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Transfusion Medicine Timeline

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Transfusion Medicine Timeline Abbreviated Timeline of Great Moments in Transfusion Medicine History 1940 1983 1628 2006 > English physician William Harvey discovers blood 1795 circulation, followed shortly by the earliest known 1961 attempt to transfuse blood. 1972 1818 1665 1916 > First successful blood transfusion (dog to dog) 1947 1958 performed by Richard Lower in England 1667 1997 1969 > Jean-Baptiste Denis in France and Richard Lower separately report successful transfusions from 1844 2002 lambs to humans; transfusing blood from animals to humans banned within 10 years because of reactions. 1795 > In Philadelphia, American physician Philip Syng Physick performs the first human blood transfusion, although he does not publish this information. 1818 > British obstetrician James Blundell performs first successful transfusion of human blood to treat postpartum hemorrhage. 1840 > Samuel Armstrong Lane, aided by Blundell, performs first successful whole blood transfusion to treat hemophilia in London. 1867 > English surgeon Joseph Lister uses antiseptics to control infection during transfusion. 22 AABB NEWS SEPTEMBER 2019 AABB.ORG 1916 > Francis Rous and J. R. Turner introduce citrate- glucose solution, enabling blood to be stored for 1873-1880 several days post collection, facilitating indirect > Physicians in U.S. transfuse milk to humans (from transfusion and allowing for establishment of first cows, goats and humans). “blood depot” by Oswald Robertson. 1884 1927-1947 > Practitioners replace milk with saline to decrease > Landsteiner and his assistant, Philip Levine, adverse reactions. discover new blood group antigen systems M, N and P, based on antibodies formed by rabbits injected with 1901 human red blood cells. > Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian physician, discovers first three human blood groups, which he labels A, B 1932 and C; C is later renamed O. > First blood bank established in a Leningrad hospital. 1902 1937 > Landsteiner’s colleagues Alfred Decastello and > Bernard Fantus establishes first hospital laboratory Adriano Sturli add a fourth blood type: AB. capable of preserving and storing donated blood in 1907 U.S. and coins the term “blood bank.” > Ludvig Hektoen proposes crossmatching 1939/40 blood between donors and patients to check for > Landsteiner, Levine, R.E. Stetson and Alex Weiner compatibility. discover Rh blood group system, which is quickly > Reuben Ottenberg performs first typed and recognized as cause of most transfusion reactions. crossmatched blood transfusion in New York and recognizes Mendelian inheritance of blood groups. 1940 > Edwin Cohn develops cold ethanol fractionation, 1908 which breaks down plasma into components and > Alexis Carrel, a French surgeon, devises method products, including albumin, gamma globulin and to prevent clotting: direct transfusion, or sewing fibrinogen. recipient’s vein directly to donor’s artery. > John Elliott turns vacuum bottle into first blood container. 1908 > U.S. government establishes national blood > Carlo Moreschi describes antiglobulin technique collection program. to reveal antigen-antibody reaction not visible to the > Charles R. Drew directs “Plasma for Britain” project, naked eye. organizes first large-scale blood bank in U.S. and originates first mobile blood donation stations, or 1912 bloodmobiles. > Roger Lee and Paul Dudley White develop Lee- White clotting time; Lee demonstrates existence of 1943 “universal donor” and “universal recipient.” > J.F. Loutit and Patrick L. Mollison introduce acid citrate dextrose (ACD) solution, an anticoagulant that 1914 can be used in lower volumes and enables transfusion of > Long-term anticoagulants, including sodium greater amounts of blood and longer-term blood storage. citrate, permit storage of blood. 1943 1915 > P. Beeson publishes classic description of > Richard Lewisohn develops indirect transfusion transfusion-transmitted hepatitis. procedure using sodium citrate as anticoagulant. > Richard Weil demonstrates feasibility of refrigerated 1945 storage of anticoagulated blood. > Robin Coombs, Arthur Mourant and Rob Race describe use of anti-human globulin to identify “incomplete” antibodies. AABB.ORG SEPTEMBER 2019 AABB NEWS 23 1958 > AABB opens first national office in Chicago; 1947 publishes first edition of Standards for a Blood > Baylor Hospital pathologist Joe Hill arranges “Blood Transfusion Service (now titled Standards for Blood Bank Institute” to give blood bankers opportunity Banks and Transfusion Services). to collaborate and attend discussions on topics of general interest. 