Kyozo Ide, Research & Development Center could not cut the discussion when t he closing tiJ)le of Corp., Kawasaki Co., Ltd. Tokyo 1.6 Session IV Hard Copy the meeting had already passed several tens of minutes VIII Non-Impact Printing and Recording before." Koichiro Ishikawa, Added Secretary Kaneko in his own handwriting in Yokosuka Electrical Communication Lab., Nippon Telegraph and Telephone English (who among American SID members writes in Public Corp., Yokosuka Japanese?): 1.7 Session XIII Panel and Large Screen Displays "Attendance paid Y500 each (about $2) for their Koichiro Kurahashi, coffee and cake. I t hink it will be, probably, very difficult M itsubishi Electric Corp., Amagasaki 1.8 Session XIV Graphics and Image Processing t o surpass dainty dishes of Minneapolis/ St. Paul XVI Display Systems Chapter." Yoshizo Hagino, Japan Rad io Co., Ltd. Remember Vern Born's picture of the magnificent 1.9 Session XV Plasma Displays spread at one of t he M/ SP Chapter meetings, appearing Shizuo Andoh, Laboratories Ltd., Lobe on a recent back cover of your Journal? 2. Report on the other Conferences 2.1 Electronic Material Conference, Akio Sasaki, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto 2.2 Gordon Conference, Shunsuke Kobayashi, Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo (Chapter News continued on page 13} NEW IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER, announced three kilobyt es per dr ive. The associated matrix printe r months ago, is designed for home, business, and operates at 80 characters/ second w ith bid irect iona l scientific use. Standard features include: keyboard for printing on continous feed, multi part paper. Tw elve type data and text entry; j ack for cassette attachment; five styles are available, and formats include 40, 66, 80, or expansion slots for additional memory and display, 132 characters per line. INFORMATION DISPLAY printer, communications and game adapters; speaker A n additional option provides communications: a n NOVEMBER 1981 Non-Profit Organization for musical programming; power-on automatic se lf-test asynchronous line tying into data bases, other com­ of system components; BASIC language interpreter, puters, laboratory or industrial instrume nts, or other SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY U.S. Po stage Paid products using an RS -232C asynchronous adaptor. For Permit No. 29744 16K memory. 654 NORTH SEPULVEDA BOULEVARD The keyboard has 83 keys for data and text e ntry, games, user-supplied joy st icks and paddles may be Los Ange les, Ca. LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90049 including 10 for numeric entry and c ursor control, and connected to the system. 1 0 keys for scrolling,.editing, and other special functions. Th is new IBM minicomputer has a cycle time of 410 Access is provided for 256 A SCII and special characters. ns for main storage, and 250 ns access time. These are Displays functions furnish 25 lines of 80 characters 40 K of built-in ROM and provisions for 16K t o 256K of on the 11 .5 inch monochrome CRT screen, plus under­ user memory. lining, high intensity blinking characters and reverse Marketing is t hrough participating Co mputerLand image highlighting, and non-display for security data. dealers; Sears Roebuck business machine stores; IBM For word processing, these are upper a nd lower case product centers and t he manufacturer's Data Processing characters. Division. JJ~E:PH l!A~f:IN Up to two 5 .25 inch d iskettes may be used, w ith 160 23:19 SU£R~A N AVE. EVANS103, XL 60201 FRONT COVER MATERIAL W ELCOMED: Every month Information Display usually features one or more active members of SID and the products with which they are most closely associated. Please send a glossy print and appropriate captions so that you, too, can be on our front cover. Send your material to Ted Lu ca s, Editor, P.O. Box 852, Cedar Glen, CA 92321, or to our Office M anager, June Frie nd, for Information Display, 654 North Sepulveda Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90049. Next deadline for material from you is November 1 Of or the December issue. if you m iss that, try for t he January issue. NOTE: We also welcome feat ure articles on interesting projects. OFFICERS ELECTRONIC DISPLAY SYSTEMS, INC. President ...... • ...... •...... T . DuPuis 2321 Topaz Drive, P.O. Box 280, Hatfield, PA 19440 Vice President . .... •• ...... •...... •...... G .F. Carroll FORD AEROSPACE AND COMMUNICATIONS CORP. Treasurer ...... I. F. Chang WDL Division. Palo Alto, CA 94302 Secretary ...... J.A. van Raalte GENERAL ATRONICS CORP. ELECTROLUMINESCENT DISPLAYS* Subsidiary of Magna vox Govt. & Industrial Electronics Co. DIRECTORS 1200 E. Mermaid Lane. Philadelphia, PA 19118 M.l. Abdalla** Central ...... • ...... V .A . Born GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY GTE Laboratories, Inc., Midwest ...... J. Markin Aerospace Control Systems Department 40 Sylvan Road Northeast ...... P. Pleshko P.O. Box 5000, Binghampton, NY 13902 GEROME MANUFACTURING CO., INC. Waltham, MA 02254 W.G. Mulley P.O. Box 1089, Oliver Road, Uniontown, PA 15401 G .R. Spencer GML INFORMATION SERVICES Western ...... H.P. Sherman 594 Marrett Road, Lexington, MA 02173 L. E. Tannas. Jr. GTE LABORATORIES, INC. R.E. T homan 40 Sylvan Road, Waltham, MA 02254 Introduction Japan ...... M. Ashikawa HARTMAN SYSTEMS Past President ...... B.J. L echner Division of A-T-O Inc., Electroluminescence is the process by w hich light is 360 Wolf Hill Road, Huntington Station, NY 11 746 COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN HAZELTINE CORPORATION produced when a solid material is subjected to an Academic ...... V. Frei Greenlawn, NY 11740 intense electric field. The energy gap of the material AFIPS Representative ...... C. P. Crocetti HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY determines the range of colors that can be obtained. The Archives/Historian ...... R.C. Knepper Culver City, CA 90230 HYCOM, INCORPORATED photopic response of the human eye has a maximum at Bylaws ...... J.B. Flannery 16841 Armstrong Ave., Irvine, CA 92714 2.25 eV (green), and is lower at 1.75 eV (red) and 3.1 eV Definitions & Standards ...... N.W. Patrick IBM CORPORATION Honors & Awards ...... • ...... I. Reingold Armonk, NY 10504 (blue). Therefore a material with an energy gap > 3eVis Membership ...... • ...... P. Pleshko IMAPRO, INC. a potential candidate for EL covering a w ide range of Nominations ...... •...... B .J . Lechner West Royalty Industrial Pa rk visible colors from red to blue. II - VI compounds in Proceedings ...... • ...... S. Sherr Charlottetown, P.R.I. , Canada C1E 1BO Publications ...... T .V. Curran INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS, INC. general and ZnS in particular (with an energy gap-3.7 7740 Lemona Ave .. Van Nuys, CA 91405 eV) have been the subject of intensive EL investigation Publicity ...... J .L. Simonds INTERSTATE ELECTRONICS CORPORATION Symposium Advisory Committee ...... J.A . van Raalte Display Product Operations for many decades. This article reviews the four different Figure 1. Typical structure of ac EL powder ceramic lamp man­ CHAPTER OFFICERS 1001 E. Ball ·Road, Anaheim, CA 92803 technologies currently employed to fabricate large area ufactured by Sylvania. ISE ELECTRONICS CORPORATION Chapter Chairman P.O. Box 46, lse, Mie, Japan flat panel EL ZnS displays, specifically powder (ac, de) Bay Area ... .