FEBRUARY, 1962 Vol. 25 No

Home , The Bill (series 1), The Bill (series 10), The Bill (series 11), The Bill (series 12), The Bill (series 13), The Bill (series 14)

FEBRUARY, 1962 Vol. 25 No. 2

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11-II-II-II-II-I I - II--I-+ I - I I-II- II- II- II- II- II- I I-II- MI-II- MI- 11- II- I I - + II-II-11- MI- Il- II- II- 11-II- 11- II- I I-II- II- II-I-I i i Procedure for i i i The Investigation i of Foodborne Disease I f Outbreaks f Recommended by i INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MILK AND FOOD i SANITARIANS, INC. i COPIES OBTAINABLE FROM i Intemational Association of Milk and Food Sanitarians, Inc. i Box 437, Shelbyville, Indiana i i Prices: Single Copies, 50 cents each: 100 or more copies, 35 cents each. i 25-100 copies, 45 cents each. Pleases do not end stamps. i Iotice: Limited number in Spanish translation at 50 cents each. i j +--·- - ·- - ·- ··-··-··- ··- ··-·-··- ··- ··- ··-··-··- ··-··- ··- ··- ··-··-·-··-··-··-··-··- ·-··-··-·-··-··-··-··-··-·-··-·+ II OFF ICERS Jourruzl of President, CHARLES E. vVALTON Laramie, \Vyo. President-Elect, RAY BELKNAP C hicago, Illinois MILK and FO OD First Vice-P·res·ident, JoHN H. FRITZ vVashi.ngton, D. C. Second Vice-PTesident \ VALLACE c. LAWTON Minneapolis, Minn. TECHNOLOGY Secretary-Treasumr, KARL K. JoNES Indiana State Bt!ard of Health , Official Publication Indianapolis, Indiana International Association of Milk and Food Sanitarians, Inc. Executive Board R EG. u. s. P AT. OFF, \1\ll LLIAl\•I v. HICKEY JOHN J. SHEURING VoL 25 February, 1962 No.2 CnAnLEs E. vVALToN JoHN H. Fnrrz Contents Page \•VALLACE; C. LAWTON KARL K. }ONES Editorial: HAY BELKNAP ' 'Velcome to Our New Affiliate Publication Board H . S. Adams ______------35 Dn . .f . C. OLsoN, JR. H. L. THOMASSON KARL K. JONES Chlorinated Hydrocarbons D eposited in Biological :Material Editors L Plants and Plant Products Dn. J. C . OLSON, JR., Associate Editor, E . H. Marth ------36 D ept. Dairy Industry, U niversity of M inn., St. Paul 1, Minn. The National Milk Sanitation Bill and Its Probable II. L. THOMASSON, Executive Secretary Effect on Northeastern Milk i'viarkets and Managing Edito r, Box 437 , Shelbyville, Indiana. A. C. Dahlberg ------41 Microbial Analysis of Commercial Frozen Fish Sticks Associate Editors .T. T . R. Nickerson, G. ]. S-ilverman, M. So lberg, C. A. ADELE- ______Cbicago, Illinois 7 D. W • Duncan and ld'. M . .Toselow ------45 H . S. ADAMs _____ Inclianapolis, Indiana lvl. P. BAKEI\ ______Ames, Iowa Sediment Testi ng of Bulk Tank Milk On The Farm F. \.Y . BAHDEH ____ New York, New York F' C BASELT lew York New York B . ]. Uska ------48 L: A·. B.LACK-______Ci.t1cinnati, Ohio .f . C . FLAKE- ______Chicago, Illinois Committee Reports ______------____ ---- 51 .f oHN H. FRITZ_____ Wa£hington, D. C. L. G. HAHMON ___Eas t Lansing, M icl1. News and Events ------59 E. K. H Annrs ______Cincin na ti, Ohio ; C. A. H uNTEn ______Topeka, Kansas Notice to Members IA 1lFS, Inc. ------60 C. K. JonNs Ottawa, On tario, Canada 0 . \•V. KAUFMANN __ East Lansmg, Mich. Papers Presented at Affiliate Association l\tleetings ______63 W. C . LAWTON ____ St. Paul, Mi.tmesota \ \1. S. MuELLEH ______Amherst, Mass. Calendar of Meetings _____ ------______64 K. G. WECKEL __ _ Ivladison, \.Yisconsin J. C. \VH ITE- ______Ithaca, New York Questions and Answers ------65 The Journal of Mille and Food Technology Affiliates of IAMFS, Inc. ------68 is issued monthly beginning with the January number. Each volume comprises 12 numbers. \ Published by the International Association of Classified Ads ______------V Milk and Food Sanitarians, Inc., with execu tive officers of the Association, B lue Ridge Rd., P . 0 . Box 437, Shelbyvltle, Ind. Index to Advertisers ------V Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Shelbyville, Ind., Mar.ch 1952, under the Act on Mat·ch 3, 1879. EDITORIAL OFFICES: J. C. Olson, Jr., Bu sin ess Matters : Correspondence regarding should be sent to the executive officer of the .-\ :-i:-.CH' iau.: E'ditr r. Dent. na ir ~ · Industr.r, Uni business matters, advertising, subscriptions, Association, P. 0 . Box 437, Shelbyville, Ind. versity of Minn., St. Paul, Minn . .: H. TJ. orders for s ingle copies, etc., should be ad Thomasson, :Ma naging Editor, r. 0. Rox 431 dressed to H. L. Thomasson (address above). Members hip Du es: :?olembership in the Shelbyville, Ind. Internationa l Association of Milk a nd Food S ubscription Rates: One volume per year Sa nita ri a ns, In c., is $7.00 per year, which in Ma nuscripts : Correspondence regarding man IndiYidual non-members, Governmental anli cludes annual subscription to the Journa l of ,, uscripts and other reading material should Commercial Organization subscription, Mil k a nd Food Tec hnology, All co r respo n d~ I be addressed to J. C. Olson, Jr., Associnte l yr...... $8.00 ence regarding membership, remittances for l·:d itor, De nt. nair.'· Tndu str ~ · . l'ni,·ersit:r of dues, failure to receive copies of the journal, ) liinn. , St. Paul, Minn. Public and Educational Institution changes of address, and other such matters Libraries, l yr...... ~ ...... $6.00 should be addressed to the Executive Secretary " Instruction to Contributors" can be ob ~ Single Copies .... ~ ...... $1.00 t.ained from the Editor for the use of con~ of the Association, H. L. Thomasson, Box 437. tributors of papers. Orders fo r Reprints: All orders for reprints Shelbyville, Indiana.

III §IEIE how to cut food handling cost~

WHOLE KERNEL NEW FILM SHOWS CORN , \ti)J ROTARY .. PUMPS handling products often considered non-pumpable! high potency, high speed germicide Ask to See It! W a tching this new, full-color sound-slide film could be the most profitable 13 minutes SANITIZES BEST! you've ever spent! You'll see the complete line of stainless, sanitary, positive CP U se RocCAL, the first "quat" In impa rtial testing of sever Rotary Pumps handling every PEANUT a nd first in qua lity and per al types of germicides, RoccAL thing from milk to meat- even BUTTER formance, in every step of milk achieved lowest bacterial products other pumps can't cope with at all- easily, production a nd you effectively count, reducing the number efficiently, economically. control b acteria , slime, fungus from 912,916 to 143 as an aver Exclusive CP resilient rotors and algae. Highly effective age in 96 milk cans a nalyzed . t hat wear in, not out, keep hard against both thermoduric a nd Don't risk losses through im to-pump products fl owing con t inuously, without agitation, thermophilic organisms, proper sanitization . Use at rates to 200 GPM. All parts RoccAL, in recommended di RoccAL for the best sanitizing easily cleaned and maintained, lutions, is virtually odorless, all field-replaceable. Standard job every time. units or top feed models with tasteless, will not injure or cor round or rectangular inlets. BEER ROCCAL HAS A HARD WATER rode metal or rubber equip Big capacity stainless hoppers YEAST TOLERANCE LEVEL OF 550 ppm to suit. ment, cans, tanks, pipes, etc. WITHOUT SEQUESTRANTS when tested by Official Method See them all at work. Write The c hoice of the milk in for showing of "Pumps For .,...... dustry for more t ha n 25 years, ------... Processing Foods" in your plant /' . ROCCAL FlfLO TEST UNIT'' now! No obligation, of course. RoccAL is a powerful germi I IS 0 qUICk . ' \ method f ' practical, accurate cid e that effectively, quickly \ \ or IndiCating adequate I THE~ and economically sanitizes ' concentrations of ROCCAL I ' I . / COMPANY walls, floors, holding tanks, '--- so Ut/ons. _..""'/ P~ " MFG . • sves•o••"v o ,. St..llltgia PAPf:" CO,.PA"'f V tank trucks, u tensils, machin ------Send lor full data and prices on ROCCA!. General and Export Offi ces: ery, operator's hands, cows' FREE SAMPLE ON REQUEST! 1243 W. Wa shington Blvd ., Chicago 7, Ill. teats, fl a nks a nd udders, etc. . . . yes, you can u se it for every CREAMERY PACKAGE MFG. CO . OF CANADA, LTD . ------• . Subsidia ry o f Ste rling Drug Inc. 267 King Street, West • Toronto 28, Ontario ~ sanitizing need! 1450 Broadway, New York 18, N.Y.

IV 35 EDITORIAL Welcome To Our New Affiliate

E lsewhere in this issue is the aru1ow1cement that a new group has joined om ranks. T his is the new Mississi.pp·i Affiliate bringing our affiliate total to thirty and again ·adding strength to our Association. \Ve welcome our new Mississippi members and are proud that they have taken this forward step to become a part of International. Both International and Mississippi assw11 e some new responsibilities through this relationship. International's relationship has a variety of facets. \•Vhile the list is long it is significant to m ention some, at the outset, which are specificall y the responsibility of International. Among the first is the Joumal. This is the official publication of the Association which comes to all members once each month. The Journal is a t echn·ical publication. Its articles and offering are not the run of the mill variety. The Journal is subject to careful teclmical editing. vVe beli eve the large majority of members look to the joumal as an authoritative publication in the field of environmental sanitation. It has been published continuously since 1937, and before that, Pro ceedings were published as early as 1912. Its articles are quoted often and are commonly referenced in other publication. The Publications Committee, the Journal Managem ent Committee · and the several Associate Editors strive continuously to m ake it a better Journal. The Journal is the laison between the parent Association and th e more tlum five thousand m embers, subscribers and libraries who receive it. It is mailed to more tl1an fifty foreign countries. To further in1prove the stature and vitality of the Journal, The Executive Board, through a special committee, is currently taking applications for the selection of an Assistant Executive Secre tary whose immediate and consumming duties w ill involve tl1 e ]owmal. The officers and members want an even better Jo-u.mal and it appears that the skill and talents of a full time person trained in journalism is one logical step toward this objective. All affiliates, including Mississippi our newest, will benefit from this as we move into publication in1provem ent. International too has the responsibility of sponsoring and encouraging affiliate strengtl1. It is a clearing house for infonnation. vVitl1 thirty affiliates a great deal of information is at hand and can b e made available through the h eadquarters office. There is thus engendered a sense of belonging; of being one of a mm1ber of states w ho have their own local association yet enjoy membership in the larger group. The E xecutive Secretary, or as tl1 e situation may dictate, some elected Association officer, will attend affiliate annual m eetings. This h elps to cement good relation ships and promotes better understanding of program, progress, problems and objectives. But, of course, affiliates too have responsibilities. There are two sides to the coin. The parent association cannot be expected to give all and the affiliates notl1ing. To have a vital Association, strong active affiliates are needed. Affiliates must seek and gain new m embers; every m ember must believe in his Association and work as a one man membership committee. An affiliate should be a constructive critic of the parent. \•Vithin limitations of finances and· personnel, International will change and improve as good suggestions are made by the member groups. A mechanism is provided for tlus through the Affiliate Council. Each affiliate is entitled to one delegate on the Council. At the annual m eeting the Council convenes. Each affiliate has the · responsibility of sending its Secretary or some other designate to the aruma! meeting. But sug gestions need not wait for the m~ nu a l m eeting for each affiliate or each individual m ember m ay send in suggestions at any time. In a certain sense, affiliates are autonomou s groups. Each has its own officers, objectives and programs. As a unit then it should h ave one or more meetings a year, or, as in tl1 e case of som e of the larger affiliates, regional m eetings. They should be well plmmed and well programmed. Stibject matter should be timely, interesting and of sufficient scope so that the several phases of en vironmental control can be discussed. Affiliate members should be alert for papers wluch can b e I published in the Journal. If a paper is significant and interesting to an affiliate, its contents •!' ,, should b e made avail able to all Association members through the m edium of the Journal. \Ve are confident, as time goes on, that the M ississi.ppi. affiliate will grow in strength and ' influence. As a professional group we know mature thought and careful deliberations went into their decision. In this clay of competition for m emership in Associations and Societies we are particularly p leased to add this fine group of Mississippi m en to the Association's membershi:D rolls.

H. S. ADAMS Associate Editor Indianapolis, Incl.

Opinions expressed in this Editoria l are those of the a uthor and are not necessarily those of this Association . 36 CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS DEPOSITED 2 IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL I I. PLANTS AND PLANT PRODUCTS , , f E. H. :MARTH

Fu ndam ental Research Labo·mtory, Research and Development Division , National Da iT y Products Co rporation, Glenview, Illinois

Editorial Note: Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides ppm ). At the e nd of the study ( 12 and 13 days have been used to control pests on many plants of eco after treatment), collards had the highest toxaphene These uses nomic importance, on I ivestock and in soil. r es id~w ( 4.9 ppm) w hile tomatoes h ad the lowest insecticides in a have led to deposition of this group of (0.15 ppm ). Res ults o btained with DDT or meth host of biological material ranging from tobacco to eggs. oxychlor were similar except methoxychlor disap papers which will provide This is the first of three review peared from tomatoes 7 d ays after treatment. D ata background information on different materials which have y clearly indicated that highest resi become conta;,inated and the levels of insecticide residues from this s tud present. The first paper will discuss contamination of dues of chlorinated h ydrocarbons were present initial plants and their products; the second, animals and their ly and persisted f or longer p eriods in leafy vege , products; and the third, soil and bodies of water. tables than in those w hich produced a fruiting body. Other studies b y W aites and Van Middlene (91 ) on ated Plants or heir products may become contamin DDT residues in snap b eans, collards a nd leaf l ettuce direct with chlorinated hydrocarbons either through gave similar r esults. of the insecticide to the plant in an at application Wallis and Carter (92) tested a v ariety of vegetables control p ests o r through growth in soil tempt t o for methoxychlor r esidues after the c rop had b een ains r esidues from previous years. which cont sprayed with 1.75 or 3.0-3.5 lb per acre of insecticide. Green onions contained 13.8 to 23.0 ppm methoxych EGETABLES V lor immediately after spraying and, after 8 days, Guyer et a l. (36) treated spinach with 0.25 lb contained 1.1 to 1.5 ppm. Initially, green b eans had lindane or one lb DDT per acre in attempts to con residues of 20.9 to 50.4 ppm and after 10 days, 1.0 trol maggots. Fresh spinach h arvested one day later to 10.8 ppm remained. Summer squash h ad initial contained 5 .4 ppm lindane or 71 ppm DDT while residues of 2 .9 to 8.4 ppm which were reduced t o the same spinach after canning had only 0.3 ppm zero a fter 7 days. Immediately after treatment, o kra lindane or 18 ppm DDT. After one week, levels contained up to 3 ppm which was c ompletely eli were reduced to less than 0.05 ppm lindane o r 3 .8 minated 1 4 days later. Egg plant, initially, h ad resi and 1.4 p pm DDT in fresh and canned spinach r ~s dues of 1.7 to 8 .2 ppm. This was completely eli pectively. minated one day later. Residues of 0.4 to 2.4 ppm Snap beans, tomatoes and collards were treated were found in pumpkins immediately a fter treat with insecticides w hich contained 5% DDT, 10% ment. Three days l ater 0.9 to 2.3 ppm were noted. methoxychlor, 20% toxaphene, 2 % endrin o r 1 % lindane lVIethoxychlor was completely e liminated from bell in studies by Brett and Bowery (10). After treatment, peppers 7 days after treatment, a lthough initially endrin disappeared from tomatoes in one day, from residues of 0.9 to 5.4 ppm were present. Tomatoes snap beans in 3 days and from collards in 4 days. contained 0.5 to 2 .3 ppm initially and up to 0.6 ppm The highest initial l evel was found in collards ( 17.3 7 days later. Initial r esidues of 1.1 to 1.7 ppm were ppm ) and lowest in t omatoes ( 0.31 ppm). Lindane detected in cucumbers a nd 3 d ays later 0.8 to 1.1 disappeared f rom tomatoes after one, snap b eans ppm remained. Immediately after application to after 4 and collards after 1 2 days. The highest ini kohlrabies, residues of 0.2 to 3.7 ppm were found. tial level again was foui1d in collards ( 7.77 ppm ) The contamination l evel after 7 days w as 2.5 to 5.1 while the lovvest was in tomatoes ( 0. 28 ppm). The ppm. Tmnip roots, initially, contained up to 1.0 highest initial t oxaphene level also appeared in col ppm methoxychlor and after 7 d ays, up to 0.6 ppm. lards ( 168 ppm ) and the lowest in tomatoes (four Peppers were s prayed with different formulations of DDT at r a t es of one a nd 2 lb per acre in 'Portions of tllis paper were presented at the Hesidues in tests reported b y l\llenzer, et al. (69 ). Average resi Foods Conference conducted by the Food Science Depmt dues detected immediately a fter spraying ranged from ment, Michigan State University, E ast Lansing on March 27- 6.7 to 10.5 ppm. During the ensuing 24 hr, 0.55 in 28, 1961. of rain fell and peppers were again examined. Aver 2F a i1·st in series of tlu·ee review papers on this subject w hich e not appreciably different from will appear in this Journal. age residues wer

of of insecticide insecticide application. application. days days after after application. application. Slight Slight occasional occasional off-flavors off-flavors

tachlor tachlor and and 0 . 02 02 ppm ppm heptachlor heptachlor epoxide epoxide at at all all rates rates residues residues were were detect e d d in in mushrooms mushrooms harv es ted ted 5 5

maggot maggot Sugar Sugar beets beets contained contained (2). (2). 0 . 01 01 ppm ppm hep lb lb or or more more per per acre acre d e pr esse d d yields. yields. No No appreciable appreciable

phosphate phosphate in in attempts attempts to to control control the the sugar-beet sugar-beet root root beds y , ield ield was was not not affected. affected. An An application application of of one one

per per acre acre o th to e e seed seed furrow furrow together together with with ammonium ammonium 0.5 0.5 lb lb insecticid e e p er er ac re re was was applied applied to to mushroom mushroom

Heptachlor Heptachlor was was applied applied at at the the rate rate of of 0 .5 -2 -2 lb lb studies studies report ed ed b y y Weigel Weigel l l and and Gilpin Gilpin When When (94). (94).

