Early Development of Corydoras Aeneus (Siluriformes, Callichthyidae): a Case Study for Understanding the Evolutionary Basis of Loricarioid Ontogenetic Patterning

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Early Development of Corydoras Aeneus (Siluriformes, Callichthyidae): a Case Study for Understanding the Evolutionary Basis of Loricarioid Ontogenetic Patterning FACULTY OF SCIENCES Department of Biology Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates Early development of Corydoras aeneus (Siluriformes, Callichthyidae): a case study for understanding the evolutionary basis of loricarioid ontogenetic patterning Part 1 – Text Frank Huysentruyt Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Academiejaar 2007-2008 Doctor in Sciences (Biology) Rector: Prof. Dr. Paul van Cauwenberge Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het bekomen Decaan: Prof. Dr. Herwig Dejonghe van de graad Doctor in de Wetenschappen Promotor: Prof. Dr. Dominique Adriaens (Biologie) Early development of Corydoras aeneus (Siluriformes, Callichthyidae): a case study for understanding the evolutionary basis of loricarioid ontogenetic patterning Part 1 - Text Frank Huysentruyt Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Academiejaar 2007-2008 Doctor in Sciences (Biology) Rector: Prof. Dr. Paul van Cauwenberge Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het bekomen van Decaan: Prof. Dr. Herwig Dejonghe de graad Doctor in de Wetenschappen (Biologie) Promotor: Prof. Dr. Dominique Adriaens SAMENSTELLING LEES*- EN EXAMENCOMMISSIE Prof. Dr. Wim Vyverman (Univeristeit Gent, voorzitter) Prof. Dr. Dominique Adriaens (Universiteit Gent)* Prof. Dr. Peter Bossier (Universiteit Gent) Prof. Dr. Michel Chardon (Universiteit Luik)* Dr. Tom Geerinckx (Universiteit Gent) Prof. Dr. Ann Huysseune (Universiteit Gent) Dr. Isaäc Isbrücker (Universiteit Amsterdam, Nederland) Prof. Dr. Giorgos Koumoundouros (Universiteit Patras, Griekenland)* DANKWOORD Er zijn mensen die zeggen dat ik soms te veel praat. Ik denk dat dat terecht is. Veel valt daar niet aan te doen, het is wie ik ben. Maar af en toe heb ik ook echt iets te zeggen, zoals nu, en dus schrijf ik het beter op, zodat het blijft. In dit deel wil ik alle mensen bedanken die, elk op hun manier, aan dit werk hebben bijgedragen, hetzij in een actieve rol, hetzij in een meer passieve rol, de ene daarom niet minder belangrijk dan de andere. In eerste instantie wil ik natuurlijk Prof. Dr. D. Adriaens bedanken voor zowat alles. Vanzelfsprekend in de eerste plaats omdat hij in mij heeft geloofd en me de kans heeft gegeven om dit tot een goed einde te brengen. Daarnaast is er niemand die zelfs maar in de buurt komt van de mate waarin hij actief aan dit werk heeft bijgedragen. Van het lezen en verbeteren van teksten (die in het begin echt zeer slecht moeten geweest zijn) tot het aanbrengen van ideeën en het bediscussiëren van allerlei resultaten. Daarnaast wens ik hem zeker en vast ook te bedanken voor de kansen die hij me heeft gegeven om buitenlandse congressen bij te wonen waardoor ik niet alleen allerlei leuke locaties heb kunnen bezoeken, maar waar ik ook onschatbare ervaring in het presenteren en bediscussiëren van wetenschappelijke data mocht opdoen. Ik weet dat het zijn bewuste en niet altijd even evidente keuze is om zijn studenten deze kansen te bieden en ben hem daar, samen met mijn collega-studenten, zeer dankbaar voor. Ten tweede wil ik natuurlijk ook mijn collega’s bedanken. Ik kan oprecht zeggen dat ik altijd graag naar het labo ben gekomen en dat was vooral aan hen te danken. Ik denk niet dat er mensen tussenzitten met wie ik niet kon opschieten en sommige zijn hopelijk vrienden voor het leven geworden. In alfabetische volgorde: Barbara, Celine, Fatemeh, Heleen, Joachim, Marleen, Mimi, Natalie, Paul, Soheil, Stijn en Tom, bedankt voor een onvergetelijke tijd! In het bijzonder wil ik de hulp van Barbara, Joachim en Marleen bij al het praktische werk nog eens extra in de bloemetjes zetten, hun expertise vormt de hoeksteen van alle wetenschappelijk werk dat in ons labo wordt en zal worden verricht. Ook bij het analyseren van sommige data in dit werk heb ik de hulp gekregen zonder welke het simpelweg niet zou zijn gelukt: Bieke, bedankt voor het vele werk waar ik je te pas en te onpas mee heb lastig gevallen. In een voorlaatste paragraaf wil ik mijn familie bedanken. Mijn broer, schoonbroers en schoonzus omdat ze er gewoon altijd zijn als je ze nodig hebt. Mijn schoonouders daarnaast voor de vele steun en het niet gespeelde enthousiasme waarmee ze dit doctoraat ondersteund hebben. En natuurlijk vooral mijn ouders. Jullie hebben mij gedurende mijn ganse studies (en daarmee bedoel ik mijn volledige schoolcarrière) voortdurend gestimuleerd om het onderste uit de kan te halen. Iets wat ik aanvankelijk meer niet dan wel heb gedaan, maar het verstand komt nu eenmaal met de jaren. Het is me nu toch gelukt en het besef dat er twee mensen waren die op de momenten dat het wat slabbakte toch in mijn bleven geloven heeft daar een zeer grote rol in gespeeld. Bedankt. In laatste instantie wil ik mijn gezin bedanken. Eerst en vooral Jo(ke), om mij te leren