•...... • ...... M . Rehmus KING RADIO CORPORATION and thin film (ac, de) displays. The discussion of each Del. Valley ...... C. Halstead 400 N. Rogers Rd., Olathe, KS 66062 technology is based on the following considerations: 1 .1 .1 . Ceramic Lamp: The typical structure of the Japan ...... I. Ohishi MAGNETIC RADIATION LABS., INC. ce ramic lamp is shown in Figure 1. The metal substrate Los Angeles ...... •...... G . Kramer 92 N. Lively Blvd. • Life, i.e. brightness degradation ve rsus time or Mid-Atlantic .... . • .•.....•...... • ...... S. Goldfarb Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 is a low carbon steel. The first coat consists of a titania Midwest ...... •...... W. Martin MITSUBISHI ELECTRONICS AMERICA, INC. catastrophic failure. The life of a display is commonly and cobalt bearing frit which gives excellent adhesion to Minn./St. Paul ...... •...... A. Taylor 2200 W. Artesia, Compton, CA 90220 defined as the time at w hich brightness decreases CO., L TO. the metal. This is followed by a dielectric coat. The third New England ...... G . Spencer 550-5 Higashiasakawa-cho, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 193, Japan to 50% of its original value. coat is the activated Zn S powder suspended in a special San D iego ...... D. Keller OPTICAL COATING LABORATORY, INC. June Friend, National Office Manager P.O. Box 1599, Santa Rosa, CA 95402 • Contrast. It is important to minimize reflection in clear glass frit which has a relatively high dielectric Ted Lucas, Information Display Journal Editor ORWIN ASSOCIATES, INC. order that the presented information is not washed constant. This is then followed by a very thin transparent Lewis Winner, Symposium Consultant 88 Seabro Avenue, Amityville, New York 11701 PHOTO RESEARCH OIVISON out by high incident ambient light. Sn02 electrode. The final coat is a water barrier material Kollmorgen Corporation to protect the device from moisture. SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY 3000 N. Hollywood Way, Burbank, CA 91505 • Color and brightness uniformity. The human eye is 654 No. Sepulveda Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90049 PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY sensitive to yellow and green colors commonly (213) 472-3550 P.O. Box 432, Luckey, OH 43443 PLESSEEY OPTOELECTRONICS AND MICROWAVE LTD. used in EL, and w ill therefore easily detect differ­ Wood Burcote Way, Towcester, Northants, England NN12 7JN ences in intensity of two adjacent EL elements. PTK CORPORATION Therefore brightness uniformity must be ensured. Sustaining Members 1173 Los Olivos Ave., Los Osos, CA 93402 ADVERTISERS' INDEX RANK ELECTRONIC TUBES AD-VANCE MAGNETICS, INC. RANK PRECISION INDUSTRIES LIMITED • Visual efficiency. This is an important parameter 625 Monroe Street, Rochester. IN 46975 Sidcup By-Pass. Sidcup, Kent, England for large area Eldisplays where power consumption AMUNEAL MANUFACTURING CORP. RAYTHEON COMPANY can be significant. Eagle Magnetic Company, Inc ...... 23 4737 Darrah Street. Philadelphia, PA 19124 Industrial Components Operation (Carnegie Enterprises) ASEA, DPET. YLDK 465 Centre Street. Quincy, MA 02169 • Resolution, i.e. the number of picture elements S-721 83 Vasteras, Sweden SAl TECHNOLOGY COMPANY EM Chemicals ...... 17 AUOIOTRONICS VIDEO DISPLAY DIVISION 4060 Sorrento Valley Blvd., San Diego, CA 92121 which can be displayed. 8299 Central Ave., N.E.,Spring Lake Park. MN 55432 SANDERS ASSOCIATES, INC. (CarrafielloDieho & Assoc. Inc.) AYDIN CONTROLS D.W. Highway South, Nashua, NH 03061 414 Commerce Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034 SCHOTT OPTICAL GLASS, INC. Gamma Scientific ...... 18 BALL ELECTRONIC DISPLAY DIVISION 400 York Ave., Duryea, PA 18642 (Bowen & Associates, Inc.) 4501 Ball Road, N.E.• Circle Pines, MN 55014 SGL HOMALITE 1. Ac EL Powder: In 1936, Destriau1 discovered that BECKMAN INSTRUMENTS A Division of SGL Industries, ZnS powder embedded in a high dielectric constant Gyrex Corp ...... 12 Information Displays Division 11 Brookside Drive, Wilmington, DE 19804 350 N. Hayden Road, Scottsdale, AZ 85257 SIEMENS AG material can give rise to luminescence when excited by ( B ur r i dg~ Design) BENDIX CORPORATION Components Group, high ac voltages. The discovery went unnoticed until the Flight Systems Division, Teterboro, NJ 07608 73 Balanstr. D6000, Munich, West Germany Keltron Corp ...... 22 BIOCO, INC. SINGER-LIBRASCOPE late forties when the technique underwent substant ial (Appleton-Kingston, Inc.) CRT Display Electronics. Aerospace & Marine Systems Group, development. The obj ective at that time was to develop a 18 Milford Dr.. Plainview, NY 11803 833 Sonora Avenue, Glendale, CA 91201 Magnetic Radiation ...... 22 BURROUGHS OEM CORPORATION SMITH ENGINEERING large area light source rather than an information Plainfield Plant. Plainfield, NJ 07061 3232 Nebraska Ave .. Santa Monica, CA 90404 display. In 1949, Sylvania made the first practical EL (H arrison Advertising, Inc.) CAROION ELECTRONICS SONY CORPORATION ZnS lamp (called Panelescent). At that time, Sylvania Mitsubishi Electronics of America, Inc...... 21 A Division of General Signal Corporation 7-35 Kitashinagawa 6-chome Shinagawa-ku Tokyo, 141 Japan Long Island Expressway, Woodbury, NY 11797 SYNTRONIC INSTRUMENTS, INC. became a major world supplier of EL lamps with uses (J2 Marketing Services) CELCO 100 Industrial Road, Addison. IL 60101 that included clock faces, radio dials, airstrip markers, (Constantine Engineering Labs. Co.) TEKTRONIX, INC. Moniterm Corp...... 19 and automobile instrumen.t panels. 70 Constantine Drive, Mahwah, NJ 07430 Information Display Products, (The Concept People) CHERRY ELECTRICAL PRODUCTS CORP. P.O. Box 500, Beaverton, OR 97007 3600 Sunset Ave .. Waukegan, IL 60085 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, INCORPORATED Special Purpose Technology Corp...... 13 CLIFTON PRECISION/SPECIAL DEVICES P.O. Box 225936, MS 147, Dallas. TX 75265 5100 State Road, Drexel Hill, PA 19026 THOMAS ELECTRONICS, INC. Spellman High Voltage Electronics Corp ...... 