' '

0.4 0.4 ppm . .

Lindan e e was was us e d d to to control control muslu·oom muslu·oom flies flies in in I I ' '

beet beet roots. roots. Potatoes Potatoes contained contained 0.3 0.3 ppm ppm and and radish es es flavor flavor quality. quality.

! ! acre. acre. No No residues residues were were found found in in sugar sugar beet beet or or red red or or e ndrin ndrin showed showed · ' ' improv e m e nts nts over over controls controls

in in ' '

ppm. ppm. Three Three pounds pounds of of toxophene toxophene were were added added per per from from soils soils u·eat ed ed with with chlordane, chlordane, heptachlor , , lindan e e

found found in in radishes radishes but but sugar sugar b ee t t roots roots contained contained 0 . 11 11 did did not not induce induce off-flavors. off-flavors. T e n n to to % % 13 of of samples samples

to soil soil to at at the the rate rate of of 4 4 lb lb p e r r acre. acre. No No residu e e was was and and heptachlor , , when when used used individually, individually, generally generally

peppers peppers had had 0.2 0.2 ppm ppm insecticide. insecticide. Dieldrin Dieldrin was was added added when when grown grown on on endrin-h·eated endrin-h·eated soil . . Chlordan e, e, DDT DDT

and and red red beets beets contained contained 0.5 0.5 ppm ppm each each and and b e ll ll potatoes. potatoes. The The same same crop crop also also suffered suffered in in flavor flavor

turnips , , eggplants, eggplants, kal e e or or bruss e l l sprouts. sprouts. Poiatoes Poiatoes Off-flavors Off-flavors from from to xa ph e n e e were were most most pronounc e d d in in

insecticide insecticide per per acre: acre: cauliflowers, cauliflowers, collards, collards, broccoli , , toxaphen e e produc e d d off-flavors off-flavors in in 14 % % of of th e e samples. samples.

were were grown grown in in soil soil previously previously tr ea ted ted with with 20 20 lb lb mixtures mixtures of of ins ec ticid es es were were us e d , , those those containing containing

observed observed in in any any of of the the following following crops crops when when th ey ey in in off-flavors off-flavors in in about about 50 % % of of vegetable vegetable samples. samples. When When

was was added added to to th e e acre. acre. R esid u es es of of DDT DDT were were not not chloride, chloride, lindan e e or or to xap h ene ene treatments treatments r es ulted ulted

noted noted in in shelled shelled lima lima beans beans when when 10 10 lb lb ins ec ticid e e viously viously u eated eated · with with ins ec ticides. ticides. Benz e n e e h exa

was was observed observed in in sweet sweet potatoes potatoes and and 0 . 2 2 ppm ppm was was tables tables for for off - flavors flavors caused caused by by growth growth in in soils soils pr e

ppm ppm in in rutabagas, rutabagas, and and 1.51 1.51 ppm ppm in in cm.Tots. cm.Tots. No No DDT DDT Murphy, Murphy, et et al. al. (74) (74) eva luated luated a a variety variety of of vege

turnip turnip roots roots and and tops, tops, 0.43 0.43 ppm ppm in in sweet sweet potatoes, potatoes, 0 . 50 50 treahnent. treahnent.

ppm ppm in in cantaloupes cantaloupes and and cucumbers, cucumbers, 0.16 0.16 ppm ppm in in carrots carrots were were grown. grown. Flavor Flavor was was not not affected affected by by this this

toes, toes, 0.04 0.04 ppm ppm in in sugar sugar beet beet roots roots and and lethJC e , , 0 . 08 08 lb lb per per acre acre of of chlordane chlordane were were applied applied to to soil soil in in which which

collard . . Residues Residues of of 0.01 0.01 ppm ppm were were found found in in toma During During one one growth growth (5 1 ). ). season season an an additional additional 20 20

coli, coli, egg plant, plant, bell bell pepp e r , , cauliflower, cauliflower, cabbage, cabbage, or or h e ptachlor ptachlor or or 5 5 or or 10 10 pounds pounds per per acre acre of of chlordane chlordane

10 10 lb lb per per acre. acre. o o residu e e was was detected detected in in broc grown grown in in soils soils tr ea ted ted with with 3 3 or or 6 6 lb lb p e 1 1 r r acre acre of of

dieldrin. dieldrin. Chlordane Chlordane was was added added to to soil soil at at th e e rat e e of of nips , , parsnips parsnips or or carrots carrots when when these these crops crops were were

radishes radishes were were free free from from aldrin aldrin but but had had 0.24 0.24 ppm ppm No No adverse adverse effec t t was was noted noted on on the the flavor flavor of of tur

tained tained 0.03 0.03 ppm ppm each each of of aldrin aldrin and and dieldrin dieldrin while while were were detected detected in in r e d d kidn ey ey b eans . .

detected detected in in shelled shelled lima lima beans. beans. Sweet Sweet potatoes potatoes con "probably-off" "probably-off" to to "su·ongly-off". "su·ongly-off". No No flavor flavor differ e nc es es

added added at at the the rate rate of of 4 4 lb lb per per acre, acre, no no residue residue was was on on treated treated soil soil and and t es ted ted for for flavor flavor were were judg ed ed

alyzed alyzed for for insecticide insecticide r es idu one one es. es. lb lb When When insecticid aldrin aldrin e e p e r r was was acre acre was was used. used. Potato es es grown grown

were were then then planted planted and, and, after after prior prior harvesting, harvesting, to to growth growth were were of of thes an e e crops. crops. An An application application of of

dieldrin dieldrin and and toxaph e ne ne Various Various vegetables vegetables (73). (73). beans. beans. The The soil soil was was tr ea t ed ed for for 2 2 consecutive consecutive years years

Soils Soils were were u·eated u·eated with with tr aldrin, aldrin, ea t e d d chlordane, chlordane, soil soil on on flavor flavor DDT of of , , potatoes potatoes and and r ed ed kidne y y

ppm ppm lindane lindane present present initially. initially. Gyrisco, Gyrisco, et et al. al. studied studied th e e effect effect (39) (39) of of lindan e

potato potato which which had had grown grown on on soils soils with with either either 5 5 or or 10 10 treated treated with with DDT. DDT.

toes toes and and in in p l ants ants of of snap snap bean soils. soils. , , tomato, tomato, This This wheat, wheat, effect effect was was and and not not observed observed when when soil soil was was

ported ported levels levels up up to to 25 25 ppm ppm in in carrots, carrots, sweet sweet pota p ea red red deeper deeper in in color color than than those those from from unh ·ea t ed ed

treated treated soils soils for for residues residues of of the the soils soils insecticide. insecticide. treated treated with with He He chlordane, chlordane, re aldxin aldxin or or di e ldrin ldrin ap

tonio tonio t ested ested different different crops crops red red (79) (79) beets beets grown grown or or tomatoes. tomatoes. in in lindane lindane Carrots , and and squash squash grown grown on on

were were secticides secticides noted noted through through in in squash, squash, growth growth carrots, carrots, in in u·eated u·eated p eas, eas, soils. soils. beans , , San San spinach, spinach, An

'Nh Vegetables Vegetables e n n soil soil was was may may tr ea t become become e d d with with chlordane, chlordane, contaminated contaminated no no off-flavors off-flavors with with in

peppers peppers pared pared from from contained contained squash squash from from grown grown 0 . 5 5 to to 4.4 4.4 in in ppm ppm aldrin-treated aldrin-treated DDT. DDT. soil. soil.

second second wash, wash, 0.8 0.8 to to 3.7 3.7 ppm ppm were were et et al. al. observed. observed. (4 1) 1) noted noted an an Canned Canned off-flavor off-flavor in in pureed pureed squash squash pr e

the the first first wash, wash, 2.1 2.1 to to 5 . 3 3 ppm ppm vegetables vegetables remained remained may may and and b af e e ter ter affected affected the the by by ins ec ticides. ticides. Hening, Hening,

unwashed unwashed peppers peppers ranged ranged from from Sev 2.8 2.8 e ral ral to to 8.4 8.4 investigators investigators ppm. ppm. After After have have r e ported ported that that flavors flavors of of

stages stages ppm ppm DDT during during . . commercial commercial processing. processing. Residues Residues in in

aldrin, aldrin, t e rmination rmination 0.06 0.06 ppm ppm of of DDT DDT di e ldrin residues residues , , 0.11 0.11 in in ppm ppm peppers peppers toxaph at at e n different different e e or or 0 . 01 01

ments ments Menzer contained contained , , et et al. al. 0.11 0.11 extended extended ppm ppm h e these these ptachlor studies studies (69) (69) , , 0 . 06 06 by by ppm ppm d e

spreader spreader per per acre. acre. potatoes potatoes grown grown in in soils soils r ece iving iving the the different different treat

consisted consisted 2, 2, 2, 2, 10, 10, of of and and 2 2 lb lb of of 5 5 insecticide insecticide lb lb per per acre, acre, plus plus respectively. respectively. 4 4 oz oz of of a a sticker Sw ee t t

Highest Highest toxaphene toxaphene residue residue and and l DDT DDT evels evels were were were were added added noted noted at at when when the the u·eatm rat es es e of of nt nt 2, 2,

ppm ppm of of insecticide insecticide were were noted noted th e e drill drill as as average average with with fertilizer values. values. . . Heptachlor, Heptachlor, aldrin, aldrin, di e ldrin , ,

thos e e noted noted initially. initially. S eve n n days days Rob e rts later later , , 1.2 1.2 et et al. al. to to (78) (78) 8.1 8.1 added added insecticides insecticides to to soil soil in in

37 37 CHLORINATED CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS HYDROCARBONS 38 CI-ILORIN ATED HYDROCARBONS

were found in canned mushroom pieces and cream gal of water) . Seven days after spraying, an of mushroom soups made from mushrooms grown average of 31.4 ppm dieldrin appeared in and on the in beds treated with 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 lb of lindane peel. This was reduced t o 7.3 ppm after 21 days per acre at least 7 days before harvest. Mushrooms and further reduced to 6.2 ppm after 34 days . H ~p , harvested 3 days after treatment had musty off tachlor residues were studied after trees were spray ecticide per fl avors which made both pieces and soup inferior ed with a solution of 4 lb of 25-% ins ·i' residue A• in flavor c1uality. 100 gal of water. After 7 days the average I detected was 8.4 ppm. This dropped to 3.6 ppm FRUIT after 21 days and to 1.7 ppm 'after 34 days. Lower heptachl or residues were noted when either 2 lb of 1949, was concerned with Hoskins (42), as early as heptachlor powder or one qt. of emulsifiable heptacl1- methoxychlor on different residues of DDT, DDE or lor . concentrate was mixed with 100 gal of water in H e reported DDT was present in the sprayed fruits. ste~d of 4 lb of powder. Blinn, et al. (6), reasoned that , apricots, grapes, range up to 30. 5 ppm on apples initial dissipation of the chemical occurred while it sins.. A l1igher l evel peaches, pears, prunes, and rai remained primarily o n the s urface of fruit and was in olives. The DDE ( 20.5 to 35.6 ppm) was found subjected to physical and chemical action of weatl1er prunes varied from content in apples, apricots a nd i11g. Later, less rapid decreases occured after the her l evel present in 0.14 to 38.5 ppm with th e hig chemical had penetrated into waxes and oils of the es ranged from 0.18 apricots. Methoxychlor r esidu fruit where it undergoes change. , to 32.4 ppm in apples and apricots. Again, the TDE were used in sprays at the rate highest l evel appemed in apricots. DDT and of 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 lb per acre in attempts to conh·ol The deposition on peaches of five different chlor a variety of orangeworms (4). Residues of DDT in inated hydrocarbons applied 40, 30, 20 or 10 days mature oranges, when 2.5 lb of insecticide per acre before hmvesting fruit was studied by F ahey, et al. were used, ranged from 1.0 ppm 7 days after treat (20). \iVhen DDT was applied 10 days before har ment to 0.3 ppm after 42 days. 'i\Then 5 lbs of in vesting, peaches contained 24.6 ppm of insecticide. secticide per acre were used, residues of 2.0 ppm The level dropped to 5.3 ppm when the insecticide after 7 days and 0.9 ppm after 42 clays were noted. was applied 40 days before harvesting. Results with A treahnent with ~ 0 lb of DDT resulted in a residue chlordane, heptachlor, dieldrin and endrin were simi of 3.1 ppm 7 clays later and 2.4 ppm after 42 days. lar although quantities of residues were different. Residues of TDE followed the pattern noted with Peach trees w ere s prayed with a solution of 2 lb of DDT. 50% wettable DDT powder p er 100 gal on May on 27, Jtme 5, June 17, July 4 and July 15, 1957. On Wolfe, et al. (95) investigated DDT residues August 22 a solution containing one-half the above apples grown in central 'i\Tashington after h·ees were mentioned concenh·ation of insecticide was used. sprayed with tl1e insecticide during tl1e growing sea At harvest time, on September 16, peaches from trees son. Residues ranged from 0.3 to 12.4 ppm with an which received all 6 sprays contained an average of average of 3.0 ppm for all samples, both washed and 9.7 ppm DDT. Peaches from h·ees which received unwashed apples. In general, higher DDT residues the first 5 s prays contained an average of 5.3 ppm were found in unwashed apples and in tl1ose from er of cover while those from . ~r ees which received the last 3 trees which had received a greater numb sprays only contained 5. 0 ppm. A residue of 1.6 ppm sprays. DDT was detected in peaches from h·ees which re The use of DDT with a sticker-spreader to control ceived the last spray only. tl1e grape berry motl1 resulted in deposits of 17 to Lemons and oranges were treated with neotran 23 ppm insecticide on grapes immediately after the (his ( p-chlorophenoxy) methane) to conh·ol the red final application (85). At harvest time the residue mite of citrus fruits (47). The pulps of both citrus was generally in excess of 7 ppm. Most of this de fruits vvere virtually free of the insecticide while posit was contributed by the final spray applied for peels contained 11.4 to 15.2 ppm one day after treat control of the second brood of grape berry moths. ment and 6.8 to 9.5 ppm 32 to 36 days later. ·when only the original applications were used, 2.5 e were found in grapes. Elimi Blinn, et al. (6) studied the deposition of various to 4. 0 ppm insecticid e s ticker-spreader reduced the residue insecticides on lemons and oranges. Chlordane ( 4 nation of tl1 at harvest. Combined effects of lb of 50% powder per 100 gallons of water ) was to below 7 ppm caused a reduction of DDT used for a full coverage spray. Seven days later weathering and growth t which ranged from 37 to 64% and residues in and on the peel averaged 15.0 ppm. After deposits at harves 51%. 21 days this was reduced to 9.0 ppm and after 34 averaged days, 5.6 ppm remained. Similar tests were con The flavor of some fruits has been affected by the ducted with dieldrin ( 2 lb of 50% powder per 100 presence of insecticides in soil (37, 38, 52). Gyrisco

pr ese

nt nt

in in

flour flour

at at

e e

rat

e e

of of

1.3 1.3

o o 2.6 2.6 ppm ppm w h e n n furth e r r th e e con t e nts nts o f f e ith er er ins ec ti c id e e in in toba cco. cco.

ments

: : rang

d d

from from

5 5

to to

50 50

ppm

. .

Lind a n e e was was ar e tt e e manufa c turing turing fai l e d d to to ap pr ec iabl y y r e du c e e

0.3 0.3

to to

8 8 ppm ppm

methox

o r r w h

en en

the the

initial initial tr ea t min g . . s hr e dding , , red r ying, ying, age in g g for for 2 2 years years and and c i g

rm rm

and and

flour . .

