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Human Cloning in Kazuo Ishiguro's Novel 'Never Let Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 HUMAN CLONING IN KAZUO ISHIGURO’S NOVEL ‘NEVER LET ME GO’ Biman Mondal1 and Dr. Aju Aravind2 Assistant Professor1, English, Haldia Institute of Technology Assistant Professor2, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad Abstract: This paper originally attempts to examine materialism (a specific feminist progress within post the ways that post humanism in ‘Never Let Me Go’ human frame; the heterogeneous landscape of Anti (2005) by Kazuo Ishiguro. Post-humanism seeks to Humanism; Post humanities and Met humanities. My under estimate the traditional boundaries between the paper attempts to bring to light the similarities and human, technology and the animal. Liberal dissimilarities between the various terminology and humanism places a set of values and attitudes about schools of thought by experts. Moreover, it is human relationship to that of outside world. The longingness to offer an original involvement to novel ‘Never let me go’ is set up in a dystopian society Philosophical Post humanism. It develops its where human clones were commonly created so that theoretical happenings on ontological and their organs could be donated to young human adults. epistemological grounds. Human beings and technology is bound together with The faster pace in technological growth in the twentieth clone donors donating their organs to keep them century and in the twenty first century brought in the alive. This nonspecific reevaluation makes mode for a postmodernist and deconstructive approaches to both broader momentous advance to the novel’s conception of humanness in the post-genome age ‘humanity’ and ‘non-humanity’ which further .consequently, it is not viable to “escape” the human expanded the inquisitiveness known as Post through technological culture to “return to nature” Humanism. The term ‘Post Human’ brings in cultural by shunning technology and culture on the whole. anxieties about the feeling of humans with the new Never Let Me Go addresses the post humanist technology and understanding. Now the question is assertions, employing various narrative techniques to that what we mean by post humanism or “the post reinforce both the ethical status of non-humans and human?” Since 1970’s these terms have stirred a lot of the embedded nature of human technological culture. uncertainty, debate and discussion in the academia on what is the exact meaning to these terms. The concept Keywords: Humanism, Organs, Dystopian, of Post Humanism itself confuses readers; to be ‘post Technology, Culture & Non-Human human’ is which comes after human, or whether literally as in post-apocalyptic narratives and science INTRODUCTION fiction; or humans outdid humanity through technology Post humanism is growing in an era which has been and evolution. On the other hand, Post-human-ism generating a production of “post-s” (from postmodern refers to what comes after the ethical and philosophical to postcolonial, from post-feminist to beliefs of humanism and not what comes after human post-apocalyptic), speaking of the need of humans and beings. While various questions like evolution, their wants in the centre. During this era, “post human” transcendence and technology are related to post became a key concept in the contemporary academic humanism, my understanding is that the contest, to cope with the urgency for fundamental appropriateness to the first approach is true. The paper reevaluate the belief of human following different attempts to study how post-humanism emerge both in methodology, with scientific and bio-technological literature and as a mode of thought within culture. It developments during the twenty first century. also tries to connect the concept and combine them in philosophical and theoretical conceptions of This philosophy later picked up numerous movement post-humanism in the contemporary works of and schools of thought. The term ‘post human’ often hypothetical fiction: Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go stirs common and comprehensive viewpoints creating (2005). methodological and theoretical experts between experts and non-experts. It was way back in (1619) that Rene Descartes a French philosopher, mathematician and scientific theorist who The term ‘Post Human’ includes many phrases under it: first contributed to the field of Humanistic thinking Philosophical post-humanism, Cultural and Critical which lead to post humanism later. Post humanism Post humanism; Tran humanism, Liberal Tran originated from the field of contemporary theories of humanism and Democratic Tran humanism, new neural networks and artificial intelligence and Volume XI, Issue XII, 2019 Page No: 426 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 questioned the concepts of ethics and justice, language from the constrictive liberal humanist origination of the and trans-species communication, social systems and human subject yet to crush singular subjectivity the intellectual aspirations of humans. It also brought us altogether: the understanding of how human brains store “The posthuman subject is an amalgam, a collection of knowledge, and the meaning of consciousness and heterogeneous components, a material-informational self-awareness. entity whose boundaries undergo continuous Phenomenological and existentialist thoughts are construction and reconstruction.” connected with the humanistic approach. Theorists like Neil Badmington in 2000 introduced the reader to Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty and ‘Posthumanism’ which refers to the various branches of Sartre contributed to the humanistic thoughts. Herman historical and philosophical thought on the different Dooyeweerd proposed the term post-humanism early notions of Posthumanism. Neil tries to refer back into nineteenth century. Theorist such as Michel Foucault, the depth of post humanistic roots, and establishing a Judith Butler, cyberneticists; Gregory Bateson, Warren relationship between posthumanism and gender. His McCullouch, Norbert Wiener, Bruno Latour etc were other work on post-humanist theory ‘Alien Chic: some of them who complemented and contrasted Ihab Posthumanism and the Other Within (2004)’ deals with Hassan on the emergence of Post Humanism. the hypothetical point ‘alien’ for Posthumanist and Cary Wolfe’s book ‘What is Post-humanism’ (2010) compared it with culture. Badmington proves his point acted as a blueprint to the philosophy of by showing how speculative and science fictions ‘Post-humanism’, talking about the cultural aspect of through their development and portrayal of alien, and the society. He was a genius in getting together in his the human, cultural relationship with animals. writings various disciplines, pointing out the It was Elaine Graham work on ‘Post/Human: Monsters, connections within technology, humans and cultural Aliens and Others in Popular Culture (2002)’ is very theories. His theory elicited the connected between relevant to Posthumanism. Her concept of animal studies to that of systems theory, and proposed posthumanism (post/humanism as she named it) is art as median to change traditional conceptions. He similar to that of Wolfe or Badmington’s concept of made way to reimagine that the concept of subjectivity deconstruction of humanist ideas in relationships with is not exclusive to humans. Wolfe goes on to say in his (non-human). She referred to the cultural myth and book ‘What is Post-humanism’ challenges the cultural science fiction as bringing anxieties about the new structure which support the notion that humans are technologies and their philosophies about ‘humanity’. superior to any other forms of life and intelligences. In post humanist idea, rationality showed that In his book, ‘How We Became Posthuman’, N. scientific, social development defends the rights of Katherine Hayles used it to connect with humans by individual human subject. Post humanism is cultivated treating their mind/body parts, principally because it when this portrayal has triumph over choices like referred to cyebernetics and artificial intelligence, mysticism or totalitarianism (1992). where dichotomy tried to enter into the materialist In 1992, a American political scientist, political science through the concept of inscription rather than economist and author, Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama, in incorporation (i.e to say that anxiety and consciousness his book ‘The End of History and the Last Man’ in are two facets which forms a part of our body as which he debated that the liberal democracies and free information rather than the physical state). market capitalist of the west and its lifestyle spreading Hayles stresses the significance of exemplification and worldwide may be the signal to the end point of endeavors to divert the "posthuman" concentrate away humanity’s sociocultural evolution and the final form from thoughts of eternality and immaterial awareness, of human government. Later in his book, ‘Our and toward another treatment of subjectivity: Posthuman Future (1999)’ he referred to the significance of new biotechnologies for a return to the “my dream is a version of the posthuman that embraces debate on eugenics opened up a more general the possibilities of information technologies without philosophical and political discussion. Several being seduced by fantasies of unlimited power and discussions on the posthumanity with anxieties with disembodied immortality, that recognizes and utopian hopes on new bio, nano, neuro and info celebrates
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