14 CLINTON ELECTRONICS CORPORATION 100 Riverview Drive, Wayne, NJ 07470 1 .1 Fabrication Techni1que: Cu-activated ZnS powder 6701 Clinton Road, Loves Park. IL 61111 THOMSON-CSF COMPONENTS CORPORATION with particle size of 1-·20 J.L m is usually employed. (Rolf J ohnsen, Inc.) CONRAC CORPORATION DuMont Division Excess Cu or CuxS pretcipitating on the surface of the 3 Landmark Square. Stamford, CT 06901 750 Bloomfield Avenue, Clifton, NJ 07015 Syntronics Instruments, Inc...... 20 CONTROL INTERFACE COMPANY LTO . THORN-BRIMAR L TO. crystallites is carefully washed out. Many types of EL (Scholz Moody Advertising, Inc.) Optoelectronics Division Greenside Way, Chadderton Industrial Estate. lamps were developed and produced by Sylvania. Two 21 Rt. 10, East Hanover, NJ 07936 Middleton, Manchester M24 1SN, England DALE ELECTRONICS TRANS COM types will be described here, namely the ce ramic lamp P.O. Box 609, Columbus, NE 68601 Unit of Sundstrand Corporation and the flexible plastic: lamp. DIEHL RESEARCH CENTER 3100 Pullman St., Costa Mesa, CA 92626 DIEHL CORPORATION XEROX CORPORATION *This paper is reprinted from Display Technology Review, Part I, organ ized and ch aired by SID Treasurer lfay Chang at Elect ro / 81 , 65 Commerce Road, Stamford, CT 06902 Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304 DISPLAY COMPONENTS, INC. ZENITH RADIO CORPORATION New York City. 550 Newtown Road, MA 02460 1000 Milwaukee Ave., Glenview, IL 60025 Information Disp lay 1 1-81 / 3 2 Information Display 11 -8 1 deterioration can be further enhanced by the presence . Due to the granular structure of the powder panel and . of moisture, necessitating careful encapsulation and h1gh scattering of incident ambient light, contrast is protection. Even with careful sealing, life improvement generally poor, making legibility a problem, especially was limited, especially if the panel had to operate at a 4 under high ambient illumination. substantial brightness level, hampering therefore further Many models have been advanced to explain the EL efforts until the activity came to a virtual halt by 1965. mechanism in ac Elpowderdevices. Originally Destriau, Figure 3 is the brightness versus voltage character­ propos~d _impact. e~citation by hot electrons. Impact exc1tat1on 1s a maJonty carrier process and can therefore istics taken at different frequencies. The higher the :::;- frequency, the more light that can be generated. How­ be observed in materials like ZnS where it is impossible 3 to make a p-n homojunction. Fischer,5 on the other ever, at 60Hz, panels survive better than those operating C/)- at 400Hz. C/) hand, proposed that the observed EL results from w double ~njection of c~r~iers from the ends of p-type Figure 4 is a typical maintenance curve where z conductmg CuxS prec1p1tated along defect sites in the brightness is plotted versus time. 1- :I: ZnS crystallites. Apart from maintenance problems, attempts to make (!J a conventional X-Y dot matrix display proved to be a: 2 practically difficult. In X-Y dot matrix displays, the m nonselected EL elements are kept at a defined voltage, 2. De EL Powder: Unlike ac EL powder where excess usually one-third of the voltage applied to the selected surface Cu or CuxS is washed out, de EL powder elements.3 The ratio of brightness at full voltage to crystallites are intentionally coated with high conduc­ Figure 2. Typical structure of flexible ac EL powder lamp manu­ tivity p-type CuxS. This technique has been developed brightness at one-third of that voltage is known as the 6 factured by Sylvania. discrimination ratio. If this ratio is low as in the case 1 by Ve~ht in E~gland. The method also has the advantage with ac EL powder (- 20 to 200), light will be emitted of bemg low 1n cost, and screens of any size can be from the nondesired elements, giving rise to poor produced. 1.1.2 Flexible Plastic Lamp: A typical structure is character definition and high level of cross-talk. There­ shown in Figure 2. The substrate is a thin aluminum foil fore, the requirements to establish a successful X-Y dot coated on a roughened side with a suspension of barium matrix display are: 2 .1 Fabrication Technique: Mn-doped ZnS powder • Highly nonlinear characteristics, perferably with o~----~------L------~----~ titanate in a cyanoethyl cellulose. The activated ZnS 0 50 100 150 200 with a particle size of 0.5-2 JL m is usually used. The phosphor powder is also suspended in the cyanoethyl well-defined thresholds. powder crystallites are then coated with a thin layer of cellulose plastic dielectric. This is followed by a trans­ • Steep brightness-voltage characteristics. VOLTAGE (V) the conducting P-Cu,S. This can be accomplished by parent conductive coating serving as the top electrode. A solution to this problem has been proposed by simply immersing the powder in a Cu solution, e.g. Fischer4 , who combined the Lehmann hyper-mainten­ A water barrier protective coating is finally applied on Figure 3 . Var iation of Sylvania panelscent lamp brightness with CuC1 2 . The coated powder is then mixed with a plastic both sides of the A 1 foil. ance, high brightness powder with thin film transistor voltage at various frequencies. binder of low concentration to prevent interference with (TFT) technology. In this case, EL elements in the X-Y electrical conduction. The mixture is then spread onto a matrix are each independently driven and isolated from glass plate covered with a transparent indium tin oxide each other, eliminating any possible cross coupling. electrode. The thickness of the deposited layer is not 1.2 Performance: The ease of fabricating any size Uniform brightness has been reported in the ac EL Visual efficiency is found to depend on many para­ critical, and layer deposition can be carried out by any device made this technique a very attractive low cost powder TFT driven X-Y matrix display. meters such as particle size and applied voltage range. available method, e.g. spraying, screen printing, or even technology. Lifetime, however, was a major concern in A wide range of colors can be obtained if ZnS is Since brightness is a surface effect and the applied more primitively by dipping the substrate into the ac EL powder devices. Panels operating at high bright­ suitably doped, e.g .: electric power is a volume effect, small particles might powder solution. After drying, an A1 metal film is ness levels degrade faster than panels operating at • Cu + Br (green EL) be expected to be brighter than larger particles. However, deposited on top of the powder layer to serve as the rear lower brightness. The problem of brightness deteriora­ • Cu + I (blue EL) it was found that panels made from large particles are electrode. These devices are moisture sensitive and tion is complex and can be due to Cu ion migration or as • Cu + C1 (green or blue EL) more efficient than those made from small particles, encapsulation is therefore required. The best encap­ has been suggested by Lehmann2 to the formation of • Cu + Mn + Br (yellow EL) i.e., efficient and bright phosphor powder is difficult to sulation method found thus far7 consists of sea ling the sulfur vacancies on the surface of crystallites. This • CdS + Cu (red EL) make with small particle sizes. Moreover, there is also a panel in the presence of a humidity absorbant material, voltage range where the powder panel is most efficient. e.g. a molecular sieve. This is followed by evacuating Above that voltage, current increases more rapidly than the device to 1 o-s torr for a few hours before it is back­ brightness, resulting in efficiency reduction. Typical ac filled with Ar. A plastic resin can be used to decorate the EL powder panels have efficiencies between 0.5-2 panel and provide it extra protection. The typical structure 1m/ W . of the device is shown in Figure 5. ~- 0 -I- ::::> a. I- SEALING ENVELOPE: ::::> 0 I- :I: (!J ...J 50 ...J PHOSPHOR LAYER