The The

ur ur

portion portion

con tain e d d from from conte nt nt b y y 4 1 % % and and e ndrin ndrin conte nt nt b y y 42 % . . St e m

portion portion

of of

mill

e d d

w h ea

, ,

f o llow

d d in in

order order

b y y sho rt s, s, to to 7 7 d ays. ays. Flu :! :! c urin g g of of tob acco acco r e du ced ced the the TD E E

h est est

l eve l

s s of of

ins ec

e e

were were

found found in in th e e br an an

o ne ne day day a nd nd 33 , , 10 10 and and 6 6 ppm ppm r es p ec ti ve l y y after after 5 5

' '

me t

hoxych

l or or

l eve

ls ls but but

h ad ad littl

e e

effec

t t o n n lind a n e. e.

presence presence

o f f 316 , , 3 1 1 and and 11 4 4 ppm ppm respectiv e l y y af t e r r

' '

C l ea

nin g g

of of

grain grain

b e

f ore ore

illin

g g

somewhat somewhat

r e du ced ced second, second, fourth fourth a nd nd s i x th th primin g g r es ult e d d in in th e e

itself itself

fail e

d d

to to

e liminat

e e

ese ese

ins

e cticides cticides

from from grain. grain. tobac co co wi th th e ndrin ndrin ( ( 0 .4 .4 lb lb p e r r ac r e) e) b e for e e th e e

ment ment

or or

ft e

r r 18-24 18-24 m on

th s s of of

age in g. g. Ag e ing ing by by resp e ctiv e l y y 5 5 to to 7 7 days days af t e r r dusting. dusting. Dustin g g

The The

wh e ats ats wer

e e

mill

e d d

9 9 t o o

10 10

days days aft e r r h ·ea t o n e e d ay ay af t e r r treatment treatment an d d 8 6 , , 82 82 and and 1 4g 4g ppm ppm

oxyc

or or or or

lind

ane ane

in in

st u dies dies

y y S c h

e ss er, er, et et al . . (8 0 ). ). du s t, t, r es ult e d d in in r es idu es es of of 2 , 66 7, 7, 167 167 and and 582 582 ppm ppm

es es Sampl

of of

h ea

t t wer

e e

h ·ea

t ed ed with with e ith e r r me th 52 52 ppm . . Use Use of of 3 3 lb lb TDE TDE p e r r ac r e, e, app li e d d as as a a

2.3 , , 4.0 4.0 and and 7.4 7.4 ppm ppm r es p ec tiv e l y. y. Af t e r r 5 5 to to 7 7 d ays ays th ey ey h ad ad d ec r ease d d to to 6g, 6g, 3g 3g and and

ppm ppm r es p ec tiv e l a y nd nd after after 1 5 5 months months tr e atm th e ey ey nt nt wer , /,e r e e e e 4 60 , , 1 g 6 6 a nd nd 68 68 ppm ppm r e spectiv e l y. y.

of of ins ec c ti id e. e. Initial Initial leve l s s were were 2.8 Lev , , e 5.1 5.1 l s s of of a nd TDE TDE . . 7.7 7.7 in in g r een een tob accos accos one one day day after after

when when w h ea t t was was tr ea t ed ed with with 4, 4, ac 8 8 r e e or or b e 1 fore fore 2 2 ppm ppm the the second, second, fourth fourth and and sixth sixth pr imin g. g.

l oss oss in in lind ane ane ac ti v it y y during during 1 5 5 months months arettes. arettes. o f f s Tobacco Tobacco tora ge ge was was s pr aye d d with with o n e e lb lb TDE TDE per per

us e e on on stored stored wheat wheat 80) (35, (35, . . Th e r e e r was was es idu v es es e ry ry in in lit gre t l e e e n n a nd nd processed processed tobacco tobacco and and in in c ig

Lindan a e nd nd methox yc hlor hlor h ave ave b ee n n co sugg ndu c es t e t d d e d d ex for for t ensive ensive s tudi es es on on TDE TDE and and endrin endrin

priming priming

than than o th er er compoun d s. s. Bower y, y, et et al. al.

(8) (8)

; ;

WHEAT WHEAT

mor e e fr e quent l y y a nd nd clos e r , , in in ti m e, e, to to h arves tin o g r r

th e e t b o acco acco hornwo rm . . Both Both are are u sua ll y y ap pli e d d

zene zene

h exac

hlorid

e . .

ca rb ons ons us e d d on on flu e-c ur e d d tobacco tobacco for for con h· o l l of of

r e, e, p e

anut anut

butt

r r

t con

a in e 0 d

. 45 45

to to

o.go o.go

ppm ppm b e n TDE TDE a nd nd e ndrin ndrin ar e e th e e m a j o r r c hlorin a t e h d y dr o

acre. acre. W h e n n th e e rat e e was was incr ea s e d d to to 5. 1 4 4 l b b p e r r

TO BACCO BACCO was was h· ea t e d d with with 3 . 8 8 lb lb of of th e e ga mm a a i some r r p e r r

co ntain e d d from from 0 .2 0 0 to to 0.50 0.50 ppm ppm BHC BHC w h e n n co tt on on

tr ea

t e d d

r a in. in.

b ee n n spra ye d d with with th e e ins ec cide. cide. ti P ea nut nut butt e r r

high

r r in in

r e

sidu

e e

l eve

l l

th an an

th ose ose

from from

the the other other g rown rown on on l and and a a yea r r foll ow ing ing cotton cotton which which had had

h·eat

d d with with

th e e

h ·ach

ore

th y l e ne ne so luti on on we r e e h exac hlorid e e in in p ea nut nut butt e m r a d e e f r o m m peanuts peanuts

wettab

l e e powd

e r

. .

Short

s s

nd nd

middlings middlings

from from

w h ea t t H ey nold s, s, et et al d e . . t (7 e rmin 6 ) ) e d d l eve ls ls of of benz e n e e

not e d d w h e n n wheat wheat was was h ·ea t e d d wi th th th e e e mulsion mulsion or or

NuTs NuTs

High es t t l eve l s s of of in sectic id e e in in flour flour and and bran bran were were

l oca ti on on of of ins ec c ti id e e r es idue s s on on k e rn e l s s of of w h eat. eat.

furth e r r e duc e d d t o o 10 % % w ith ith dust . . ve ri fy fy thos e e pr ev i o u s l d y i sc us sed sed (8 0 ) ) in in r ega rd rd to to

was was r e du ce t d o o 44% 44% with with a a wettab l e e middlings middlings p owde r r - and and l es s s th an an 2 . 0 0 t o o 5 . 65 65 ppm. ppm. These These data data

flavor flavor w h en en an an e mulsion mulsion co n cen tr a t e e was was ppm u ; ; sed . . s hort Thi ( d ) ) s s - s l es s s th a n n 2.0 2.0 to to 13.3 8 8 ppm ppm ( e) e) and and

us e d . . Fift y - e ight ight p e r r ce nt nt of of samp l es es had had flour flour th ( b e e - ) ) 1.6 off 5 5 t o o 6 . 6 6 ppm (c) (c) ; ; br an an - 13.18 13.18 to to 28 . 4 4

p ea r e w d as as r e l ated ated to to th e e ins ec ticid e e clean-out clean-out f o (a) (a) rmulati o ( n n prior prior to to milling ) ) 1 - g.7 6 6 to to 101.6 101.6 ppm ; ;

Th (52). (52). e e fr eq u e ncy ncy vvith vvith which which musty musty found found fla in in vo r diff s s ap e r e nt nt fraction s s of of mill e d d w h ea t t were: were:

duc e d d mus t y y fl avo r s s in in a a l arge arge portion portion ' ' vhen vhen of of ca h ntaloup e ld ld a t t es es go o F. F. R a n ges ges of of m e thox ych l or or content content

Lind a n e, e, w h e n n a ppli e d d to to v in es es or or r es idu m e e e l ons ons l e ve pro l s s were were not e d d in in high high moistur e e w h ea t t

at at 60 ° F F we r e e sim ilar ilar in in residu e e of of content. content. a ldri n , , lindan H ighe e, e, r r di e ldrin ldrin o h r ep t ac hl o r. r.

Samp l e s s of of w h ea t t wi th th diff pl e a r nt e nt nt e d d moish1r in in soi l s s e e tr l eve ea t ls ls e d d h w e ld ld ith ith one, one, 2 2 or or 4 4 lb lb p e r r acre acre

cl ea nin g, g, co nt a in e d d 4 . 2 2 t o o 1 2 .1 .1 produc ppm ppm e ins d d ec th ti e e cide. cide. b e rri es es 12 12 to to 24 24 months months l ater ater w e r e e

were were h e ld ld a t t 60 ° ° o r r go o F. F. ' iV h s ole ole h·awb g r e a rri in es es , , b e we for r e e e e unaff ec t e d d when when pl a nt w s hi c h h

Samp l es es of of tr ea t e d d wh ea t t having having 10 10 G y or or ri sco 1 3 et et , , % % moistur al. , , (38) (38) e e showed showed th a t t fl avo r r and and o dor dor of of

lm· e th y l e n e e so luti on on of of th e e in sectic f ec id t t e e th we e ir ir r e e c dor dor us ed. ed. o r r fl avo r . . Oth e r r ex p e rim e nts nts b y y

b ee tl e. e. An An em ulsion , , we tt a bl e e powder powder off-odo a r r nd nd to to teh'ach s tr aw b e rri es es while while c hlord a n e e did did not not af

ppm ) ) t o o co ntr o l l th e e ri ce ce weevi l l and and zen zen confused confused fruit. fruit. B e flour flour n ze n e e h exac hlorid a e l so so imp arte d d an an

in in which which ( ( 84) 84) methoxychlor methoxychlor were were was was a l so so ad d bs o ed ed e t r o o ve whea d d in in t t canne ( ( 1 5 5 b d e rri es es and and fresh -fr o

Laborator y s y tudi es es we r e e co ndu c t e ch b d l o y y rid Strong e e or or et et , , di a e l. l. ldr in. in. Th ese ese un satisfactory satisfactory fl avo rs rs

grown grown o n n so il s s tr e ated ated with with aldrin, aldrin, p b e e ri ri n ze ca n rp e e . . h exa

fl avo rs rs we r e e not e d d in in j a m s s produ ce d d s h o from from rt s s and and berries berries bran , , it it a pp ea r ed ed to to b e e retain e b d y y th e e

s tr awbe rri es es grown grown on on die ldrin-h ·ea t th e d d g e soil. soil. r eates Off t t portion portion o f f ins ec ti c id e e was was present present in in

and and Burr age age found found (37) (37) "o bvious bvious off -fl avo r th s" s" e e in in initial initial tr ea tm e nts nts w e r e e 2.5 2.5 to to 7.5 7.5 pp m. m. Sinc e e

l-I l-I CHLOHIN CHLOHIN ATED ATED Y DRO CAl{BONS CAl{BONS 3g 3g 40 CHLORINATED H YDROCARDONS

Tests on tobacco samples from commercial auction hm-ves ting (90). At 9 days a residue of 8.0 ppm was mm·kets showed an average of 39.0 ppm TDE pre noted and after 35 days this had dropped to 0.8 ppm. sent in 1956, 28.6 ppm in 1957 and 43.7 ppm in 1958. Corn was treated on July 11, 1957 with 20 lb pe1i Analyses for endrin indicated an average of 1.5 ppm acre of a granulated formulation containing 5% hepta , present in 1957 and 2.2 ppm in 1958. TDE residues chlor in an attempt to control the European corn . I in different American cigarettes averaged 11.7 to borer ( 49 ). Residues of heptachlor on corn ranged i 13.4 ppm. The average for endrin was 0.16 ppm. from 1.44 ppm one day after treatment to 0.55 ppm f Smoke from cigarettes with an average of 10.3 to after 4 days. Less than 0.01 pp,m was found after 14.7 ppm of TDE contained an average of 1.6 to 1.7. 8, 18, 32 and 102 days. H eptachlor epoxide present ppm TDE and 0.6 to 1.4 ppm dehydrochlorinated after one day was 0.04 ppm; after 4 days, 0.15 ppm; TDE. after 8 days, 0.07 ppm; after 18 days, 0.06 ppm; a nd after :32 days, 0.03 ppm. No heptachlor was found PASTURES AND HAY in cotn stover samples collected 120 days after in Pasture and hay crops have been treated with a secticide application. Experiments were conducted variety of chlorinated hydrocarbons to conh·ol in on residues of toxaphene in pangolagrass (89 ). This sects. Residues on these crops m·e of conce1n since grass, widely used in Florida for pashu·e purposes, after ingestion by cattle, they may appear in meat is frequently treated with toxaphene to conh"ol cater or milk. Alfalfa was h·eated with heptachlor in two pillars. Initial residues of 102 ppm were observed different sh1dies (16, 57). In one, an application of when 2 lbs of a 10% dust was applied per acre. Resi , about 0.25 lb per acre resulted in an initial con dues after 14 days ranged from 2. 1 to 6.0 ppm for tamination of 13.3 ppm. The insecticide had dis all treatments (one or 2 lb per acre of 10% dust; one appem·ed completely 14 days later. The use of about or 2 pounds per acre o f 40% wettable powder; one one-eighth lb gave similar results although the initial or 2 pounds per acre of a 60% emulsifiable concen level was only 3.76 ppm. In the other sh1dy the trate) . highest initial level, 4.81 ppm, was encountered when Huddleston, et al (43) sprayed parts of five town 5 lb of heptachlor granules were applied p er acre. ships in an area near Norwich, N. Y. (Chenango H eptachlor p ersisted for more thm1 30 days regard Valley) with DDT in an attempt to control the gypsy less of application used (spray 0.25 lb per acre; dust moth. One lb of insecticide in one gal of mixed oil 0.42 lb per acre; granules 3 and 5 lbs p er acre). solvents was applied p er acre by means of an air Aldrin was applied t o alfalfa at a rate of 5 oz per plane flown at a height of 20 feet. Pastures and hay acre. Initially 6.02 ppm were found in forage but from the s prayed m·ea were tested periodically for none remained 14 days after treah11 ent. An applica DDT residues. Insecticide residues on pash1res from tion of 0.25 lb dieldrin per acre resulted in an initial five farms ranged from 21.6 to 348 ppm initially, 12.6 contamination of 3.65 ppm. Insecticide residues to 100.8 ppm after 7 days, 4.1 to 60 ppm after 30 persisted on plants for over 30 days . days and 2.2 to 17.6 ppm after 60 days. Hay, har Fahey, et al. (21) noted that appreciable ( in excess vested 120 days after treatment contained from 1.8 of 0.5 ppm, residues of lindane remained on alfalfa to 43.2 ppm insecticide. for 24 to 31 days if it was 15 inches or more in height Recent sh1dies (26,34) have shown that aldrin is at the time of spraying. o measureable residues converted to the more residual and equally toxic were found at harvest ·time ( 20 days after h·eahnent ) dieldrin in alfalfa, soybeans, corn and can:ots. This if alfalfa was not over 12 in in height when it was reaction may also occur in other plants. Other work sprayed. (27) has shown that h eptachlor is converted to its Aldrin was applied to Ladino clover as a dust or epoxide by alfalfa, soybeans and corn. These re in granulated attapolgite or vermiculite formulations actions also occurred when insecticides were absorbed (15). Higher r esidues were encountered when dust by plants from contaminated soils (62). This change was used. Residues had decreased to less than 0.1 is of importance since tl1e new compounds are more ppm 14 days after 1.0 lb per acre was applied r e persistant in plant tissue and also more toxic to gardless of formulation used. Dosages of 2.1 to insects and mammals. 2.4 lb per acre required more than 14 days to re duce levels below 0.1 ppm. 1\EFERENCES Peanut hay was h eated with 28.5 to 36.0 lb per The complete list of references cited will be included with acre of a 2% DDT dust from 9 to 35 days before the third paper of this series.

Dairy Dairy

Conf

e r e

n c e e in in

Alb

, , N

. . Y . . on on

S e .l;lt e mb e r r

26 , , 1961. 1961.

USPH S) S) shall shall b y y r e gu l ation ation promulgat e a a e F

e ral ral

s ociation ociation

of of

Milk Milk and and Food Food Sanitarians Sanitarians and and th e e Corn

e ll ll

e e

Surg

e on on

G e n e ral ral (c hi e f f o ff ice r r in in c h a r g e e o f f

' Pre se nt e d d at at th e e Annua l l }. ' l ee tin g g of of th e e N e w w York York Stat e e

warrant warrant its its conb ·o l l und e r r this this titl e; e; . . . . " . .

quantiti e s s to to b e e of of public public h e alth alth import barriers. a n " " ce ce a nd nd t o o

ar e e " " . .. ..

shipp e d d in in int e rst a t e e comm e rc e e in in ate ate suffi the the c i e nt nt unjustified unjustified

use use of of h e a lth lth regulations regulations as as trad e e

1 1

A A milk milk ordin a nc e e wh e

n n su

c h h milk milk o r r milk milk th pr e o quality quality du c t s s of of milk milk shipped shipped interstate, interstate, and and to to e limin

I I

I ' '

in in th e e last last edition edition of of th e e PHS PHS r eco mm e nd e tary tary d d Gr standards standards a d e e and and practic e s s are are necessary necessary to to insur e e

fluid fluid consumption consumption but but a l s

o o m ilk ilk products products as as by by d Stat e fin e e e d d and and l oca l l age n cies , , and and

tl 1at 1at uniform uniform sani ! ! · ' '

h e a l th th r e gulations. " " includ It It e s s not not

o nl y y state state mi l f k mov

o r r e ment ment of of milk milk bas bas complicated complicated its its contro l l I I

b y y us e e of of unn ece ssm · y y s a nit a r y y r e quir e m e nt s s on on or or a a o local local th e r r milk milk shed shed basis , , that that tl1 e e increas e d d int e r

of of milk milk and and milk milk produ c t s s of of hi g s h a nit a r th y y e e quali milk milk ty ty industry industry can can no no l ong e b r e e consider e d d so l e ly ly

to to obstru c t t th e e fr ee ee mo m ve e nt nt of of int e rstat c e omm e was was r ce ce "It "It the the consensus consensus ...... that that the the probl e ms ms of of

but but that that no no Stat e e or or local local gov e rnm of of e nt nt high high h as as sanitary sanitary th e e right right quality. " "

the the responsibilit o y f f Stat e e and and local local go ve either either rnments the the , , intrastate intrastate or or interstate interstate movement movement of of rriilk rriilk

h ea

lth

, , that that " " ...... such such s a nitar y y c onb·ol onb·ol is is health health primaril regulations regulations y y should should not not be be used used to to r e st~ ; ict ict

conb·ol conb·ol of of milk milk i s s n ece ssar y y to to prot of of questionab e ct ct th e e publi l e e quality, quality, c c but but unanimously unanimously agr ee s s that that

Th e e bill bill st a rts rts with with th e e pr e mis e e th a t t th e e political political sa nitar y y subdivisions subdivisions have have the the right right to to ex clud e e milk milk

Th e e Association Association recognizes recognizes that that States States and and their their

THE THE PRO V ISIO ( 4 N ) ) S S O F F THE THE BILL BILL

involved involved ... . . " "

governments governments exc e pt pt wher e e interstat e e comm e rc e e

is is

al al ag e n c y. y.

i i which which primarily primarily is is the the responsibility responsibility of of State State and and l ocal ocal

deleg a t e e th e ir ir prof

e ssional ssional

r e sponsibilities sponsibilities

t o o

a a

e d e r

milk milk and and fluid fluid milk milk products products is is a a public public health health matt e r r

milk milk sanitation sanitation

did did

not not

make make

e comm

e nd

a tions tions to to

strong l y y r e affirm affirm tl1at tl1at tl1 e e sanitary sanitary con tr ol ol of of fluid fluid

ex p e c t t tl1at tl1at th e e St

a t

e e

lth lth

offi ce r s s con

rn e d d

with with

" " . . . . th e e Association Association b e lieves lieves th e re re is is n a ee t d o o

ou tlin e d d in in tl 1

e s e e

quot

d d

principl

e s

. . On e e would would

as as th e e Na ti o nal nal Milk Milk Sanitation Sanitation Act. Act.

discuss e d d und e

r r th e e

bill bill

but but

e e

issu e s s ar e e

cl e

arl y y

used used as as the the basis basis to to formulate formulate the the present present bill bill known known

to to b e e in c orporat

e d d in in

th e e bill . .