1959 > Hill’s administrative assistant, Marjorie Saunders, > Max Perutz of Cambridge deciphers molecular sends questionnaire to blood banks asking if structure of hemoglobin. respondents want to join national association of blood > AABB establishes first rare blood donor file. banks; 78% of surveyed indicate they do. > At start of Blood Bank Institute, Saunders reads note 1961 from 67 attendees requesting formation of association > AABB publishes peer reviewed research journal, of blood banks. Transfusion, first American journal devoted entirely > Saunders appoints committee, led by W. Quinn to blood banking and transfusion technology. Jordan, to address request. > Recognition that platelet concentrates can reduce > Final day of meeting, at general session, attendees mortality from hemorrhage in cancer patients. vote to establish American Association of Blood Banks. 1962 > First antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrate 1948 — to treat coagulation disorders in patients with > Julius Davenport creates first AABB emblem, with hemophilia — produced through fractionation. motto “Vitae Custodes,” meaning guardians of life. 1964 1950 > Plasmapheresis introduced as method to collect > Audrey Smith reports use of glycerol cryoprotectant plasma for fractionation. to freeze RBCs. > Carl Walter and W.P. Murphy, Jr., introduce plastic 1965 bag for blood collection; replacing breakable glass > Judith Pool and Angela Shannon report method to bottles with durable plastic bags facilitates creation produce cryoprecipitated AHF to treat hemophilia. of blood collection system that allows safe and easy preparation of multiple blood components from 1967 single unit of whole blood. > Rh immune globulin introduced commercially to 1951 treat hemolytic disease of the newborn. > Bernice Hemphill establishes California 1969 clearinghouse for blood exchange. > S. Murphy and F. Gardner demonstrate feasibility of > Publication of first standards for blood banks, storing platelets at room temperature, revolutionizing Standard Procedures and Methods of the Florida platelet transfusion therapy. Association of Blood Banks. 1970 1953 > Blood banks move toward all-volunteer blood donor > Development of refrigerated centrifuge. system. > AABB establishes national Blood Clearinghouse Program, a centralized system for exchanging blood 1971 and precursor to the National Blood Exchange. > Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) testing of > Technical Methods and Procedures of the American donated blood begins. Association of Blood Banks published. 1972 1957 > Apheresis used to extract singular cellular > AABB forms Inspection and Accreditation component while returning remaining blood to committee to monitor implementation of blood donor. banking standards. > Food and Drug Administration begins regulating blood and plasma. 24 AABB NEWS SEPTEMBER 2019 AABB.ORG 1979 1999 > Anticoagulant CPDA-1 extends shelf life of whole > Blood establishments begin using nucleic blood and packed RBCs to 35 days. acid amplification testing (NAT) under FDA’s Investigational New Drug (IND) program; NAT 1981 employs testing technology that directly detects > First case of Acquired Immune Deficiency genetic materials from viruses, including HCV and Syndrome (AIDS) reported. HIV. 1983 2002 > Additive solutions extend shelf life of RBCs to 42 > West Nile virus (WNV) identified as transfusion- days. transmissible. > 1984 FDA approves NAT for HIV and HCV. > Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) identified as 2003 cause of AIDS. > FDA issues final guidance, “Revised Recommendations for the Assessment of Donor 1985 Suitability and Blood and Blood Product Safety > FDA approves enzyme-linked immunosorbent in Cases of Known or Suspected West Nile Virus assay (ELISA), first blood-screening test to detect HIV Infection.” antibodies. > First West Nile virus-positive unit of blood intercepted. 1987 > FDA releases “Guidance on Implementation of New > Development and implementation of two tests Bacteria Reduction and Detection Standard.” that screen for indirect evidence of hepatitis: hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) and alanine 2005 aminotransferase test (ALT). > FDA allows certain apheresis platelets collected for transfusion to be stored up to 7 days when tested with 1989 microbial detection system release test. > Testing of donated blood for human-T- > FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research lymphotropic-virus-I-antibody (anti-HTLV-I) begins. publishes compliance program guidance for inspection of human cells, tissues, and cellular and 1990 tissue-based products (HCT/Ps). > Introduction of first specific test for hepatitis C — > FDA approves first WNV blood test to screen donors major cause of “non-A, non-B” hepatitis. of blood, organs, cells and tissues. 2006 1992 > AABB starts collaborating with Centers for Disease > Implementation of testing donor blood for HIV-1 Control and Prevention to create CDC National and HIV-2 antibodies (anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-2). Healthcare Safety Network Hemovigilance Module. 1996 2014
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