Figure 4 . Maintenance of light output of a typical Sylvania panelescent lamp operating at 120 v, 60 Hz . Figure 5. Typical structure of de EL display. 4 Information Display 11-8 1 Information Display 11 -81 / 5 MAY 11- 13, 1982 2.2 Performance: When a de voltage is applied to a virgin device (positive to ITO), high current is found to pass through the structure. This current is termed the forming current and is attributed to the high conductivity of the P-CuxS surface coating. After a certain period of time determined by the initial input electric power, the current drops and the current-voltage characteristic SAIV DIEGO, CA/TOWIV-COUIVTRY HOTEL changes to rectifying. This is accompanied by the appearance of yellow-orange luminescence character­ THE SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, the only annual global forum istic of Mn emission localized at the positive electrode. 7 ::J' devoted to all aspects of information display, will be held in San Diego, California, in 1982. The localization of emitted light is known ·s to arise from :::.. 60 Cu ions migrating from the anode and depleating the (/) (/) Original papers, not previously published or presented, covering applications, research , development and currently narrow emitting region of its P-CuxS coating. Therefore, w available materials and techniques in the topical subject areas listed below, and closely related fields, are invited. after the forming process, the device can be regarded as z being composed of two regions between the two outer ...... electrodes. These regions are: :I: The Ares of Interest Include, But Are Not Restricted To: a. n-doped ZnS (insulator, narrow emitting region). 5:2 40 a: b. p-type region where the ZnS:Mn particles are a:l Display Devices Display Materials/Phosphors Information Systems masked by the P-CuxS coating. This region extends to the cathode. Flat Panel Displays Display Packaging Computer Graphics As long as a constant de voltage is applied across the CRT Displays Electronics for Displays Command/Control device, Cu ion migration proceeds indefinitely and the Projection Displays Optics/Electron Optics Intelligent Terminals thickness of the light-emitting region increases accord­ Military Displays Human.Factors/Perception Interactive Displnys ingly. It seems that the speed of the Cu ion migration Hardcopy/Printers Standards/Measurements Image Processing/Analysis depends on how the CuxS coating was introduced. It has been found that9 heat treating at 105° C results in a Videodisc/Tape Nonvisual Displays Storage/Retrieval/Facsimile substantial improvement in the life of the display. More life can be obtained from these devices when they are 50 75 100 125 Submission Deadline: Monday, Dec. 7, 1981 ... pulse operated at low duty cycles and more than 3000 hours at more than 20 fL have been reported thus far. V (Volts) Abdalla, et al.7 have found that the life of these devices POST-DEADLINE PAPERS: A limited number of 10-minute post-deadline papers, reflecting important new develop­ can be greatly enhanced, if after the the forming process ments, will also be considered, if a 500-word summary, with pertinent illustrations, suitable for publication, is received the de voltage is replaced by ac. Figure 6 is a photograph Figure 7. Brightness versus voltage characteristics of a de EL powder ZnS:Mn. Cu display made by C.N.E.T. in France. by March 5, 1982. of a fixed information EL panel converted from de to ac. A typical brightness versus voltage characteristic is Supplementary SID 82 Feat·ures shown in Figure 7. The B-V curve is steeper than that of ac EL powder devices, implying a higher discrimination This limits the maximum attainable resolution and more ratio of -103 . than 40 lines/inch is difficult to achieve because of SEMINAR: Two-day tutorial authoritative lectures on display technology, with speakers selected among experts in the After the forming process, the anode side of the powder peeling. Impressive alphanumeric displays with field of information display will also be held during SID 82 - Monday, May 10 and Friday, May 14. Featured will be ·device has a high resistivity while the rest of the device good uniformity and more than 80 characters are in-depth talks on devices, techniques and systems. is highly conductive. Therefore, any attempt to make an currently produced by Phosphor Products in England. 10 X-Y dot matrix display will result in continuous EL lines Low resolution TV displays have also been reported. 11 AUTHOR INTER VIEWS: These sessions, pioneered by SID, which follow the conclusion of daytime presentations, instead oft he desired EL dots, i.e. the panel suffers from The visual efficiency of these devices is typically provide a forum for extended discussions between author and audience. Demonstrations of devices and equipment 50% cross-talk. This, however, can be eliminated if the between 0.1 to 0.4 1 m/ W. The reason for the low cathode electrodes are physically separated; e.g., by efficiency could be due to the incompatibility of the are encouraged. scribing all the way through to the extended cathode. P-CuxS/ ZnS:Mn heterojunction interface. Contrast is