Th e s

e e points points will will

e e

and and Territorial Territorial Health Health Officers Officers (1) (1) which which has has been been

Th e

n n th e e Asso

c i

a tion tion

outlin

e r d

e comm

e ndation

s s

directly directly from from the the report report of of

the the

Association Association

of of Stat

e e

the the programs programs of of Stat e e milk milk sanitation sanitation ag e nci e s . " "

quotations quotations but but in in

this this instance instance

it it

is is

we ll ll

to to quot

e e

ciation ciation b e e liev s s that that this this approa c h h would would s tr e ngth e n n

It It is is difficult difficult to to correctly correctly

convey convey

meanings meanings

b y y

quality quality of of th e ir ir intrastat e e suppli e s . . In In fact , , th e e As s o

of of UNDERLYING UNDERLYING State State and and PRINCIPLES PRINCIPLES local local ag e n c i e s s to to contro l l th e e sanitar y y

tions tions as as trad e e barri e rs rs without without abridgin g g th e e right s s

van tag es es of of the the passage passage of of this this l egislation. egislation. ing ing ar e as as and and f o r r e liminating liminating th e e us o e h f e alth alth r e gul a

bill bill itself , , and and the the probable probable disadvantages disadvantages high high qualit and and y y ad products products for for c onsum e rs rs in in milk-iinp o rt

them. them. On e e should should consid e r r the the basis basis provid of of this this e e bill, bill, an an e th ff e e e ctiv a e nd nd pr ac tical tical m e an o s f f as s min g g

bnt bnt the the sam e e objections objections continu e e to to b e e used used a c gainst gainst rit e ria ria for for ce rtifi c ation , , th a t t su c h · · a n n a ppr oac w h o uld uld

were were h e ld ld this this past past summe r . . Th e e bills bills hav e e chang s our ce e d d s s which which compli e d d w ith ith basi c c publi c c h ea lth lth

1961 1961 is is one one of of severa l l similar similar bills bills on on which which hearings hearings municipalit y y from from e xcluding xcluding milk milk from from out out o f f Stat e e

jectives jectives and and the the Johnson Johnson Bill Bill H.R . . 50, 50, January January coupl 3 e , , d d with with a a provision provision prohibiting prohibiting a a Stat o e i : :

1959 1959 incorporate incorporate new new methods methods of of procedur e e and and ob was was It It th c e ons e nsus nsus th a t t if if th ese ese e l e m e nt s s w e r e e

The The bills bills introduced introduced t o o committees committees in in Februar by by th y y e e Congr e ss ss to to control control int e r s tat e e milk milk s uppli es. es.

discarding discarding th em em com pl e t ely. ely. b e e incorporat e d d into into an y y F e d e r a l l l e gi s lation lation e nact e d d

revision revision of of the the principles principles und e rlying rlying th e e bills bills gram gram or or for for (vo l untar y y St a t e -PHS -PHS milk milk ce rtific a ti o n ) ) sh o uld uld

Public Public Health Health Service. Service. There There was was ne e d d for for thorough thorough tion tion b e li e v e s s th a t t th e e ss e ntia l l e l e m e nts nts of of this this pr o

sanitary sanitary milk milk regulatory regulatory agenc i es es and and by by th e e U. U. S . . affecting affecting int e rstat e e c omm e rc e . " " " " . .. .. th e e Ass ocia

so l ete ete bills bills were were opposed opposed by by most most state state and and a nd nd local local th e e xt e nsi o n n of of su c h h c ontrol ontrol to to a ll ll milk milk suppli es es

committees committees in in th e e Federal Federal Congress. Congress. The The older older ob provid e e for for c e ntr a li z e F d e d e ral ral c ontrol , , sup e rvision , ,

Sanitation Sanitation Act Act have have been been presented presented to to congressional congressional is is oppos e d d to to thos e e s ec tions tions of of th e e bills bills that that would would

For For several several years years bills bills known known as as the the National National Milk Milk Th e e Association Association c onsid e r e d d form e r r bills bills and and " . " . . . .

Corn e ll ll Univ e rsity , , Itha c a , , N e w w York York

D e pa · rt111 e nt nt of of Dni · ry ry nnd nnd Food Food S c i e n c e, e,

c . . A . . DAHLBER G G

PROBABLE PROBABLE EFFECT EFFECT ON ON NORTHEASTERN NORTHEASTERN MILK MILK MARKETS' MARKETS'

THE THE NATIONAL NATIONAL MILK MILK SANITATION SANITATION BILL BILL AND AND ITS ITS 41 41 42 THE 1 ATIONAL MILK SANITATION BILL y a ny action Milk Sanitation Code (PHS Grade A milk ordinance) expressed here were not determined b Science at which shall provide for quality at least equivalent to of the Department of Dairy and Food of Dir·ectors of the present Grade A. Also, he shall by regulation Cornell University or by the Board e with whicl1 promulgate standard rating and compliance methods. the Dairy Products Improvement Institut ey are indepen , Any State milk sanitation rating agency that wishes the speaker is associated; instead th . , to have milk in this program must submit a State dent personal opir1ions. plan to the Surgeon General for approval. Als o, the The probable e ffects of this proposed national State shall submit the list of plants wishing to ship legislation will be best analyzed by confir1ing the interstate under this Act and the data showing that situation in part to New York· and adjacent states. the farms and plants rate at least 90%. If the in The adoption of the national ordinance is voluntary formation submitted b y the State meets the require with each state, hence lew York State could continue ments, " . .. including a r equirement that such rat in the future as at present. It need not change its ings will be made only by State rating officials who r eg t\~ations for sanitary milk production and it can are full-time e mployees of the State milk sanitation ignore the Federal law so far as acceptance of out rating agency . . ." then the State program shall be of-state supplies is concerned, with one very import approved as long as compliance continues. There ant exception. Should the dairy farmers of New shall be a published list of approved supplies, but York State be requir·ed to comply with the sanitary consent of the company must be secured to publish code recommended b y the U. S. Public Health Serv its rating. It should be noted that this procedure is ice under the National Milk Sanitation Act, it would , similar to the voluntary program of the ational be done only thTough requir·ement by the New York Conference on Interstate Milk Shipment. Ratings State D eparbnent of Health, by the Board of Health must not be more ·than one year old. of the City of New York, or by laws passed by the e, any na Decisions of the Surgeon G eneral may be reviewed New York State Legislature. Furthermor be initiated by at a public hearing and from the evidence the de tional grade A milk program must ate, but is sub cisions may be c onfirmed or changed. The com the State, must be e nforced b y the St checking by the plaining party has the right to transfer the record ject t o the approval -of and spot e with the of the hearing to the United States court of appeals U. S. Surgeon General to -assure complianc lth Service d o~s for the c ircuit in which the interstate milk plant in Federal law. The U. S. Public Hea the milk volved is located and the court, before rendering a not assume the responsibility for getting ith the Federal decision, may require the Surgeon G eneral to secure supply of New York State to comply w certain additional information through hearings. legislation but does have the duty of making York State's milk supply shipped in inter ow the real substance of this bill is that " ... that New state commerce is ir1 compliance with the proposed no milk or milk product which emanates from an law only after New York State has adopted the interstate milk plant in another State, while such national law, just as it now checks the state ratings plant is listed by the Smgeon General . . . with on milk supplies listed for the National Conference respect to th e milk or milk product, as the c ase may on Interstate Milk Shipments. There a re now no be, shall be subject to seizure or condemnation in, milk supplies in New York State ir1 this list publish or to exclusion from, a receiving State or locality, ed by the PHS so there is an absence of experience or from transportation, distribution, storage, process this activity in this region. ing, sale, or serving-· in such State or locality, ..." . in Now the poir1t of real controversy is that any state The right of the receiving State or locality to subject irrespective of whether or not it has adopted the any milk or milk product to laboratory or screening proposed F ederal milk legislation for use in its own tests to determine compliance with the Federal Milk state must accept milk for fluid consumption from Sanitation Code and to reject shipments not in com another state that has adopted the program; provid pliance is specified. In case of litigation a United ing that state's milk sanitation rating agency, as es States district comt shall have jmisdiction. tablished b y that state, has reported to the USPHS that the dairy farms and plants concerned with the Al'\TD PROBABLE E FFECTS I NTERPRETATIONS milk to be shipped irlterstate rate 90% or better, that nitary require Thus far this presentation has introduced n either the milk is in compliance with the sa as substantiated interpretations of the bill nor its probable e ffects ments, and the Surgeon General h es. upon milk sanitation, regulation, and the dairy in these facts by spot checking of the s uppli Act becomes dustry. There are many reasons. for the controversial Suppose the National Milk Sanitation or third largest milk nature of this bill among which are milk prices and a law. New York is the second es positions with competition, and the future of sanitary milk regula producing state - it sometimes chang e quantities of New tions in selected areas. In discussing this phase of Minnesota - and it exports larg .5% of all ew the problem it should be emphasized that the views York State Grade A milk. About 99

r ece iv es es mor e e assistance assistance from from th e e New New York York Stat e e to to e nd eavo r r to to co ntrol ntrol markets, markets, pric es, es, and and jobs jobs

today today that that th e e out-of-state out-of-state milk milk produc e r r generally generally prop e r r for for any any industr y y or or any any h ea lth lth department department

tim e e p asse d d conditions conditions changed changed a nd nd it it i s s often often said said concerned concerned with with the the h ea lth lth of of th e e p eo pl a e nd nd it it is is im

and and a a budg e t t was was pro vi d e d d to to do do th e e inspections. inspections. As As h ea lth lth services. services. Public Public h ea lth lth r egu lations lations ought ought to to b e e

th e e shipping shipping of of milk milk of of inf e rior rior quality quality into into in in the the public public state state health , , and and it it is is not not approved approved b y y th e e public public

gartment gartment

of of H ea lth . . This This law law was was passed passed to to prevent prevent

pri ces ces is is a a gross gross misuse misuse of of th e e valuable valuable work work done done

I I

sanitarian sanitarian in in th e e em ploy ploy of of th e e ew ew , . . York York State State D e publi c c health health 1 1 r eg ulations ulations to to conh·ol conh·ol mark e t t areas areas and and

milk milk e nt e rs rs New New York York Stat e e must must b e e insp ec t ed ed b y a a y Midwest Midwest milk milk at at low e r r Cl ass ass I I pric es. es. Th e e us e e of of

! ! ·' ·'

that that all all out-of-state out-of-state

Grade Grade A A milk milk produc e r s s whose whose is is based based upon upon possibl e e eco nomic nomic competition competition with with

I I

ago ago a a law law was was pass e d d in in New New York York Stat e e r equ iring iring ov e r r th e e pas sage sage of of th e e ational ational Milk Milk Sanit a tion tion Act Act

c hang e e for for Nevv Nevv Yqrk Yqrk Stat e e dair y y farmers? farmers? Years Years Ac tuall y , , th e e co nc e rn rn of of th e e Northeast Northeast dairymen dairymen

ty ty is is satisfactory satisfactory upon upon arrival. arrival. Is Is this this much much of of a a state state and and muni c ip a l l eve l. l.

other other states states that that do do com ply , , pro v iding iding th e e milk milk quali a a question question of of ordinance ordinance but but of of e nforc e m e nt nt at at th e e

passed , , nevertheless, nevertheless, th e e state state must must accep t t milk milk from from The The p oss ibilit y y of of low e r ed ed quality quality of of milk milk is is not not

not not comply comply w ith ith th e e national national code code th if if e e is is 1 ;:\ co \~ , , untr y y n ow ow h ave ave PHS PHS Grad e e A A milk milk r eg ulations . .

Although Although th e e milk milk industr y y of of New New York York Stat e e need need about about two-thirds two-thirds of of all all c iti es es and and states states in in this this

ic e e that that th e e milk milk complies complies with with th e e Federal Federal standard . . rar e l y y and and do do not not r e p ea t t in in specific specific areas. areas. Also, Also,

e nabl e e it it to to cer tif y y t o o the the U. U. S. S. Public Public H eal th th Serv from from USP HS HS Grade Grade A A milk. milk. Such Such e pid emics emics occur occur

and and more more approved approved laboratori es es for for testing testing milk milk to to of of incr eased eased d a n ger ger of of milk-borne milk-borne disease disease e pid em ics ics

partm e nt nt of of H ea lth lth ma y y n eed eed mor e e state state sanitarians sanitarians Surely, Surely, one one canno t t seriously seriously co nsid e r r any any possibility possibility

in in some some a r eas eas of of th e e state . . Th e e New New York York State State D e flav o r r anrl anrl k ee ping ping quality. quality.

plies , , toil e ts , , and and sewage sewage disposal disposal may may b e e problems problems t y y milk milk or or that that exce ll e nt nt sanitation sanitation guarantees guarantees good good

and and sterilization sterilization of of eq uipm e nt . . Proper Proper water water sup that that so m e e extra extra regulations regulations will will produce produce high e r r quali

will will be be some some probl em em farms farms in in r espec t t to to cleanliness cleanliness hi gh gh quality quality milk. milk. Thus , , it it is is not not correct correct to to assume assume

cial cial facilities facilities for for washing washing hands hands are are r eq uir ed. ed. There There milk milk production production was was the the effective effective means means of of producing producing

r e frig e ration ration r eq uir ed ed to to cool cool milk milk b e l ow ow 50 ° F. F. Spe ment ment of of a a limit ed ed number number of of esse ntials ntials of of sanitary sanitary

a lmost lmost universal universal now now and and th e e same same is is true true for for e l ec tric tric milk. " " It It was was found, found, also, also, that that the the rigid rigid e nforce

able able in in th e e milkhouse. milkhouse. The The double double wash wash vat vat i s s fl avo r r and and the the keeping keeping quality quality of of th e e past e mized mized

ing ing hot hot and and co ld ld water water under under pr ess ur e e must must be be avail zed zed milk , , but but th ey ey were were not not r e lat e d d to to th e e initial initial

some some farms farms in in m ee ting ting th e e PHS PHS sanitary sanitary code. code. Flow ba c t e ri a l l counts counts of of th e e r aw aw and and of of th e e fresh fresh pasteuri

Grad e e A A milk. milk. Th e r e e will will b e e items items of of ex p ense ense on on of of milk milk production production on on the the farm farm were were r e lat e d d to to the the

farms farms and and on on th e e high high quality quality of of New New York York State State good good sanitary sanitary quality." quality." "The "The sanitary sanitary conditions conditions

exce ll e nt nt sanitary sanitary con ditions ditions on on most most New New York York of of th e e dairy dairy ight ight c iti es es had had a a h ea lthful lthful milk milk supply supply of of

insp ec tion. tion. This This statement statement is is no no r e flecti on on on on the the r espec tiv e e of of variations variations in in sanitation sanitation regul a tions tions " Each Each

in in sanitation sanitation and and milk milk quality quality through through more more thorough thorough National National R esea r c h h Council Council it it was was (2) (2) found found that that ir

and and barns barns n eed eed improv eme nt , , it it will will b e e an an milk milk advance advance regulations regulations and and quality quality conducted conducted through through the the

though though this this may may b e e on on some some producers producers whose whose dairies dairies sanitation sanitation standards? standards? In In a a nation-wid e e study study of of

and and milk milk will will be be spot-checked spot-checked b y y th e e USPHS. USPHS. Hard Hard th e e market market in in a r eas eas having having unusuall y y high-l eve l l local local

b eca us e e its its r e ports ports as as well well as as some some f a rms , , and and plants, plants, that that it it will will lo we r r th e e quality quality of of some some milk milk e nt e ring ring

insp ec t t th e e farms farms more more critically critically than than previously previously h ea lth lth trad e e barri ers . . What What a bout bout th e e contention contention

State , , or or designat ed ed local local h ea lth lth d e partm e nts , , will will commerce commerce solves solves the the probl em em of of restrictiv e e public public

dairy dairy farms ? ? Th e e h ea lth lth d e partment partment of of New New York York Th e e acceptance acceptance of of PHS PHS A A milk milk in in Grad int ~ ~ e rstate rstate