studeren (en dat je dat in blokken van langer dan een half uur moet doen) en verder gewoon om er nu toch al tien jaar te zijn, elke dag. Ik hou zeer veel van je! Verder wil ik ook mijn twee zoontjes, Bas en Daan (en bij voorbaat mijn ongeboren kinderen, zodat er later geen ruzie is omdat de ene wel en de andere niet in papas doctoraat mocht), die absoluut in geen enkel opzicht ook maar iets met dit doctoraat te maken hebben, bedanken. Ik wil ze bedanken omdat ze, en dit kan contradictorisch klinken, ondanks de slapeloze nachten, ziektes, het vele werk en het constante weg-en-weer-gerij, het afwerken van dit doctoraat zo gemakkelijk hebben gemaakt. Het hebben van kinderen zorgt nu eenmaal voor de nodige zin voor relativering en rust die het schrijven van dit werk tot een plezier heeft gemaakt. Aan iedereen dus nogmaals bedankt ! Frank. A hen is only an egg’s way of making another egg. Samuel Butler TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. General Introduction 1.1. General context and aims 1 General context 1 Aims of the study 3 Outline of this thesis 6 2. Material and Methods 2.1. Material 9 Choice of species 9 Material examined 11 2.2. Methods 15 In toto clearing and staining 15 Dissections 16 Serial sectioning 17 3D-reconstructions 18 3. Adult Morphology 3.1. Adult Osteology 19 Abstract 19 Brief introduction 19 Brief material and methods 20 Results and discussion 20 3.2. Adult Myology 35 Abstract 35 Brief introduction 35 Brief material and methods 36 Results 36 Discussion 42 i TABLE OF CONTENTS 4. Ontogeny 4.1. The Egg 49 Abstract 49 Introduction 49 Brief material and methods 50 Results and discussion 51 4.2. Early Development and Growth 53 Abstract 53 Brief introduction 54 Brief material and methods 54 Results 56 Discussion 59 4.3. The Cranium 63 Abstract 63 Brief introduction 64 Brief material and methods 65 Results 65 Discussion of chondrocranial development 73 Discussion of osteocranial development 80 4.4. The Cranial Myology 87 Abstract 87 Brief introduction 88 Brief material and methods 89 Results 89 Discussion 91 4.5. The Postcranial Skeleton 97 Abstract 97 Brief introduction 97 Brief material and methods 98 Results 98 Discussion 101 4.6. Ontogeny Of Corydoras pygmaeus, a Miniaturized Congeneric 105 Abstract 105 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 105 Brief material and methods 108 Results 108 Discussion 111 5. General Discussion 5.1. The Ontogeny of Corydoras aeneus 117 The theory of saltatory ontogeny 117 The Ontogeny of Corydoras aeneus 118 Corydoras pygmaeus and Ancistrus cf. triradiatus 121 Thresholds in the development of Loricarioidea 122 5.2. The Evolution of Algae Scraping in Loricarioidea 125 Scaridae, another example of adaptive radiation an algivory in teleosts 125 Three phases of evolution 126 6. Summary & Samenvatting 6.1. Summary 137 6.2. Samenvatting 143 7. References 149 8. Publication List 165 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 GENERAL CONTEXT AND AIMS 1.1 GENERAL CONTEXT AND AIMS General context In 1859 Darwin formulated his answer to the one question which had been troubling biologists over the centuries: 'Why are there so many different species?’. The answer he proposed explained how species evolved by random variation with an associated selection of those phenotypes with the highest fitness. He later added the theory of sexual selection to explain the presence of some unfavourable traits in extant species (Darwin, 1871). In addition to this, speciation in sexually reproducing organisms is explained by reproductive isolation between subpopulations, descended from a single interbreeding parent population. More recently, various authors have altered the focus point of this question toward: ‘Why does one group have so many species and another so few?’ or, if the number of extant species is held as a measure for evolutionary success, ‘why is one group more successful than another?’. Turner (2007) formulates this question in terms of rate and asks: ‘What makes some groups diversify faster and more extensively than others?’. This question becomes even more relevant if a great discrepancy in evolutionary success is noted between closely related groups. The process of evolution in which very low constraints apply, strongly increasing rate and quantity of the speciation process in a single group is often referred to as adaptive radiation. Various definitions of this term, however, exist. According to Simpson (1953), it is the simultaneous diversification of a lineage into numerous sublineages and specializations, while Seehausen (2004) states it to be the evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage. In conclusion, a general consensus could be to describe adaptive radiation as an evolutionary process in which both the rate of evolution as well as the diversity obtained increase significantly. In this context, the rate of evolution can be viewed as both the rate at which new characters get fixed in populations as well as the rate at which new species1 arise. 1 Mayr (1996, 2001) defined species as groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
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