EXHIBITS: Highlighted, too, will be a three-day operational display of the latest equipment, components and acces­ sories by industry from U.S. and overseas.

Mailing: U.S. authors should send their abstract and technical summary to: Leonard Klein, Palisades Institute, 201 Varick Street, New York, NY 10014. Overseas authors should also send one copy of their abstract and technical summary to Leonard Klein, as well as to one of the following appropriate overseas program advisors: Europe - C.]. Gerritsma, Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, Netherlands ... ~ W. Proebster, IBM Germany, Box 210, Boeblingen, West Germany. Asia - K. Miyaji, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-9 Shibaura, Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan ... or . S. Kobayashi, Tokyo Univ. Agri. Tech., Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184, Japan. For further information contact:

Lt~wi s Winner, Symposium Consultan t, 301 Almt ~ ria Avenu e, Coral Gables, FL 33134 ... Tel.: 305-446-8193

Ifay Chang, Symposium Chainnan, IBM Rt ~ St ~ arc h Center, Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 Tel.: 914.945-1234

Walter Goedt~ , Sy mposium Program Chairman, Northrop, 2301 W. 102th St., Hawthorne, CA 90250 Tel. : 213-418-4592 Additional information on Preparation Guidelines may be obt ained at the Nat i ona l Office. Tel : (2 13) 472- 3550. Figure 6. Photograph of de formed and ac operating ZnS: Mn.Cu powder EL display made by C.N.E.T. in France. Information Display 11 -81/7 6 Information Display 11 -81 PASSIVATING LAYER These materials are known to be very hygroscopic and 3 .2. Performance: The successful operation of these : stability could be a problem. devices depends on the quality of the insulating layer, METAL ELECTRODE Abdalla et al proposed a model to explain the EL i.e. its dielectric strength. Below the threshold voltage I DIELECTRIC LAYER mechanism8 . The model is based on the creation of a necessary for EL, the ZnS phosphor layer is insulating. I reverse-biased heteroj unction between the narrow Therefore, the applied voltage is distributed among the II, PHOSPHOR LAYER :iiiiiiil """'== luminescing region (n doped ZnS) and the rest of the differrent layers according to their thicknesses and Ill!: ~ DIELECTRIC LAYER device (basically P-CuxS). Electrons are tunnel-injected dielectric constants. A plot of charge 0 versus voltage is ITO TRANSPARENT ELECTRODE from P-CuxS and accelerated by the high electric field to shown in Figure 9a where the device behaves almost ~ ~ 11!111/fi Ill: ,:; impact and excite the Mn luminescent centers, giving like a low loss capacitor and the observed charge is due II: ~ GLASS SUBSTRATE rise to the observed yellow-orange emission. to dipole charges at the various interfaces. When the applied voltage increases above the threshold voltage, !:IIi charge is transported from one side of the phosphor !::i !!:ii .. 3. Ac EL Thin Films: A number of research organi­ layer to the other side and returns back upon voltage iiii Figure 8 . Typical structure of ac EL thin film device. zations are engaged in the development of ac EL thin reversal. This gives rise to the observed hysteresis in the - film displays. In particular, GTE is involved in the Q-V plot shown in Figure 9b. lt is interesting to note that development of manufacturing capability for ac EL increasing the voltage bias above threshold results in a iii low, but since the devices can be operated at high devices employing ZnS thin films. The advantage of substantial increase in the amount of charge while the brightness levels, optical filters can be implemented to these displays are their high attainable brightness, their voltage seems to be almost clamped. Assuming that the 15 enhance the contrast. The brightness decay time of excellent stability , and their simplicity of fabrication. observed charge arises mainly from the ZnS phosphor i ~ these devices depends on the Mn concentration. At high layer, the extra voltage increase, above threshold, must II iii Mn concentrations, > 1 wt %, two decay times have 3 .1 Fabrication Technique: The typical structure of therefore be accommodated by the two outer insulator Figure 98. Charge versus voltage plot during luminescence of a green (ZnS:TbF ) ac EL thin film device. been observed: the device is shown in Figure 8. The process by which layers. Important parameters can be deduced from 0-V 3 • A short time, - 0.1 to 0.2 ms, attributed to the plots, such as efficiency and power dissipation.16 2 2 successive layers are deposited can be any of the formation of Mn• -Mn• ion pairs. available methods for thin film deposition, e.g. sput­ The dielectric strength of the insulator can be • A long time, -1 ms, associated with single Mn• · tering, electron beam evaporation, thermal evaporation, increased by increasing its thickness; however, the At GTE considerable efforts have been devoted to the At lower Mn concentrations, only the long decay or a combination. The devices are mositure sensitive, required voltage to drive the display must also increase. preparation and study of a stable and suitable dark layer. Depending on the preparation conditions, dark layers time12 is observed. and passivation and encapsulation are therefore crucial. The voltage required to drive the display can be can have a range of values; typical values used are: Alkaline earth sulfides such as CaS and SrS, doped Dopant materials widely used in ZnS include particularly reduced without further reduction of the thickness of with rare earths, were explored for different colors. Mn (yellow-orange) and TbF (green). 6 1 3 the insulator layer by: • Absorption coefficient - 1 0 cm· . • Using an insulator material with higher dielectric • Diffuse reflectivity- 1 %. constant.17 I: ::II 18 I: ::II • Using a phosphor layer with lower band gap. This dark layer is routinely implemented in GTE thin I: :::J film EL displays. Figure 1 0 is a yellow -orange ELdisplay I:: ;;;;31 fabricated by the GTE Lighting Products Group at 3 .3. Contrast Enhancement: The device shown in Salem, MA. The use of the dark layer has the added I:: ;;;;31 Figure 8 is highly reflective. Under ambient illumination, advantage that the required voltage to drive the display I:: ::I the brightness of the device has to be increased by can be lower since the display ca n be highly legible at I: ::I low brightness levels under high ambient illumination; c ::II increasing its voltage, in many cases, close to break­ down. Saxman and KetchpeJ1 9 found that contrast can e.g. with a brightness of 20fL, the display maintains I:: ::I be enha need by a dark layer behind the emitting layer. In acceptable contrast under 10,000 fc. I: ::II order that such a layer be effective to enhance the The reported visual efficiency when Mn is used as a c ::II contrast, the following requirements must be fulfilled: dopant is typically between 0.5 and 2 1 m / W . The c ::II • High absorption coefficient (in the visible). addition of t he dark layer reduces the efficiency to • Low reflectivity (proper index of refraction). almost half that value. I:: ,:I c ::II I: ::I I: ;;;;;J

c ;;;;;J I: ::I I: ::I nnnn nnnn nnnn Ill:: ;;;;;J nnnn UIUIU ...... IUUU.t: :::1.1UUU uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu ! I:: ;;;;;J ; I:: ;;;;;J n' I:: ::I I:: :::II 1: ::I c ::::::1 n I:: ::II I:: ;;;;;J I:: ::II c ::I l I:: ;;;;;J