VVhat VVhat ·w ill ill such such PHS PHS a pproval pproval m ea n n on on for for New New a ll ll York York concerned. concerned.

code code would would ass ur e e interstate interstate marketing. marketing. York York State State milk milk sanitarians , , an d d this this bill bill is is desirable desirable

quality quality of of th e e milk. milk. Compliance Compliance w ith ith th of-state of-state e e national national inspections inspections co uld uld be be made made only only by by ew ew

th e e market. market. probably probably It It is is not not a a question question bill bill of of last last th yea e e r r e limin a ting ting th e e r equ ir e m e nt nt th a t t out

that that might might ex clud e e New New York York Grade Grade A A c milk milk id e ntall from from y , , th e e State State h e alth alth d e partm e nt nt e ndorsed ndorsed a a

can can b e e secured secured irrespective irrespective of of any any local local th r eg ough ulation ulation t t of of sh ipm en ts ts from from greater greater distan ces. ces. In

p e titiv e e markets markets in in favor favor of of PHS PHS Grade Grade A A milk milk n ot ot alter alter which which th es e e co nditions nditions but but might might e n courage courage th e e

milk milk may may b e e discriminated discriminated against against in in some some com barriers. barriers. Th e e ational ational Milk Milk Sanitation Sanitation Act Act would would

al al law . . this this If If is is not not don e, e, New New York York Stat e e Grade Grade A A assure assure that that h ea lth lth regulations regulations are are not not us ed ed as as trad e e

production production and and pro cess ing ing und e r r th e e propos e d d nation m e nt nt of of th e e City City of of New New York York also also has has policies policies which which

Under Under th ese ese conditions conditions it it seems seems imp e rativ e e to to place place milk milk into into this this state. state. Sur e l y, y, the the Health Health D e part

port ed ed to to Grade Grade A A mark e ts ts in in neighboring neighboring states. states. up o r n eq u est, est, th ere ere is is a a rath er er free free flow flow of of Grade Grade A A

sumption. sumption. In In some some coLmties coLmties most most of of th e e As As milk milk it it is is is is ex necessary necessary to to inspect inspect out-of-state out-of-state supplies supplies

milk milk must must b e e used used for for purpos es es other other than than fluid fluid con quirements quirements th an an do e s s th e e ew ew York York State State farmer. farmer. 1 1

York York Stat e e milk milk is is Grade Grade A A but but n ea rly rly half half of of this this san itari a ns ns to to meet meet New New York York State State sanitation sanitation r e

THE THE NATIO NATIO MILK MILK TAL TAL SA SA ITATION ITATION BILL BILL 43 43 44 THE NATIONAL MILK SANITATION BILL through such regulations. Fortunately, there are codes at a local and state level will remain in effect state milk control agencies and Federal market ad tmtil changed by the states. ministrators created by laws for the specific purpose The career men in milk sanitation in the Public of governing milk prices i11 various markets in the Health Service of the Department of Health, EdUfa interests of consumers and producers. If such laws tion, and \i\Telfare generally have been objective and cannot handle the problems there is need to modify public spirited in capably performing their duties them so they can do the job. in the interest of the people. A similar tribute is ew York State sanitation laws and the sanitary proper for sanitarians and regulatory officials at state code of the City of New York have been designed and local levels. In former .years USPHS officials to serve the public in respect to health rather than testified before congressional committees against pass to resh·ict the free exchange of milk in commerce. age of a national law forcing universal adoption of The New York milk industry imports and exports the PHS Grade A ordinance, and they have favored milk with neighboring states in normal b·ade. There the: present national legislation only when the adop is little, if any, Grade A milk received from the :Mid tioh of the Grade A ordinance in respect to milk west and its importation is not resb·icted by public production and processing was left optional with the health regulations. The shipment of Grade A milk states. Advancements in the details of milk ordi from VVisconsin to New. York City may be a liability nances have been made through the PHS and there is to the shipper for, the U. S. D epartment of Agricul reason to expect a careful study of the present ordi ture (6) found in 1954, such milk would have been nance with subsec1uent improvements. shipped from Eau Claire, ·wisconsin to New York Considering all aspects of this bill it may be that , City at a loss of sixteen cents per hundred. the milk industry will be given its best opportunity Obviously, surplus Grade A milk bought at manu for development and that the interests of consumers facturing prices might be shipped profitably to ew will be best served by its passage. The principal York if sold at Class I prices, and the same might be value of the Act will be a reduction in discriminatory true for milk shipped from New York to ·wisconsin. public health regulations affecting free b·ade and This problem of pricing is one for the milk market the possibility of providing approved Grade A milk administrators, the dairy farm cooperatives, and the ready for interstate commerce, especially among milk dealers of the various milk marketing regions. neighboring states and cities in natural milk pro It should not be entangled with public health sani ducing and market areas. These occasional trade tation regulations. It is true that the market ad barriers are tmeconomic and they are not imaginary. ministrator might be a ble to use public health regu The hmdamentals of sanitary milk production, pro s as effective trade barriers to support higher cessing, and disb·ibution are knovvn so future pro ' lation Grade A prices to producers, but it is to correct this gress in milk sanitation will depend much more upon type of misuse of health regulations that the National a program of research provided for in this bill than Milk Sanitation Act has been presented to the Con upon the individual h'ial and error methods of the gress. past. The principal valid objection to the National Milk The principal objection to the Bill is the cenh·aliza Sanitation Bill is that it creates another power in tion of authority in Washington. Such authority is the Federal Government which must continue in absolute, except for hearings and court review, but definitely. Final authority for the national milk it is definitely specified within certain limits and sanitation ordinance and its enforcement would be can be applied only on milk produced and processed Federal. The great advances in milk sanitation oc for interstate shipment as requested by the states. curred under state and local conb·ol without inter High quality of the career staff in the USPHS can ference by the Federal Government. The b·oubles do much to control this objection. Some individuals with state autonomy are the obvious reasons for and organizations contend that the enforced accept agitation for Federal legislation. Do we need, and ance by every state and municipality of high-quality are we ready for a national sanitation code for milk Grade A milk shipped interstate and produced under for fluid consumption? In editorials invited by the state and local supervision, but with Federal assur International Association of Milk and Food Sanitar ance of quality, is a very objectionable feature; but ians the two differing public health viewpoints are I think it is one of the principal values of the Act. presented objectively by Olson (5) and by Cm·ash Temporarily, in a few markets the price sb·ucture (3) . Whether one sanitation code can be used equi enforced by state and Federal milk market adminis tably under all conditions in this counh-y probably trators may become more difficult to maintain. Even is less important than whether sanitary milk control though about two-thirds of the cities and states in officials are ready to accept one code. Actually the this country now have the PHS Grade A ordinance this proposed bill prescribes one code only for Grade A there will be some areas where compliance with milk shipped in interstate commerce, hence present regulation will require some effort and expense. The THE ~ATIONAL MILK SANITATION BILL 45

passage of this bill cannot set aside the high cost 2. Dahlberg, A. C., Adams, H. S., and Held, M. E. Sani of shipment of a bulky refrigerated food that must tary Milk Control and Its Relation to the S;mitary Nutritive, reach the market promptly, hence distant markets and Other Qualities of Milk. National Research Council Publication 250, 1953. for milk may be an economic illusion. 3. Cm·ash, Paul. Is Federal Milk Regulation the Answer? J. Milk and Food Techno!., 24:171.1961. REFERENCES 4. Johnson, Lester. House of Representatives Bill 50. The 1. Association of State and T erritorial Health Officers. National Milk Sanitation Act. Jan. 3, 1961. Need and Recommended Principles for Federal Milk Sanita tion Legislation. Official Statement and Recommendation 5. Olson, J. C. Are We Ready for a Nation-Wide Uniform of the Association of State and Territorial H ealth Officers pre System of Effective Milk Control? J. Milk and Food Techno!., pared by the special subcommittee of the Environmental 23:229.1960. Sanitation Committee, October 24, 1958. J. Milk and Food 6. Regulations Affecting tl1e Movement and Merchandising Technol. , 22 :78.1959. (See also: J. Milk and Food Techno!., of Milk U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Marketing 24: 278.1961.) . Service. Marketing Research Report 98, June 1955.

MICROBIAL ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL• FROZEN FISH STICKS

2 J. T. R. NICKERSON, G. J. SILVERMAN, M. SOLBERG , D. vV. DuNCAN and M. M. JosELow" Depa·rtment of Nu.tTiUon, Food Sci.ence, and Technologu, !Vlassaclwsetts Institute of Technologu, CambTidge

A total of 78 samples of frozen fish sticks were an groups should be present. The National Association alyzed for total plate count, coliform count, coagulase of Frozen Food Packers has tentatively suggested a positiv·e staphylococci and members of the Salmonella Shigella group. Fifteen samples (19%) contained 50,000 standard consisting of 100,000 organisms per g, omit organisms or more per g. and 4 had 100,000 or more per ting any maximum allowance for coliforms or staphy g. Coliform counts were generally low, ranging from lococci (2). zero to 35 per g., with 6 samples showing counts of 10 Although pre-cooked frozen fish sticks have been or more per g. Two samples contained coagulase-posi marketed commercially since 1953, published bacter tive staphylococci and an isolate from one of these sam ial analyses of this product have not been numerous. ples was positive to salmonella polyvalent sera. Larkin ,Litsky and Fuller in 1956 (5) examined pre The consumption of prepared pre-cooked or par cooked frozen fish sticks and reported that for most tially cooked frozen foods has increased greatly in samples coliform counts were less than 20 per g, recent years. Though regulatory groups and public enterococci were less than 500 per g and total plate health officials have expressed concern over the counts never exceeded 3,000 per g. They suggested sanitary quality of pre-cooked or prepared frozen that the breading on tl1e fish sticks might be a major foods, there has so far been very little promulgated source of contamination. Benarde (1) in a later as official standards for such control (7, 8). The study stated that although breading was found to U. S. Army Quartermaster Corps stipulates standfotrds possess appreciable numbers of organisms, most of a total plate count not to exceed 100,000 organ contaminants were destroyed during processing. isms per g, not more than 10 coliform organisms per Since the inh·oduction of pre-cooked, frozen fish g and the absence of patl1ogens ( 4). sticks, the market has expanded greatly and tl1e The standards of the Commonwealth of Massa number of producers has increased. It was thought chusetts for these products are somewhat more that re-examination of this commercial p r o d u c t stringent (9). The total plate count is limited to would be of interest. 50,000 organisms per g, and not more than 10 coli ,. form organisms per g and no coagulase-positive PROCEDURE I stfphylococci or members of the Salmonella-Shigella Fish stick samples were purchased in retail out lets in 24 cities across tl1e country, packed and ' Contriution No. 435 from the Department of Nutrition, Food shipped with dry ice, and maintained at tempera Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of T echno tures of ooF or below until examined. Three sam logy, Cam bridge, Massachusetts. 'Present address: Colonial Provision Co., Boston, lvlass. ples from each of 26 different processors were in "Consumer Union, ]'vlount Vernon, N. Y. cluded. 46 MrcHOBHL ANALYSIS OF Co:MMEHCIAL FnozEN FrsH Snc Ks

Each sample was segmented while still frozen, quality has deteriorated and that this problem is and portions totaling 50 g blended for 2 min in 450 confined to individual manufacturers since a small ml of water (6). Total plate counts were made in number of the producers are dish·ibuting a bacterio plate c ount agar incubated at 35°C for 24 hr. The logically inferior product. This is also supported b y , tetrazolium flooding technique of Solberg and Proc the fact that 2 of the 6 producers having high total ,, tor (11 ) was employed to distinguish colonies in low count samples also accounted for 3 out of 5 samples i that contained more than 10 coliform organisms per g. A' dilutions. I y of the samples examined Coliform organisms were e numerated by plating (Table 1 ) . The majorit coliform organisms. The highest in desoxycholate lactose agar. After incubation at did not contain any ed was 35 per g. 37°C for 24 hr typical colonies w ere selected and coliform count not inoculated into brilliant green bile lactose broth. TABLE 1-JV!rCROBIAL ANALYSIS OF FROZEN FISH STICKS FOR The presence of gas and gram-negative organisms TOTAL PLATE COUNT AND COLIFORM ORGANISMS was considered confirmatory. In certain instances 'l'otal Plate Count, No. / g Col iforms/ g a larger aliquot, 10 ml, of the 1-10 slurry was plated P rodu cer Av e. Co unt (range) es. in large 150-mm Petri dish A 6,800 5,600-8,000 0 Coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated by 13 8,100 1,100-17,000 0-25 surface streaking on mannitol-salt agar. Character c 4,900 1,800-7,500 0 320-62,000 0 istic y ellow colonies w ere transferred to brain heart D 38,000 26,000 6,800-49,000 0 of soluble coagu E infusion broth for the determination F h 800,000 11,000-1,400,000 0-14 , lase by the tube method (6). G 23,000 7,300-44,000 0 For the detection of members of the Salmonella H 20,000 1,800-38,000 0 Shigella group, 10 ml of the homogenate were mixed I" 18,000 4,200-36,000 0-2 000 0-5 with 10 ml of double strength selenite-cystine broth. J 75,000 51,000-100, K 17,000 1,900-39,000 0 4 hr incubation at 37°C, a loopful from the After 2 L 3,100 1,800-4,000 0 broth vvas streaked on both bismuth sulfite and SS lvl 28,000 1,300-75,000 0 agars, and the plates incubated for 48 and 24 hr, 38,000 13,000-50,000 0-10 respectively, at 37°C. Representative colonies were 0 78,000 1,500-180,000 0-7 inoculated on tryptone agar slants which were in p 7,200 1,600-15,000 0 27,000 16,000-44,000 0 cubated for 18 hr at 37°C. The isolates w ere char Q" R 11,000 2,700-26,000 0 e sugar iron agar acterized b y their reactions in tripl s 11,000 7,000-13,000 0-5 and SIM medium. The presence of salmonella was T 3,800 900-8,000 0 then tested b y agglutination with polyvalent sera U" 56,000 16,000-76,000 0-39 ( Lederle Labs ). 17,000 4,200-40,000 0-24 w 29,000 12,000-59,000 0-5 ella-Shigella group" is a The designation "Salmon X 12,000 3,800-17,000 0-5 term employed by Massachusetts (9 ) and does not y 7,200 2,700-11,000 0 imply that these organisms are identical. The isola- · z 13,000 2,200-24,000 0-5 tion procedure will not distinguish Salmonella from "Coagulase-positive staphylococci were present. certain other Enterobacteriaceae, notably the Arizona "Isolates possessed reactions typical of Salmonella-Shigella group. Although distinct from Salmonella, members group. . of the Arizona group are, due to their infectious 'Positive reaction with Salmonella. polyvalent sera e. Since capabilities, of public health significanc Quantitating the number of coliform organisms es suspected of being identification_ of the isolat present in a sample by using one ml of a 1-10 homog were not verified by either Salmonella or Shigella enate presents certain difficulties. At this dilu es, their identity in official public health laboratori tion, an average of slightly more than one organism ntative. this study is c onsidered t e per plate, which is equivalent to more than 10 per g in the original sample, will cause the sample to RESULTS AKD DISCUSSION be considered illegal by certain authorities. Hart Total plate c ounts varied from a low of 300 to a man (3) had previously noted this difficulty. high of 1,400,000 organisms per g. (Table 1 ). Of 78 The use of a large 150-mm Petri dish should re samples, representing 26 processors, 15 samples ( 19%) solve this difficulty by allowing the use of a sample contained 50,000 or more organisms per g. Four size of 10 nil, thus increasing the reliability of the of the 15 samples had 100,000 or more organisms test. Table 2 presents a comparison of results ob per g . These 1.5 samples w ere dish·ibuted among tained from 1-ml and 10-ml aliquots. Two samples 8 processors, 6 of which accounted f or 13 of the 15 found to contain more than 10 coliforms per g by samples. It appears that since the study of frozen the standard technique possessed even higher coli fish sticks by Larkin, Litsky and Fuller (5) sanitary form counts when examined with the large Petri

I I

I ' '

! !

' '

, 1 1

produc ers ers would would hav e e been been in in violation violation if if th e e a llo ·w- Parti c l es. es. Food Food T ec hnol. , , 14 :343 - 346. 346. 1960. 1960.

terial terial Coloni es es in in th e e Presence Presence of of L a xg e e Massachusetts. Massachusetts. Ntml Ntml h e r s s of of Food Food Tw e lv e e samples samples obtained obtained from from · · 8 8

, , 3, 3, 5-Triphenylt e trazol.ium trazol.ium Chloride Chloride for for

Recognition Recognition of of Bac py py did did not not meet meet th e e sanitary sanitary standards standards requir ed ed

11. 11. Solberg , , lvl. lvl. and and Proctor , , E. E. B. B. A A Techniqu

e e Uti li

z ing ing

A A total total of of 20 20 samples samples distributed distributed among among 12 12 proc esso rs rs

1961. 1961.

gical gical quality , , but but a a number number of of exce ptions ptions did did occur. occur.

i s ti cs cs of of Staphyloco cci cci I so l ates. ates. Food Food Techno!. , , 15: 458-464 . .

analyzed analyzed

in in this this

study study

were were of of accepta bl e e bact e riolo of of Fro ze n n Raw Raw and and Cooked Cooked Shrimp . . II. II. Ce1tain Ce1tain Charact er

Th e e majority majority of of can, can, th e e D. D. samples samples vV. , , Tezcan, Tezcan, of of frozen frozen a nd nd fish fish Johnson, Johnson, I. I. sticks sticks M. M. Microbial Microbial Ar1a l ys i s s

J. J. 10. 10. S ilv e rman, rman, G . . Davis, Davis, N. N.

S., S.,

Nick J. J.

e rson , ,

T. T. R. , , Dun

and

· · contained contained coagulase-positive coagulase-positive

staphylococci. staphylococci.