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Figure 9a. Charge versus voltage plot below the onset o1 electro luminescence of a green (ZnS:TbF ) ac EL t hin film device. Figure 10. An ac EL (ZnS:Mn) thin film display made by GTE Lighting Products Group at Salem, MA. 3 Information Display 11 -81/ 9 8 Information Display 11-81 The life of these devices is found to be greatly Figure 11 shows the brightness versus voltage extended if they are driven with low duty factor pulses. characteristics for a green EL display (ZnS:TbF ) with a 3 · 2kHz Figure 13 shows the variation of brightness with time of dark layer and a single dielectric. This results in a operation. display operating at lower voltages than that reported by 400Hz 60 Hz X-Y dot matrix displays with good brightness uni­ other workers. Increasing the frequency results in formity and no cross-talk have been achieved28 by increasing brightness. The decay time of rare earth 10 deposition through metal masks. Figure 14 is a photo­ doped ZnS is usually shorter than that of Mn, resulting graph of such a display where certain EL elements have therefore in less efficient devices. Typical efficiencies in been lit. ZnS:TbF3, ac EL thin film devices are 0 .05 to .03 1 m/W. High CuxS content gives the device a dark appearance When Mn is used as a dopant the shape of the B-V which is found to enhance the contrast; i.e. at a characteristic is found to depend on the Mn concentra­ brightness of 10 fL and ambient illumination of 2300 tions. Above 1 wt % hysteresis (memory) has been (/) foot candles, the measured contrast ratio is 3:1. observed. This phenomenon has been attributed by (/) Yoshida, et al. 21 to polarized charges released from deep w z Conclusion trap levels situated at 0.8 ev below the conduction band ..... of ZnS. The release of charge from the trap level and J: The preceding sections have shown that there is a subsequent recombination is responsible for the £! 1 1 wide range of available techniques to produce large 21 a: o- observed memory. Marella, et al., however, related I:D area EL displays, and that certain technologies are this effect to a filamentary conduction process leading viable for practical display applications. The areas to bulk differential negative resistance, hence hysteresis. recommended for further development efforts include 4 The high discrimination ratio ( -10 for 3:1 voltage) work on efficiency and reliability and innovation in permits the operation of high density uniformly bright multicolor displays. dot matrix displays.22,23 Acknowledgements 4 . De EL Thin Films: An attractive goal in the field of I would like to express my thanks to F. J. Reid, L. large area EL displays is a panel that can be driven at low Riseberg, and P. Haugsjaa for their helpful and critical Figure 14. X-Y dot matrix de. EL. ZnS: Mn, Cu thin film display de voltages compatible with the existing IC circuits. Low comments. Thanks are also due to D. Baird and B. made by C.N.E.T. in France. voltage de EL has been observed by many workers in 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Budinger from GTE Labs for fruitful discussions and for 24 25 Zns:Mn, Cu thin films. The reported lifetime, how­ V (rms) permission to discuss results prior to publication. I am mentes of the GTE Lighting Products Group for providing ever, did not exceed a few hours. Recently, Abdalla and grateful to H. Hidler, L. Hope, J. Plumb and T. Sente- data and photographs of ac EL displays. Thomas 26•27 reported that stable low voltage de EL can be achieved in co-evaporated ZnS:Mn,Cu films. A sum­ Figure 11. Brightness versus voltage at various frequencies for a mary of the method and some of the recent results will green ZnS:TbF 3 ac EL thin film device made at GTE Laboratories. be described in the following section. Waltham. MA. onto. a heated ITO-covered glass substrate. The substrate 4.1 Fabrication Technique: Elemental Zn, S, Mn and temperature during film deposition is kept at 450°C. Cu are each independently co-evaporated from BN cells High sulfur overpressure is always maintained for the following reasons: • Maximize film stoichiometry. • Ensure that Cu is introduced into the film as P-CuxS. 4 Metallic Cu has the drastic effect of making the device ::J extremely inefficient and with short life. The thickness of the deposited layer is not critical -U) (5-20JLm). The deposited layers are usually annealed U) for one hour at the deposition temperature. This is found w to enhance the crystallinity of the deposited layer and improve the luminescence properties of the device. 5 After cooling down to room temperature, a metal ~ electrode is deposited on top of the layer to form the rear :I: electrode. Finally, the device is encapsulated similar to 0 (/) that previously described for de EL powder devices. The (/) a: w typically structure of the device is shown in Figure 5. al ~2 This structure is similar to that of de EL powder devices. J: £! a: 4.2. Performance: These devices resemble in many I:D aspects powder de EL displays, especially with regard to the required forming process and the localization of EL in a narrow region close to the positive electrode. Toward the end of the forming process, the device emits 0 appreciable light (- 5850 A ) at low voltages. Figure 12 is a plot of the brightness versus voltage, where the steepness of the characteristic becomes noticeable at o~------~------~------~------higher voltages, and a discrimination ratio of more than 2 4 104 is typical. f 0 10 10 103 10 The visual efficiency is typically between 0.1 and 0.2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 TIME (hrs) (y) 1 m/ W . By careful optimization of the dopant concen­ v trations, an increase· in the efficiency is expected; however the P-CuxS/ ZnS interface might be a limiting Figure 12. Brightness versus v oltage characteristic of de EL thin Figure 13. Maintenance characteristics of a ZnS: Mn,Cu de EL thin film device driven by 5 s 45 V pulses at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. film made at C.N.E.T. in France. factor. ' ' Information Di splay 11 -8 1/ 11 1 0 Information Di splay 11-81 (Additional Data on Feature Technical Article on page 3-11 ) CHAPTER NEWS (continued from page 24)

MINNESOTA/ ST. PAUL CHAPTER on September 18 focused on the use of the SEM and electron microprobe **Present Address of Author: 13 A . Vecht, J. Mayo and M . Higton, Digest 1977 S.I.D. Int. Symp. enjoyed a discussion of " Show & Tell on Countal Vision in fa ilure analysis. Aerojet Electro Systems (Soc. for lnf. Display, Los Angeles, CA 1977), p. 88. I" by John C. Schultz of 3M. He described how this real A tour of SPS' mechanical testing facilities w as also 1100 W. Hollyvale Street 14 M. Higton, A Vecht, and J. Mayo, Digest 1978 S.I. D. Int. Symp. time, full color image processing system with interactive provided. (Soc. for lnf. Display, Los Angeles, CA 1978), p. 136. color control and masking has many potential applica­ P.O. Box 296 15 Azusa, California, 91702 T. lnoguchi, M. Takeda, Y. Kakihara, Y. Nakata, and M. Yoshida, tions in medical, commercial and m ilitary imaging. MID-ATLANTIC CHAPTER on October 6 in the Burrough s Digest 1974 S.I. D. Int. Symp. (Soc. for lnf. Display, Los Angeles, Building auditorium enjoyed a n exceptional progra m * First presented at Electro 81 CA, 1976), p. 84. •• D. Ba ird, private communication. attended by a large number of SID members a nd non­ members. The topic was a technica l report a nd d is­ 17 K. Okamoto, Y. Nasu, and Y Hamakawa, IEEE 1980 Biennial SAN DIEGO CHAPTE R, with Chair ma n Dwain Keller cussion of display research presented at the Europea n Display Research Conference, Cherry Hill, NJ, p. 143. presiding, saw and heard a presentation on data displays 18 Display '81 Conference-Munich, Germany, and attended REFERENCES S. Miura and S. Sato, 1980 Int. Elect. Dev. Meeting, Washington, by Gene Ornstead and Ed VanDusen of Conrac Corpor­ DC, p. 715. by t he SID members who spoke at this meeting, as ation, Covina, CA. This well-attended meet ing w as 19 E.J. Soxman and R.D. Ketchpel, JANAIR Report 720903 (1972). reported by Ames Gi ordano, Chapter Secretary. 1 G. Destriau, J . Chim. Phys. 33, 587 (1936). interesting indeed, reports George Unangst, Chapter 20 fM. Yoshida, Y. Kakihara, T. Yamashita, K. Taniguchi, and T. 2 W. Lehmann, J . of Electrochem. Soc. 113, 40 ( 1966). T he following f ive speakers discussed Eurodisplay lnoguchi, Proceedings of the 9th Conference on Sol. St. Devices, Vice-Chairman. The speaker also described a recent 3 '81: L. Tannas, Int. Elect. Dev. Meeting, Washington, DC, p. 698 (1980). Tokyo, p. 127 (1977). Conrac publication. 4 AG. Fischer, Appl. Phys. 9, 277 (1976). 21 V. Marello, W . Ru hle, and A. Onton, Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 452 " Raster Graphics Handbook". The book gives a very Frank Asterino; D r. lfay Chang; Dr. Allen R. Kmetz; 5 A. G. Fischer, J. Electrochem. Soc. 110, 733 (1963). (1977). good overview of graphics systems and inc I udes details Jim Ogle; and D r. John van Raalte. 6 A Vecht, N. Warring, R. Ellis, and P.J.F. Smith, Brit. J . Appl. Phys. 22 M . Takeda, Y. Kantani, H. Kishishita, T. lnoguchi, and K. Okano, of generally-used display techniques. Clear d iagrams of J. Phys. D.2, 953 (1969) Digest 1980 S.I.D. Int. Symp. (Soc. lnf. Display, Sa n Diego, CA, NEW ENGLAND CHAPTER on June 19 found SID 7 1980), p. 66. everything from the inside " how" of the Tektronix DVST M .l. Abdalla, A. Brenac, and J .P. Noblanc, 1980 IEEE Biennial Chapter Chairman Thomas B. Cheek, Vice President of Research Conference, Cherry Hill, NJ, p. 174. 23 R. Ketchpel, S. Graves, M. Kilcoyne, T. Lim, D. Armijo, I. Santha, to the va r ious CRT configurations for color d isplays are Engineering, Advent Coreporation to be a most e n­ 8 M.l. Abdalla, A. Godin, and J.P. Noblanc,J . of Luminescence 18/ and B. Garcia, Digest 1980 S.I. D. Int. Symp. (Soc. lnf. Display, San incl uded, as is a section on SI GGRAPH software 19, 743 (1979). Diego, CA, 1980), p. 68. standards. lightening speaker on "Trends in Consumer Te levision." 9 C.J . Adler, AF. Cattell, K. Dexter, M. Dixon, J. Kirton, and M . 24 W. Th ornton, J . Appl. Phys. 33, 3045 (1962). He described how televisi on has been considered a Skolnick, 1980 IEEE Biennial Research Conference, Cherry Hill, 25 P. Goldberg and J.W. Neckerson, J . Appl. Phys. 34, 1601 (1963). mature industry with only minor technica l changes NJ, p. 168 . 26 M .l. Abdalla and J.A Thomas, Digest 1978 S.I.D. Int. Symp. (Soc. occurring from year to year. Not so any longer. The old 10 Phosphor Products Co. , Ltd. 1OD Dawkins Road , Hamworthy, lnf. Display, San Francisco, CA, 1978), p. 130. DELAWARE VALLEY CHAPTER on October 15 enjoyed concepts of broadcast stations a nd TV receivers has Poole, Dor_set GH154JP. 27 M .l. Abdalla, and J .A. Thomas, Proceedings of the S.I.D. 19/ 2 a discussion of the scanning electron microscope {SEM) been joined by cable TV, satellite transm issions, video 11 H. Kawarada and N. Osh ima , Proceedings of the IEEE 6 1, 907 Second Quarter, 91 (1978). by Steve Bujoilts of SPS, w ith Robert Martin of that firm cassette recorders, videodisc players, large screen TVs, (1973). 28 M.l. Abdalla, J .A Thomas, A Brenac, and J .P. Noblanc, IEEE as host and tour guide. stereo sound, and teletext services. This talk provided 12 M .l. Abdalla, unpublished results. 1980 Biennial Research Conference, Cherry Hill, NJ, p. 165. The basic operating principl es of the SEM and electron an overview of these new developments and offered an microprobe were discussed, follow ed by a demonstration insight into how they will affect the entertainment of the units' ca pa bilities. The presentation specif ically industry. CATHODE RAY TUBES WE OFFER YOU TECHN ICAL ABILITY FOR ANY SPECIAL CRT AND DISPLAY SYSTEM

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7 Abstract Deadline for SID 1982 International Symposium (Submit to Leonard Klein, Palisades Institute, 201 Varick St. New York, NY. 10014)

15 Nominations for National Officers and Regional Directors Due. (Submit to B. J. Lechner, Nominations Committee Chairman)

15 Bylaws Recommendations Due Spellman Model751& Built In 1947 Spellman 1982 This vacuum tube pioneer and Model RMC 16PX predecessors provided high voltage A design of the '80's January 4 Proceedings, Volume 22, No.4, 1981, Mailed source for early television, radar and This state of the art multiple output CRT projection systems. power supply employs highly reliable solid 20 Quarterly Chapter Rebates Mailed state components and provides all of the necessary outputs for CRT operation. 20-21 SID 1982 IAternational Symposium Program Committee Meeting, Town & Country Hotel, San Diego

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14 Information Display 11 -81 Information Display 11 -81 / 15 GREETI NGS TO NEW SID MEMBERS! Each month you'll f ind a roster of new SID Members, listed by Chapters with the Chapters in alphab~tica l order. If Y?Ur name - or a frie nd's- should have been listed and was inadvertently omitted, please let June Fnend or yo ur Ed1tor know immediately. We'll make amends in the next issue. See the front cover for your choice of addresses to which to send vital data.