Drugs. Drugs.

Boston , , Ma ssac hu setts. setts. 1961. 1961.

I I positiv e e Salmon e lla lla isolate, isolate, a a high high coliform coliform co unt , ,

Bur ea u u of of Consumer Consumer Prod. Prod. Protection, Protection, Divi s ion ion of of Food Food

and and

mod

rat

e e total total

plat e e

count

, , had

, , in in

addition addition

to to a a tribution tribution of of F1·o ze n n Foods. Foods. Mass. Mass. Dept. Dept. PubHc PubHc H ea lth , ,

polyval en t t sera. sera. This This sample, sample, although although having having a a Rul es es 9. 9. and and Regulations Regulations R e lati ve ve to to th e e Storag e e and and Di s

58. 58. 1960. 1960. one one isolat e e from from produc e r V V r react ed ed with with Salmon e lla lla

New New

Handling Handling J. J.

Code. Code.

Milk Milk and and Food Food Techno!. , ,

23 :54 - members members of of Salmon e lla-Shigella lla-Shigella groups groups and, and, of of these, these,

8. 8. Rob e rt so n , , A. A. H. H. Precook e d d Frozen Frozen Foods Foods ru1d ru1d th e e

Isolat es es from from 5 5 samples samples gave gave reactions reactions typical typical of of

Food Food Techno!., Techno!., 2 0 :145-148. :145-148. 1957. 1957.

elsewhere elsewhere (10 (10 ). ). 1956 . . PubHc PubHc Health Health A s p ec ts ts of of Fro J . . ze n n Foods . . Milk Milk and and

7. 7. R e p01t p01t of of the the Committee Committee strain strain of of of of Frozen Frozen staphylococci staphylococci Food Food Sanit is is a tion tion discuss - e d d by by th e e authors authors

Yo r k., k., New New Yo rk. rk.

1958. 1958. criterion criterion for for characterizing characterizing an an enterotoxin-producing enterotoxin-producing

tion tion of of Foods. Foods. Am e rican rican Public Public Health Health Assoc., Assoc., In c . , , New New

th e e poss ess ion ion of of coagulase coagulase

activity activity

is is a a

sufficient sufficient

R eco G. G. mmended mmended

Methods Methods fo · r r th e e M.icmbiological M.icmbiological Ewl1ni . na

t e rial rial population . . Th e e question question of of whether whether

or or not not

Produ cts. cts. J. J. Amer. Amer. Public Public H ea lth , , 46:464-468. 46:464-468. 1956 . .

ganisms ganisms

are are present present

as as a a minor minor portion portion of of th e e ba c of of F eca l l Streptococ c i i a nd nd Coliform Coliform Bact e ria ria Froz e n n in in Fish Fish

salt salt agar agar 5 . . is is Larkin, Larkin, not not efficient efficient E. E. P., P., J. J. Litsky for for W. W. , , d e tection tection and and Fu when when ll er, er, E. E. th ese ese or Incid e nce nce

J. J. M ea l s. s. Food Food T ec hno!., hno!.,

12:190-1 94. 94. 1958. 1958.

tion tion of of coagulase-positive coagulase-positive staphylococci. staphylococci.

~ Iannitol

di es es on on the the Microbiological Microbiological Quality Quality

of of Pr ecoo

k e d d Frozen Frozen

be be greatly greatly superior superior to to mannitol-salt mannitol-salt agar agar for for isola

4 . . Hub e r, r, D . . A ., ., Zaborow s ki , , H. H. and and Rayman , ,

M. M. M. M. Stu

low ed ed b y y selection selection on on egg egg yo lk lk agar agar was was found found to to

48 . . 1960. 1960.

ing ing cooked cooked meat meat media media

containing containing

10-

% %

NaCl NaCl

fol

Violet Violet R e d d Bil e e Agar. Agar. J. J. Milk Milk and and Food Food T ec hn o !. , , 23 :45-

cooked cooked shrimp shrimp an an e ( nrichm 10 ), ), e nt nt 3. 3. t Hartman ec hniqu , , e e P. P. involv A . . Further Further Studi es es on on th e e S e l ec tivity tivity of of

1961. 1961. sequ en t t study study b y y th a e uthors uthors of of frozen frozen raw raw and and pre

R es ult s s

of of

Bacterial Bacterial

Survey. Survey.

Quick Quick Frozen Frozen Food s, s, 23 :31-33

. . from from one one sample, sample, of of producers producers I I and and V. V. In In a a sub

2. 2. Gund e rson, rson, M. M. F. F. Frozen Frozen Food Food Industry Industry Give s s Initial Initial

Coagulas

e- positiv e e staphylococci staphylococci were were isolat ed ed

Fisheries Fisheries Rev., Rev., 2 0 :6-10. :6-10. 1958. 1958. · · ·

Populations Populations of of Froz e n n Breaded Breaded Fish e ry ry Product s . . Comm . .

1 1 Benard e, e, 25 25 M. M. l. l. A. A. Breading Breading Contribut 53 53 es es to to th e e Microbial Microbial

1 1 15 15 32 32

REFEHE NCES NCES

1 1 10 10 17 17

1 1 10 10 4 4

contamination contamination indig enous enous to to a a food food plant. plant. 1 1 5 5 1 1

when when 1 1 one one reflects reflects on on all all th e e numerous numerous vectors vectors 0 0 for for 2 2

4 4 0 0 0 0 not not been been overly overly successful. successful. This This is is not not surprising surprising

as as total total plate plate Samples Samples count , , co liform liform and and pathogens pathogens

(coliforms have have / g) g) (co li forms / g) g)

. . o f f

Original Original Homog e nat e e Original Original Homogenat e e

tion tion between between va ri ous ous tests tests normally normally em plo yed, yed, such such 1 1 ml ml of of 10 10 ml ml of of

proc

essing essing

and and

storage. storage.

Attempts Attempts

to to find find a a co rr e la WITH WITH 100 100 MM. MM. AND AND 150 150 MM. MM. PETRI PETRI DISHES DISHES

t ended ended to to b e e indicativ e e of of sanitary sanitary TABLE TABLE conditions conditions 2-CoMPARISON 2-CoMPARISON during during OF OF CoLrFon ;vr ;vr CouNTS CouNTS OB TAINED TAINED

r ecommended ecommended by by vario us us investigators investigators and and are are in

10 10 p e r r g g when when th e e 100-mm 100-mm P etri etri dish dish was was e mpl oyed. oyed. Th e e proc edures edures used used in in this this study study hav e e b ee n n

p e r r g g ·w ith ith th e e larg e e P e tri tri dish dish a lthough lthough averaging averaging to to 100 , 000 000 organisms organisms p e r r g. g.

dish. dish. On e e sa mpl e e was was found found to to possess possess 17 17 co liform s s able able total total plat e e count count r e quirem e nt nt were were to to increase increase

MICROBIAL MICROBIAL FisH FisH SncKs SncKs ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF OF CoMMERCIAL CoMMERCIAL FROZE 47 47 ! ! 48

SEDIMENT TESTING OF BULK TANK MILK ON THE FARM .'

B. J. LISKA Dair y Depm·tment, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana

The introduction of the bulk tank system of han could be performed on the farm was not available. dling milk on the farm has brought about several At the time bulk tank milk is received the tempera major changes in milk quality control work. Many tme is 36-40°F. Kihlstrum and Dell}ey (3) found no erred difference in the a mount of sediment in milk tested receiving room operations have been transf I from the dairy plant to the milk house on the farm. at 65°F . and 80-90°F. Prewarming the milk to 80- I This change has caused some problems since milk 900F. melts the butterfat so the filter p ad is not now is accepted and samples for quality tests are clogged with solidified butterfat (2, 8). With pre taken before the milk is pumped into the bulk tank sent merl1ods for performin g the sediment test on truck. bulk tank milk, the milk is warmed in a separate Considerable attention has been given to modifica container with hot water or elech·ic heat and poured tion of methods and equipment for standard off-the into the sediment tester, or milk is drawn into the bottom sediment tests in order to accurately deter sediment tester and the tes ter is held under hot run mine the sediment in bulk tank milk ( 4, 6, 7, 8 ). ning water tmtil the milk is warmed sufficiently. The The method using a pint of mixed milk in which first method requires extra equipment while the , the sediment is collected on an area 0.4 inches in other involves use of exb·a time to properly warm diameter has been d eveloped ( 4, 6). This method the sample. is now included in Standard Methods for the Exam This study was undertaken to develop a more inat-ion of Dairy Products (5). practical method of performing the mixed milk The mixed milk method has not been accepted for ent test on the farm. use in many areas. However, the survey by Kihl sedim strum and Delhey . (3) indicates that routine sedi ment testing of bulk milk is needed. They found that milk in 10.8% of 1193 tanks yielded a sediment test of No.4 and 17.1% of the tanks contained milk with sufficient sediment to rate No. 3. Kihl strum and Delhey used sediment testing equipment of various types and performed the testing on the farm. They suggested that sediment tests be per formed on one pint mixed milk samples delivered to the laboratory. The mixed sample method of testing milk for sediment can be performed at the time the milk is picked up or on a sample which i s returned to the dairy plant laboratory. The test looses its value as a means of excluding ·•tmfit milk when it is per I . formed in the laboratory after the producers milk is mixed with milk from other producers. A sedi ment t est performed at the time of the milk pick up at the farm, with the producer present, is a good tool in quality control programs. The test i s simple to explain and demonstrate to the producers. \ iVhen the sediment test is performed in the dairy plant laboratory it looses some of its effectiveness in quality control work. The mixed sample sediment test was accepted al though simple, practical equipment with which it

1Journal Paper umber 1786 of the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station. 'Presented at the 48th Almual Meeting of the I N TERNATIONAL AssociATION oF MILK AND Fooo S ANI TARJANS, Inc., at Des Moines, Iowa, August 14-17, 1961. Figure 1. Superior type pressure tester.

ill ill ""

m m r a w minute minute per per gallon gallon e e on f f o rate rate e e th at at et et ck ja . . d e ulat circ ot ot n filled filled t t e ack 'J

. . 00F 3 l l ter ter er er wa f f o wat . . p the the ''Tem through through g g circulatin F F ° 0 13 of of erature erature mp te a a

°F. °F. 38-40 arted arted t S at at lk lk Mi " at at r r e \Vat 2. 2. nd nd a 1 1 es es Tabl in in ented ented s pre e e r a s s ult s

e r The The rtaken. rtaken. e und was was circulation circulation water water of of e e rat

2 2 0 0 1 40 40 8 8 4 and and e e r peratu em t e e th n n o work work y y lin1inar e Pr r. r. e at w

hot hot r r fo flow flow over and and t t e inl n n a s s i e e r e Th . . e abl y o m

~~ ~~ 1 5 5 . 1 50 50 68 68

I I

re e e r a which which s s t e

gask ne ne e neopr with with

ace ace pl in in ld ld e h

. . ,

1 1 8 8 1 55 55 83 83

t t e jack is is The The . . e pip steel steel ess ess l stain r r e t me dia h h c in

! !

' ' ·

21 21

62 62 :! :! J 1 1 9 three three om om fr de de a m t cke ja r r e wat

a a with with r r te es t nt nt

edime

s ' ' 1

I I

am am e cr e e typ r r o Superi

ndard ndard a t s a a

tially tially n sse e is is r r e t es t 0 0 3 75 75 c c o 180 180

nt nt e dim se new new The The d. d. e devt'!lop s s a w 2 2 e e ur Fig in in

shown shown l l e mod the the e e r efo b onal onal ti func but but e e crud r r e rath inb inb /m l :a < o o T o o r • F F • o ; ' ' .~< · o s o o T •F •F 0 9

e e wer which which made made were were ls ls e mod ral ral e Sev use. use. in in

e e Tim ( (sec) (sec) are are s s nk a t milk milk bulk bulk where where e e ilabl va a e b ould ould w water water

ot ot i l that that d d assume was was er. er. t es t e e th nd nd rou It It a t e jack

r r e at w a a through through ater ater w hot hot f f o

circulation circulation

y y b

e e

b to to

ARM ARM ' " " " ESTER T TilE TilE IN IN K K flL O O T Ull\ED Ull\ED Q E R ME ME TI N N O

ed ed ar appe milk milk the the ating ating e h e pr f f o ans ans me t t es pl im s The The - 2 CrnCULATED CrnCULATED \IATEH \IATEH \ OF OF UNT UNT O AM THE THE F F O EFFECT EFFECT TABLE TABLE

gure gure i F in in shown shown l. l. is is selected selected ster ster e t The The farm. farm.

the the on on tested tested d d an it it in in d d e t ea h e pr be be ould ould c k l mi at at th

d. d. pa r r e filt e e th gh gh u ·o tlu k k l mi e e th

so so available available now now r r e test a a ing ing y odif m y tr to to study study

force force d d an r r wate e e th ff ff o shut shut , , r e thermomet tl1e tl1e

e e th in in y y earl decided decided as as w It It ble. ble. a vail a y y all i merc

n n o d d e indicat as as F F ° 90 0- 8 s s e h ac e r milk milk e e h t n n e h V 'v 6. 6.

; ;

- com now now sters sters e t nt nt sedime of of number number a a are are e e r e Th

r. r. e t wa

ting ting a circul the the by by F F ° -90 0 8 o o t

warmed warmed be be to to

TS TS SUL E R ND ND A ODS ODS lVfETH

1nilk 1nilk the the \v \v allo and and r r e t es t e e th of of top top the the ace ace epl R 5. 5.

r. r. e st e t

and. and. t s and and r r e t e rmom e th , , water e e th into into it it pour pour and and milk milk of of pint pint one one asure asure me

r r o f t t inle , , ket jac r r e t wa g g howin s r r e t tes ed ed Modifi . 2. 2. Figme Figme and and ipper ipper d a a use use agitation, agitation, of of min min 3-5 3-5 r r fte A 4. 4.

. . ace l p in in it it n n tighte and and

d d hea r r e t s e t the the in in sk sk di on on ott c e e lintin a a ace ace l P 3. 3.

. . t e k

jac the the hrough hrough t flow flow r r e wat f f o e e rat e e th e e ulat eg r

and and r r e t wa hot hot of of rce rce ou s e e to th to r r e t es t e e th Attach Attach . . 2

tank. tank. milk milk bulk bulk e e h t on on agitator agitator the the Start Start l. l.

ed: ed: dopt a was was t t es t e e th forming forming

r pe and and s s e ampl s g urin ec s for for e e dur ce pro following following

e e th d d cke che were were tanks tanks of of r r e numb a a r r e Aft mille mille

k k n ta ulk ulk b n n i t n sedime g g rminin e t e d in in se se u for for l l ca

practi was was tester tester e e h t ed ed t ca indi s s l a tri y y liminar e Pr

min. min. 1.5 1.5

in in F F ° 0 9 to to F F ° 38 m m fro er er t tes the the in in milk milk of of pint pint one one

1 1 : : e t a r ow ow l F " . . min r r e p l l ga

. . ·F 38-4o at at d d e tart S Milk Milk "

31 31 145 145 60 60 44 44

63 63 0 0 3 1 4 4 3 57 57

115 115 51 51 77 77 40 40

100 100 90 90 2 2 6 148 148

F F · o o emp. emp. T To To °F °F 0 R 1'o 1'o rb rb ate w f' f' o F F ;o• To To

(sec) (sec) Time Time (

Tnm Tnm " " EH T TES THE THE IN IN JLK JLK 1 l l V.>.Hll \ TO TO D D QUIHE RE

F F O LENGTH LENGTH ON ON TElllPEHATUHE TElllPEHATUHE ATEH ATEH ' \\ F F O FECT FECT I-EF LE LE AB T

Mn.K Mn.K K K 49 49 l A T BULK BULK OF OF ESTL'\TG ESTL'\TG T DIMENT DIMENT E S 50 S EDINI ENT TESTING OF BuLK T ANK MILK

7. Remove the filter pad, label and grade it. During use the sediment tester may be kept in the stand as shown in Figure 2 or hung on the wash sink as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 also shovvs , the position of the dial thermometer. The dial ther ,, tester and it mometer can be easily added to the Figure 4. Sediment pads c orresponding from left to right saves time in determining whether or not the milk to grades 1, 2, 3 prepared u sing the modified t ester and is sufficiently warmed to pass through the filter graded by c omparison with recommended standards f or bulk pad satisf~ctoril y . In this way a temperature of 80- tank milk. 900F can be repeated to make conditions of the test more uniform. driver b ecomes accustomed to using the tester, he diment tests as a normal part of Sediment disks representing sediment tests made can perform the se the use of much additional time. during this study are shown in Figure 4. The wet his routine without e sediment tester can be made from tinned disks were graded using a photograph of reference Th steel. Cost and durability will standards for bulk tank milk. This set of standards steel or stainless e of material used. Since the milk has been prepared and recommended for use by the vary with the typ the bulk milk tank, there should American Dry :1\!Iilk Instih1te, the Cheese Institute, is not returned to e use of tinned steel. the Evaporated Milk Association and the American be no objection to th type of sediment disk is quite im Butter Institute (1). Choice of the portant. The disk must be the thin, wafer type , lintine cotton disk. If thicker, soft cotton disks are used, there is considerable difficulty forcing high fat milk through the filter disks. Using the thin, wafer t ype disk, properly warmed cream with 36% fat can be tested for sediment with no problems. The work of Kihlstrum and D elhey (3) indicates a need for more e mphasis on sediment testing of bulk tank milk. This should be in the form of a good, practical, routine sediment testing program I used on the farm before the milk is pumped into the tank truck in order to maintain a high quality milk supply.