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MA 02172 Department of Electrical Eng ineering Rumson. NJ 07760 Our expert technical team may *Exhibition Road (617)926-1816 Head, Visual Com. Dept. Director, Research & Development already have developed a London, SW72AZ U.K. Bell Telephone Labs 1 F-632 (01) 589-51 1 1 Ext. 1495 Computer Pictures Corp. dichroic dye or twisted nematic *Crawfords Corners Road *20 Broad St. Holmdel, NJ 07733 Boston, MA 02107 crystal to fit your design needs. (201) 949-6700 (6 1 7) 720-1 700 37 If you need rapid low­ JAPAN CHAPTER Otto, J effrey B. M - NE temperature switching response MIDWEST CHAPTER Mason Road Box 153 Brooklyn, CT 06234 down to - 200C, or stability at Hara, Hajime M -JP Kaw amot o, ltsushi 9-33 Sagata, Hatsukaichi M -MW (203) 774-4992 19551 Dartmouth Place temperatures as high as 1000C, or Hiroshima, Japan 738 Manager Northville, Ml 48167 Rogers Corporation if you want high levels of (0829) 32-7744 (313) 349-2975 Assistant Professor * Rogers. CT 06263 multiplexibility for complex alpha Manager, Eng ineering (203) 774-9605 Ext. 386 Hiroshima Institute of Technology Nippondenso, Co . LTO . numeric displays, wide angle *Miyake ltsukaichi *21840 West 9 M ile Hiroshima, Japan 738 Southfield, Ml 48075 viewing, dot matrix, etc., we can (0829) 21-3121 315 (3 13 ) 352-4440 SAN DIEGO CHAPTER help you. Podowski, Robert R. M-MW M - SD 931 Banbury Rd . Ben-Zur, Raanan Corp. Call today for technical information on LOS ANGELES CHAPTER Mundelein, IL 60060 Senior Electronics Engineer 2445 Me Cabe Way LC s, as well as a full range of materials for Cheshire/ A Zerox Company Irvine, CA 92714 Chiou, Wun C. M-LA (71 4) 970-5034 conductive coatings, ELD s, sputtering and *22 1 31 Devonshire St. *404 Washington Blvd. Chatsworth, CA 9131 1 Mundelein, IL 60060 poration. Research Scientist (3 1 2) 949-201 3 Teledyne Systems Co. WASHINGTON D .C. CHAPTER 19601 Nordhoff St. Pollari Helen L. M-MW MS-46 MIT P.O. Box 186 Coddington, M ic hael W. 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Syntronlc Instruments, Inc. 100 Industrial Road, Addison, IL 60101 31 2-543-6444 20 Infor m atio n Disp lay 11 -8 1 (

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This VuePoint™ touch input terminal made by General Digital Corporation, East Hartford, CT, and speedy man-machine inter­ action by all computer users-the trained as well as the untrained. Only 2 3A ins. thick, VuePoint's low profile, 12 line by 40 character flat panel display, provides an alternative to conventional CRTs for process control, executive information retrieval, and any envelope­ critial system application. This Buffered Micropad lets anyone enter data into a computer The microprocessor-based controller provides for up to 51 by simply hand printing on a pressure-sensitive device that emulates display "pages" of information. A response is sent to the host a standard ASCII CRT terminal. According to Steven Green berg of computer to select an operator-initiated action or provide a new Micropad, Inc., Chicago, this new unit allows users to enter a line display menu, by finger contact to any one of 240 discrete touch or page of up to 512 characters at a time, edit and verify it on a sensitive locations of the display screen. Communication is by built-in LED display, and transmit it to a local or time-sharing selectable 300 to 19,200 baud via standard RS232 interface. computer eliminating the need for typing skills. The user can fill out Options shown include a 40 character per line hard copy printer specially-designed forms, and corrections are made by simply and a 128 character ASCII keyboard. writing over previously entered characters.

Custoln HVPSt Check Keltron.

No need to compromise because • High Voltage Power you find a catalog item that's Supplies to your "close." Nor any need to build your specs at In- own. Keltron builds it your way, stock prices and bills it like a catalog unit. We've been doing it that way • Highest reliability­ since 1963 with our own field­ ABOVE ALL OTHERS tightest regulation proven designs, and with the • Consistent delivery finest balance in the business schedules between performance and cost. Send us your specs-we can Magnetic Shielding by Eagle prove it to you quickly. magnetic shielding • SHEET e FABRICATION See what Keltron requires precision has to offer. • CUSTOM SHIELDS e FOIL e HEAT TREATING e FINISHING manufacturing e STANDARD SHIELD e DESIGN ENGINEERING e TESTING e CONSULTING Over 20 years of experience in the design, PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE SHIELDS. _ .CATHODE RAY TUBE SHIELDS . ..SHIELDS FOR production, quality control and inspection of MEDi'CAL INSTRUMENTS ...TRANSFORMER SHIELDS magnetic shielding assures precision products Eagle can help improve your product, and Choose from a wide selection of sheet and foil, that stand up to the closest check. lower costs, by designing the right shield so you can form your own shields. For FREE-send for our new brochure on magnetic for you. Take advantage of Eagle's ~-...._ helpful design and cost data, write or shielding alloys and photomultiplier tube shields. vast background in shield design and call. Offices worldwide. Whatever your application, let M.R.L. meet your needs. production. KELTRON CORPORATION High Voltage Division _ lf;{IWFI~n/1~ £RADIATION 225 Crescent Street. Waltham, MA 02154 • (617) 894-8700 ~ "~uA/1/vV~ LABORATORIES, INC. 92 N. Lively Blvd. • Elk Grove Village, Illinois 60007 • A rea Code (312) 437-5200 P.O. BOX 24283 e INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA, 46224 • PHONE (317)297-1030

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