AcK ' OWLE DGEMENT

The author wishes to express his a ppreciation to Morris Clark, Clark Dairy Supply Company, Greenwood, Indiana, for cooperation in the e ngineering and final design of the sediment tester. REFE HENCE S 1. F lake, J. C. E vaporated Milk Association. Persmmal Communication. 1961. 2. Jensen, ( M. and Jokay, L. Pipeline Milker and Bulk Tank Milk Filh·ation. J. Milk and Food Techno!. , 20: 230. 1957. 3. Kihlstrum, E. E . and Dell1ey, R. \ V. F arm Bulk Tank Sediment Testing. J. Milk and F ood T echno!., 23: 108. 1960. 4. Liska, B. J. and Calbelt, H . E . A Study of Mixed lv!ilk Sample Methods of Sediment Testing Using Off-the Bottom Standards and Equipment for Possible Use \"'ith F arm Bulk Holclin g Tanks. J. Milk and Food Techno!., 17: 83. 1954. 5. StandaTd M ethods for the Examination of Dairy Prod F igure 3. Modified sediment tester shown in operation . ucts. 11th Ed. Am eri can Public H ealth Association. Chap ter 15, 1960. 6. 'Watson,E N. . A S ediment Pump for Farm Tanks. J. DISCUSSION Al\'D CONCLUSIONS Milk and Food Techno!., 15 :43. 1952. The sediment tester developed and used in this 7. '~' at so n , N. E. Sediment Determination in Fann Tanks. Dairy Industry Conference, Davis, California. 1 953. t esting of bulk tank study is practical for sediment 8. ' 'Vatson, N . E. Determination of Sediment in rv!i lk in milk on the farm. Unfit milk can be detected b e F arm Tanks and/ or Plant Storage Tanks a nd Tank Trucks. fore it is mixed with other milk. After the tank truck J. Milk and Food Techno!., 19 :228. 1956. 51

COMMITTEE REPORTS

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON Vincent T. Foley, Chairman., Lou King, BAKING INDUSTRY EQUIPMENT -1961 ( Missouri Association) ( Illinois Association ) H ealth D epmtment, 400 E. Ontm·io, The Baking Industry Sanitation S t an d a r d s Committee Kansas City 6, Missomi Amer. lnst. of Baking, ( BISSC) met in Chicago, Illinois, March 3, 4, 1961. Rep Chicago 11, Ill. A. E. Abrahamson, resenting the International Association of Milk and Food ( N. Y. Association ) Sanitarians at this meeting were .tv!r. Abraham son, Mr. Foley W . R. McLean, City of New York, and Mr. Roth, all members of the Baking Industry Equip D ept. of H ealth, D ept. of H ealth, ment Committee. The Committee approved the standard EdHcation & ·w elfare, l ew York New York which includes Dough Chutes, D ough H oppers, Dough 13, Atlanta 23, Georgia Trough Hoists, and Automatic D ough Trough Dm11ps. It is James H. Burrows, Louis Vv. Pickles, the recommendation of this Committee that this Standard City H ealth D epartment, ( Assoc. Ill. Milk San.), be approved by the Association. TI1is brings the number Nil es, Michigan City H ealth D ep artment, of standards approved and published to twenty-one. Peoria, Illinois T he Baking Industry with the co-operation and labor of R. S. Doughty, a great many individuals, including m embers of this com ( N . Y. Association ) , Armin Roth, mittee, have worked hard in the formulation of workable 52A Troy Drive, ( Michigan Association ), standards for bakery equipment. This Committee reported Springfield, N . J. Wyandotte Chemicals last year; (a) that there was a need for more aggressive Corp., action by BISSC in publicizing and using the approved VVyanclotte, Michigan standards; and (b) that a control should be initiated by BISSC over the equipment that is being m anufactmed and installed in bakeries that allegedly meets BISSC standards. The Committee can repmt on Recommendation No. 1 that there has been some increased activity in publicizing BISSC REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON standards. \.Yhile admittedly, there is a long way to go before this activity is adequate, still, it is encouragin g to DAIRY FARM METHODS-1961 know some headway is being achieved. During the past year the F arm Methods Committee repre On Recommendation No. 2, no action bas been taken by sented the IAMFS in the d!')velopment of and pruticipation BISSC toward conh·oling or insp ecting equipment to determine in the activities of the National Mastitis Council. This or if it meets a specific standard. ganization was formed as the result of the conference called The Committee believes the need for ce1tification of equip by the IAMFS last Octob er and was developed in accordance ment is most urgent. The equipment being installed today with the recommendations adopted at that conference. will., in many cases, be in use twenty years from now. The standing subcommittees of the Farm Methods Com Recently, in a Mid-westem state, bakery equipment was in mittee have continued to study and evaluate the following stalled in a State institution, allegedly to BISSC Standards. ma jor problems with which this committee is concerned: The Chainnan of this committee received a telephone call from a H ealth D epartment official of that State. The State I. Cleaning of m'ilk transfer systems. The subcommittee on official described the equipment and was advised that it did pipeline milkers and the subcommittee on milk transfer sys not meet BISSC specifications. The official notified the tems collaborated on a study of pmtable pipelines. Particular manufacturer of the necessaq changes to b e made. S\t bse attention is b eing given to tl1e proper cleaning and main quently, the m anufacturer made the necessary changes. Only tenance of plastic tubing with special reference to the types through th e action of an alert health official was this viola of films

farm conditions. Cleaning and sanitizing methods and ma and \•Velhu·e appoint m1 advisory board of experts to assist in terials, temperatures, concentrations, recommended teclmiques the evaluation of scientific evidence on the basis of which for handling, prevention of opacity, minimum drainage prob decisions have to be made prohibiting or pem1itting the use lems, and longevity of use, are being objectively evalu of certain possibly harmful compounds. If existing l egis ~a ated. Data are being obtained under comparati ve conditions tion does not permit the Secretary to exercise discretion con to recommended practices in the selection, installation and sistent with the e vidence obtained, it is recommended that maintenance of stainless and glass transfer systems. appropriate modification in the law be sought. It also rec::> mmends that research b e expanded by the U. S. Depart II. Bulk tank handling of milk. The subcommittee for ment of Agri culture, by the State Agricultural Experiment standardization of procedures, tests, etc., for fam1 bulk tank Station, and by industry to discovet additional safe and ef handling of milk has reviewed the existing s ituation concem fective material used in the production and processing of ing the responsibility of tank truck drivers and what is b eing foods . clone in some areas conceming the training and li censing of these drivers. As a result of this study it was concluded lV. In-place cleaning of farlll bulk tanks, farm pick-1111 that attention should be g iven to : tank trucks an d over-the-road tankers. The subcommittee on (a) The need for education and li censing to insme proper in-pl ~ce washing of farm bulk tanks and tank trucks has qualifications of drivers a nd supervision of procedures. continued its survey and received a wealth of information (b) Henewal of licenses and provision for revocation if frorn most areas of the United States. Observations from ex necessary. peri ence in the fi eld reveal that many different typ es of (c) The problem of multiple licensing where there is equipment and methods are being used with varying results. overl apping of regulatory a uthority or where more than one Notable in these observations is the lack of agreement on market jurisdiction is involved. types of equipment, materials and procedures necessary to ( d ) The need for unifom1 regulation and examinations per accomplish effective ~p ra y cleaning o f farm bulk tanks, fann , taining to the li censing of farm pick-up tank drivers. (The pick-up and transportation t anks. A great deal more atten subcommittee has been charged with the work of developing tion apparently must be given t o this labor saving system of recommendations on this phase of the project during the tank sanitation . coming year) . It must b e understood that all of these studies of the s ub committees deal with areas of milk production which neces III. Pestic-ides and antibioti.cs. The committee on p esti sarily vvill require continued attention. It is hoped that the cides and antibiotics is continuing to survey this situation eff01ts of the Fann Methods Committee will aid in bringing as it p ertains to the dairy industry. The antibio!ic program them to a successful conclusion in the future. and its results has continued in a similar manner as reported As a new project a subcommittee has been appointed to last year. The 1960 report on pesticides was prin1arily con develop uniform sediment testing standards which will be cerned with pesticide control activities on the State and local acceptable to all agencies for fann bulk stirred samples. level including some primary consideration in the develop ment and conduct of a satisfactory and practical control pro Dr. H. \•V.. Metzger, ChaiTman Hichard M. Martin, gram. Many state and local agencies have stepped up edu Dairymen's League · Ohio Dept. of Health, cational activities and testing programs although the com Syracuse, ew York Columbus 15, Ohio plexity of analytical methods has tempered the degree and : hester F . Bletch, volume of testing. Actual testing for pesticide residues is Maryland & Virginia 1ike O'Conner, usually confined to milk although much work is b eing done l'vlilk Prod. Association, Seattle-King County with dairy cattle feeds which exp eri ence has shown may be Arlington 9, Virginia Milk Division, the principal offenders. Hay, silage, fodder, the so-called Dr. George D. Coffee Bellingham, \~T ashington trash f eeds, and in some cases commercial preparations a ppear Dist. of Colmnbia Alexander A. Paris, to fall in this category. Laws and regulations conceming Dept. of Public H ealth, State of Maryland agricultural chemicals are in effect in the majority of states V/ashington 1, D. C. Dept. of H ealth, r duplicate federal r equirements or establish similar and eithe Dr. J. C . Flake, Baltimore 18, !v!aryland requirements. Much infomw tion is available concerning the Evaporated Milk use of pesticides and oti1er agri cultural ch emicals. A partial Association, I. E. Parkin, listing includes : Chicago 1, Illinois Pennsylvania State College "Insecticide Recommendation of the Entomology Hesearch Milton E. H eld, of Agriculture Division for the Control of Insects Attacking Crops and Li ve Dept. H ealth, Education University Park, Pa. stock", Agricultural Hesearch Service and F ederal Extension & Welfare, Dr. H. M. Parry, Service, U. S. Deparb11 ent of Agriculture. (USDA Handbook San Francisco 2, Calif. Connecticut Department # 120 - 1961 edition ) M. W. Jefferson, of Agriculture, "Open Door to Plenty", National Agri cultural Chemicals Dairy Products, Hartford 15, Connecticut Association, 1145 19th Street, N . \N., ·washington 6, D. C. Sru1 i tation Section, "The Good in Your Food", Super Market Institute, Inc., Hi chmond 19, Virginia A. K. Saunders, 500 T. D earbom Street, Chicago 10, Illinois. Hobert M. Keown, The Diversey Corporation, "Heport on Agricultural Chemicals and Hecommendations Inter-City Milk Control Chicago 6, Illinois for Public Poli cy, by State of California, Governor E. C. Inc., Council, Ale'< C. Shaw, Brown's special committee on Public Policy Hegarcling Elkhorn, \•Visconsin F lorida Deparb11 ent Agricultural Chemicals, Sacramento, California. Dec. 30, 1960. Kihlstrum, Elmer of Agri culture, "Heport of the Panel on Food Additives to th e President's Johnson & Johnson, Tall ahassee, F lorida Science Advisory Committee". Chicago 38, Illinois Ther latter eport has been printed by The Nutrition Founda- \ Villiam Knutzen, HmTy F. Stone, tion, Inc., 99 Park Avenue, ew York 16, New York. In Dept. of Agriculture, Dept. of Public Welfare · brief, i.t recommends that the Secretary of H ealth, Education, Seattle, \Vashington St. Louis 3, ]'V[issouri COJviMITTEE REPORTS 53

Richard P. March , \'Villiam Trobaugh, tion acts have b een presented to their respective legislatures lew York State College City & Catmty D ept of in the near future. of Agriculh1re, H ealth & Hospitals, The total number of states which have a registration law Ithaca, New York D enver 4, Colorado remains at eighteen . In eight states at least one attempt has been made to secure the enactment of a registration act. In four of these states more than one attempt has been made. The main reasons given for failure are listed as follows : l. Administrative personnel opposed the legislation. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON 2. H eld up in legislative committee. EDUCATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAl 3. Poorly prepared bill. DEVELOPMENT -1961 4. Opposition to educational r~quirement . 5. Opposition to further li censing of professions. The work of the committee during the past year was ac 6. Lack of understru1ding by public and industry. complished through subcommittees. They were (a) Sub The committee was called upon to furnish information for committee on Scholarship, (b) Subcommittee on Sanitarian's aiding one affiliate association in their efforts for preparing Care6r Brochure and Recruitment Program , and (c) Subcom and presenting a registration law. mittee on Professional Standards and Registration. Sanitarian's Joint Council Representatives were appointed

REPORT oF THE Suncol\I M IT TEE O N ScHOLAl~SHJP ex -officio m embers of our committee. •· This was done to insure a close liaison between the accomplishments of the v\!illiam B. Palmer Scholarship Award two groups. Since the SanitaTian's Joint Catmcil has not had a full council meeting since the last annual meeting of the Both the scholarship announcement and application forms association, there is nothing to report through our committee. were sent to the eighteen universities and colleges offering undergraduate courses leading to a degree in Sanitary Science \V. Howard Brown, Richard Mansfi eld or Public Health. Two applications were received prior to Cha-innan Dr. Sumner Morrison the closing date of June 1, 1961. The applications were Russell B. Cunningham Guy P . Stephens circulated among the subcommittee m embers for selecting the Kru·l K. Jones Raymond Summerlin applicant to receive the award. The committee's recom Gilbert L. Kelso H aynes \il,fright mendation was forwarded to the E xecutive Board of the Thomas D. Laughlin Harold S. Adams, ex-officio Association for making the $300.00 \iVilliam B. Pah11er Scholar Dr. Samuel 0. Lear John D. Faulkner, ex-off-icio ship Award. Schola·rship Fund

The members at the 1960 meeting of the Affiliate Council voted to eliminate contributions to the scholarship fund by REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON th e affiliate associations. FOOD EQUIPMENT SANITARY There remains ~ 13 4 . 50 in the funds contributed by the af STANDARDS-1961 . filiate associations. It is recommended that this money b e The objectives of the International Association of Milk used as part payment for the 1961-1962 scholarship award. and Food Sanitarians Committee 'on Food Equipment Sani

S u BCO~IliiiTTEE ON SAN lTA HIAN 's CAREER BHOCH UHE .'\ N D tary Standards are to participate with health organizations R ECHUITl\I ENT PHOGHAl\I and industries in the formulation of sanitary standards for food equipment and to present to the m embership those I During th e course of the year, the committee chairman standards which the Committee recommends be endorsed by asked the Executive Board for direction with reference to the the Association. preparation of a sanitarian's career brochme. The need for The following report will outline the Committee's activities such a brochure seems apparent. It can b e used as a tlus year in working with two H ealth and Industry organiza means of informing the public of the sanitarians part in tions (the National Sanitation Foundation's Joint Committee public health and sanitation programs. It is needed in a on Food Equipment Stru1dards, · and the Automatic Merchrul recruiting program to e ncourage students to 'pursue the fi eld dising H ealth-Industry Council ) and progress in meeting its of public h ealth and sanitary science in their course of study . objectives. It is expected these organizations will be the It can possibly be used in conjunction with membership J:e two groups that the Committee will work with during the cruiting prognuns as well as other phases of our work. coming year. The E xecutive Board advised the committee to make con tact with Health Careers of the National H ealth Council , 1 ATIONAL SAN lTATION FouNDATION (NSF) 1790 Broadway, New York 19, New York, as a possible m eans of assisting each other anci exchanging ideas. Preliminary At the 1961 m eeting of the National Sanitation Founda tion's Joint Committee on Food Equipment Standards, con I eontacts have been made; however, continued study must be sideration was given to proposed revisions of the Basic Cri ·!' made in order to determine \vhether or not their material covers our needs. teria C-1, Standards 2, 3, 4, and 7 ru1d to the proposed I ' Standard No. 8 for Commercial Powered Food Preparation I Suncol\LVIJTTEE O N PROFESSIONAL STA N DARDS Equipment. A N D REGISTRATION l3 asic CTiteria C -1 A questionnaire was sent to a representative in each of the Basic Criteria C-1 was amended to clarify the definition 50 states and 3 U. S. possessions. It was devised to secure of a vending machine to include a machine vending ice. certain basicc information with regard to the registration acts Another amendment stating that the vending m echanism which have been enacted as law, and to determine the shall be automatic.ally locked when waste containers inside progress that has been n1ade in those areas where registra- the machine become filled was also adopted. 54 COMMITTEE REPORTS

Standa-rd No. 2 Equipment has been under d evelopment since 1954. How Time did not permit a thorough study of all proposed r e ever, very little was done on this Standard until 1959 at visions to Standard No. 2, as this was the last topic on the which time this Committee had an oppmtw1ity to review one agenda. However, it was the c onsensus of the Joint Com of the earl y drafts developed by the Industry and Pub~ c mittee that the reference to wooden-top worktables should H ealth Advisory Committees. A m ember of tllis Committee be deleted because of the difficulty in maintaining the s ur served on the Public Healtl1 Advisory Committee. A final face of presently manufactmed tables in a smooth, easily draft of tl1is proposed standard was reviewed and comments cleanable condition. It was felt that wood cutting boards were submitted dming tl1e year by tllis Committee. At the i ~· would be acceptable, provided they were constructed of easily Joint Committee Meeting, a general review of tl1e proposed ' cleanable material and were easily removable for cleaning. standard for powered equipment was conducted and tenta Further review is planned for the coming year via mail with tive approval was given to tl1e pr~po s al witl1 tl1e under final review and adoption of several significant revisions to standing that it would be reviewed at the 1962. meeting in the Standard anticipated at the 1962 meeting of the Joint hopes of effecting more s pecificity for tl1 e evaluation of the Committee. various types of equipment to be considered w1der this Standard. Standanl No. 3 Th ~ present recommendation for alternate installation of Standard 1 o. 3 was amended at the suggestion of the dish equipment regardil1g tl1 e s pace behind, between and beside washing machine industry to eliminate the use of wood in un.its have been subjected to much criticism by industry as dish racks. There was also considerable discussion of prob being more stril1gent tl1an necessary to assure ease of main lems in maintaining the s pecified temperatme of 170oF in tenance. Therefore, after a careful review, ilie Joint Com the recirculated rinse tank of multiple tank dishwashing mittee adopted the following guide which will be refl ected machines. The NSF staff is to review and re-evaluate the ill all other 1SF Standards. requirements for these machines and to continue the s tudy l. \Vhen the distance to be c leaned is less than 2. ft il1 initiated in 1959 on similar problems of maintaining specified length, the widtl1 of the clear unobstructed space should not of single temperature of 160°F in the recirculated wash tank be less than 6 in. tank conveyor-type machines . 2. \Vhen the distance to be c leaned is greater than 2 ft, Standa:rcl No. 4 but less than 4 ft in length, tl1e width of tl1 e c lear unobstructed The importance of mechanical equipment performing satis space should not be less than 8 in. factorily in the field as a means of preventing food-borne 3. \Vhen tl1e distance to be cleaned i s g re

work work of of th e e As s ociation' s s Committ ee ee and and subscribe, subscribe, by by l aw aw or or w ho se se int e rnal rnal t empe ratur e e h as as ri se n n above above o oF oF must must prompt-

ur ges ges

all all sa

nitarians nitarians

and and h ea lth lth d e partm e nt s s to to s upp01t upp01t th e e a nd nd o th e r r temporary temporary co nditi o n s. s. Ho weve r , , fro zen zen food s s

able able

and and

acceptab

l e e stan d a rd s s for for the the f ood ood i ndu s tr y, y, and and it it for for s u c h h ope r a ti o n s s as as defrost defrost cy cl es, es, l oading oading a11d a11d unloadin g, g,

con

tinu e e it s s work work wi th th T SF SF and and AMHIC AMHIC in in d eve g g lopin wo rk a t t O o f', f', o r r l owe r , , but but a ll ows ows t empo r a r y y deviations deviations up up to to 10 oF oF

mitt ee . . The · · Committ ee ee recommends recommends th a t t th e e A ssocia posed posed tion tion AFDOUS AFDOUS co d e e r eq uir es es th a t t all all fro ze n n food s s b e e h e ld ld

n ex

t t

year year prom i ses ses a l so so to to b e e a a ve r y y bu sy sy one one for for thi s s Com excep t t th e e ba c t e rial rial s t a ndru·d s s for for frozen frozen food s. s. Th e e pro

T h e e past past year year ha s s hown hown co n s

id e r ab l e e activity activity a ported ported nd nd the the th a t t all all sec ti o n o s f f th

e e proposed proposed co de de were were co mpl e t e e

I I

pr opr iat

e e

r eq uirem

e nt s. s. I n n 1 960, 960, a t t th a e I nnual nnual ' ' meeting meeting of of AFDOUS, AFDOUS, it it was was r e

w hich hich in in th e e sanitarian's sanitarian's opinion opinion

as as

fail

ed ed

to to

nfom1 nfom1

to to

we r e e a pp o int e d d to to d eve lop lop vru·io u s s sect i ons ons of of th e e

co d e. e.

! !

which which ha · s s ' ' b ee n n throu g h h one one

of of th e ir ir eva

luation luation

pro

g ram

s s

and and

industry. industry. Accordingly, Accordingly, seve r a l l co mmitt ees ees and and s ub

ommitt

ees ees

• •

a l so so ha ve ve e n co m aged aged sa ans ans nitari

to to r

epo

1t 1t

any any

uipm

e nt nt

sa nit a ti on, on, p ro ced ur es es a nd nd p erfo rmru1C e e for for the the frozen frozen food food

acce ptabl e e equ ipm

e nt nt

w ill' ill'

be be

prevented prevented

in in th e e

future. future.

Th ey ey

that that imm ed i a t s e t e p s s hould hould be be t a k e n n to to es tabli s h h

a a code code of of

quirements quirements an d d s tri

c t e r r

e nfor

ce m

e nt nt of of

ese, ese,

li st

g g of of un

At At th e e 1 958 958 annual annual m ee tin g g of of AFDOUS, AFDOUS, it it was was decided decided

uipm

e nt, nt, and and it it i s s hop ed ed that, that, throu g h h more more s trin ge nt nt r e

uniform uniform

l aws aws

n a

o n w id e. e.

tion tion

a nu

al al

from from

th e

ir ir

r ti espec

ve ve li stings stings of of accep t a bl e e

peo

e e

as as

e e basis basis

for for

t e e

la ws ws

r d egu lati ons ons to to provide provide

b e lo w w

spec

ifi

tion s s

of of

ppli

bl s e

tand

a rd s, s, c rit e ri a, a, or or eva lu

the the

fr oze

f n

d d i11dustry i11dustry

nd nd

uld uld

b e e u se d d by by r eg ulatory ulatory

em pha

i s s on on

e mo v in g g

eq uipm

t t

h t

as as been been f o und und to to b e e

indu

s tr y. y.

Thi

s s co d w e a s s to to be be

advisory advisory to to th e e m e mb e r s s of of

worked worked

ith ith

durin g g

th e e

past past

seve

ral ral

years years

ve ve

placed placed n ~o r e e

nd nd

ai nt

e n a

ce ce

f f

quality quality

be be

draft

e d d for for th e e froz e n n food food

e e

two two n

a tional tional

r o

ani

tion

w s hi c h h

thi s s Committ ee ee h as as

of of t empe r a tm es es but but a l so so s tru1dru ·ds ·ds of of san it a tion , , p e rfom1an ce, ce,

proposed proposed

that that a a code code e mbra ci n g g not not only only th e e maintenance maintenance S uMMARY uMMARY

Frozen Frozen Foo d d Packers Packers (NAFFP) (NAFFP) approached approached AFDOUS AFDOUS and and

publi c c h ea lth lth ob j ec ti ves ves of of A:tv!HIC . . tln·ou g h h th e ir ir tr ade ade o r gru1 i za tion , , th e e National National A ssoc i ation ation of of

in g g th e e co min g g year year t o o fulfill fulfill some some of of th e e other other import (A nnual nnual a nt nt Meeting, Meeting, 1961 ). ). As As was was pointed pointed out , , th e e industr y, y,

dr aw in g g to to a a close, close, th a t t thi s s Committee Committee will will b e e n ee d e presented presented d d dm b y y Dr. Dr. Slocum Slocum imm e diat e ly ly prior prior to to this this r e port port

I I

is is anticipated, anticipated, It It with with the the wo rk rk on on th e e Evaluation Evaluation Manu which which a l l f o ll owed owed hav e e be e n n outlined outlined in in th e e exce ll ent ent paper paper

in in th e e n e xt xt printin g g of of th e e Ordinanc e e and and Code . . int e re s t ed ed in in th e e ntir e e fro ze n n food food fi e ld. ld. Ma11y Ma11y of of the the steps steps

H ea lth lth S e r v i ce ce for for co n s id e rati on on an d d possible possible in corpo mittee mittee r a tion tion on on Canned, Canned, Pro cesse d d and and Frozen Frozen Foods, Foods, became became

b e r s s of of th e e Council Council a nd nd even tu a ll y y submitted submitted to to th e e fi c Publi ial s s c c of of th U e nit ed ed States States ( ( AFDOUS), AFDOUS), throu g h h its its Com

co mment s s will will be be com piled piled w ith ith tho se se from from the the other other m S e evera m l l years years ago, ago, th e e A ssocia tion tion of of Food Food ru1cl ru1cl Drug Drug Of

di sc ussion ussion at at th e e 1961 1961 Annual Annual M ee tin g. g. in in The The thi s s Committee's Committee's fi e ld . .

or or modifi ca tion tion of of th e e Ordinan ce ce an d d Code Code ea rl e y nou th gh gh a t t for for th e e membership membership would would be be inform e d d of of th e e developments developments

n eeds eeds and and b e e prepared prepared t o o s ubmit ubmit co mm en co t s s n on on ce rnin c l a g g rifi th ca ese ese ti n n o projects projects and and report report to to the the association association so so

r e pr esen tativ es es wou ld ld review review th e e Cod e e in in mitt li g ht ht ee ee of of felt felt pr that that esen it it t t would would b e e advisable advisable to to gather gather information information

Committ ee. ee. was was d ec It It id ed ed that that indu s try try and and publi c c man health health y y of of th e e aspects aspects of of fr ozen ozen food food sru litation, litation, yo ur ur co m

further further int e rpr e ting ting th e e docwnent docwnent h ave ave b een een offered offered b y y Sin thi ce ce s s mu c h h wo rk rk i s s b e in g g done done by by var iou s s age ncies ncies on on

Ordinan ce ce a nd nd Cod e . . Several Several co mm e nt s s for for

modifying modifying or or

FROZEN FROZEN FOOD FOOD SANITATION-1961 SANITATION-1961

of of re co mm e ndation s s for for c han ges ges to to th e e Publi c c

H ea lth lth S e r

v i ce ce

REPORT REPORT

OF OF

THE THE

COMMITTEE COMMITTEE

ON ON Th e e last last it e m m at at th e e 1960 1960 an nual nual m eet ing ing was was a a di sc u ss ion ion

Code Code Chang es es

ced ur es es w hi c h h guide guide th e e Coun c il. il.

fi ca nt nt improv e m e nt s s and and clarifications clarifications of of th e e p l an s s and and pro

se ntativ es es on on th J e e e ff Coun erso n n c il il City and and , , many many Missouri Missouri of of th e r m es Ch ult ed ed a rlott in in esvi s i g ll ni e, e, Virginia Virginia

th ese ese r ev i sio ns ns State State we r s e H eal u gges th th t ed ed D epa by by rtment, rtment, th e e publi c c Publi h ea lth lth c c Health Health repr e Service, Service,

Plan Plan and and Procedures Procedures ( Mi sso uri uri to to th As e e socia m e mb tion) tion) e r s s durin g g 1961. 1961. Mo s t t (International (International of of A sso ciation) ciation)

Coun c il il and and Ge s n ubmitt e e M c Ely e d d ea, ea, th e e am e nd e d d AMHIC AMHIC Jrun es es Or A ga . . ni \ za Vestbrook, Vestbrook, tion tion

plan plan and and procedures procedures

in in k ee

pin g g

with with

th s e u gges tion s s of of th e e Los Los Ang e l es, es, Calif. Calif. New New York, York, New New York York

Council Council m em b e r s, s, th

e e

Secretary Secretary

of of

AMHIC AMHIC

amended amended th e e H ea lth lth D e p a rtm en t , , H ea lth lth D e prutm e nt , ,

an d d

pro ce dur es es of of AMHIC. AMHIC.

At At

e e r eco

nm1

e nd a tion tion of of th e e ( ( Int e rnati o nal nal Association) Association) (New (New York York A ssocia tion ) )

c onc

rn e d d th e e cl a rifi ca tion tion of of th e e co mpo s ition , , organ i zat ion ion D. D. Gooden, Gooden, R. R. J e rom e e Trichter, Trichter,

Th e e n ex t t

topic topic on on th

e e agenda agenda a t t th e e 1960 1960 annua l l m ee tin g g

Riclm1ond, Riclm1ond, Virginia Virginia Mont go m e r y, y, Alabama Alabama

' ' 0Tgan'izat'ion. 0Tgan'izat'ion.

Plan s s

and and

P · ro

ced

uT es es

State State H ea lth lth D ep arbn e nt , , U. U. S. S. Arn1y Arn1y R e tir e d , ,

(Virginia (Virginia

ssocia

tion) tion)

( Int erna tional tional Association) Association)

in g g

of of AMHIC

. .

}run '~

es es · ·

Smith, Smith,

Col. Col.

F. F. H

. . Down s, s,

Jr. Jr.

conside r a ti on on and and co mm e nt nt prior prior to to th e e 1961 1961 annual annual m

ee t

Hartford, Hartford, Conn

ec ti c ut ut

the the r espec ti~ e e committees committees r e pr esen ted ted on on AMHIC AMHIC for for th

e ir ir

Washington, Washington, D . . C. C.

ons m11 e

r r Prot

tion, tion,

th e e mid-y ea m r ee ting ting a nd nd di h·ibut s e e a a final final w orkin g g draft draft

to to

Ta tional tional Cmm e r s s Ass'n. Ass'n.

St a t

e e D epru tm e nt nt of of

t h e e propos ed ed Manual Manual incorpor a ting ting s u gges tions tions presented presented

a t t

(International (International Association) Association)

( ( Cmm ec ticut ticut Association) Association)

th e e Manual. Manual. Th e e AMHIC AMHIC staff staff th e n n was was in s tru c t ed ed to to

r e vis e e

J a m es es \ • V . . B e ll , ,

Eaton Eaton E . . Smith , ,

monly monly us e d d and and

und

ers tood tood

definitions definitions

were were incorporated incorporated

into into

Indian apo li s, s, Indi ana ana New New York, York, New New York York

indu s tr y y an d d publi

c c

ea lth lth r

ep r

ese

a ti

ves ves were were cl ea r ed. ed. Com

a t e e Board Board of of H ea lth , , H ea lth lth D e p a rtm e nt, nt,

there there form e rly rly

had had

b een een

some some

la c k k

of of w1d e r s t a ndin g g b e tw een een

( Indi

ana ana A ss ociation ) ) (New (New York York

A ss

ociation) ociation)

fifth fifth draft draft was was

r ev

i ewe

d d in in it

e s ntir e ty a , nd nd many many points points

h e r e e

Karl Karl

. .

J ones, ones,

Cha.innan, Cha.innan,

J . . Schoenberger, Schoenberger,

The The mid-y ea m r ee tin g g prov e d d to to be be very very produ c ti ve . . Th e e

meeting meeting of of th e e AMI - IIC . . Equipment Equipment Sanitary Sanitary Standards Standards Program. Program.

subm itt e d d hi

s s

comments comments

for for cons id e ration ration a t t th e e mid- year year in in th e ir ir areas areas ho s w w ev id e n ce ce of of compliance compliance wi th th th e e Food Food

fifth fifth

and and

much much

improv

d d

draft draft of of th e e proposed proposed Manual Manual and and g ani za tion s s by by d ema nding nding that that a ll ll food food eq uipm e nt nt inst a ll e d d

Sinc

e e

th e e

annual annual

m ee ting

, , th e e Chairman Chairman

ha s s r ev i ewe d d th e e a dmini stra tiv e e policy, policy, to to pro g ram s s of of th ese ese two two national national or

COMMITTEE COMMITTEE R E PORTS PORTS 55 55 56 COMMITIEE R EPORTS ly be returned to an internal temperature of 0 °F, or lower. summarized and repmied to this Association in the 1960 Just prior to the 1960 meeting, an industry committee report of the Committee on Frozen Food Sanitation. (2) known as the Frozen Foods All Industry Coordi11ating Com At the Albany conference, papers were also presented out mittee ( FFAICC) was formed by various industry groups. lining the problems of the trucking industry in frozen food Tlus committee proposed to develop a progrm11 of education handling and marine transportation of frozen foods. In ~ ad , and an industry self-policu1 g program for the frozen food clition, a paper on the microbiological limits for frozen_ pre ,, i11dustry and suggested that the AFDOUS code be used cooked foods was presented by Dr. Slocum and the . paper onl y as a guide for reference and not as a law, regulation, on microbiological standards for frozen foods by Dr. G~der or ordinance by any regulatory agency. son. The report of this meeting entitled, "Conference on AFDOUS commended the frozen food industry for its Frozen Food Quality" (3), may be obtained from the Agri program to develop its own standards of quality control cultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, practice and an industry self-policing program but rejected Albany, California. the industry's suggestion that the code be used only as a In a statement summarizing the conference, Mr. Harold guide of reference and not as a law, regulation, or ordinance. Clark, a past president of AFDOUS and a member of its At the 1960 meeting, AFDOUS accepted the report of the Committee on Cazmed, Prepared, and Frozen Foods, included Frozen Food Standaz·ds Committee ( 1) and recommended th~: following comment: that the completed sections of the proposed code be forwaz·ded "This two-day semii1az· has been one i11 which many U11- to the Committee on Editing and Format in order that the portant phases of the frozen food i11dustry have been thorough- code could be put in final form before the next meeting of ly explaii1ed from a highly technical viewpoint. The research the association. information presented clearly indicates that zero degree This committee, during the past year, has completed its temperatures or lower are what is needed for frozen foods; task and presented the final draft of the proposed frozen and secondly, the temperatures above zero degrees, even food code at the annual meeting of AFDOUS in \'Vashing though held for a short tune, do have a deleterious effect on , ton, D . C., in June of this year. Tllis proposed code con the quality of frozen foods . It has been made crystal clear tains eight sections dealing with defirtitions; frozen foods; here that exposures to unfavorable temperatures above zero construction and layout of frozen food plants; design and for short periods do create quality-factor losses which may construction of ready-to-eat frozen food processing equip not be readily detected by the consuming public but which ment; operating practices for the commercial manufacture can be detected by a panel of expert s. It has also been of frozen foods; transportation; wmehousing; and retail stor made clear that these foods should not deteriorate in quality age and display of frozen fo ods. The r·eport of this com to the ex tent that the consumer would ever make such a mittee was accepted by the Association. To the best of my detection. Thus, it can be seen that in order to accomplish knowledge, copies of this proposed code are not available these objectives, it is a must that frozen foods be kept at for distribution at this tii11 e. However, it will be printed zero degrees or lower." in the October, 1961, issue of the Quarterly Bulletii1 of the For a number of years, regulatory persormel have been Association of Food and Drug Officials of the United States . ad vacating the use of m1 indicating device that could be At that time, copies may b e obtained from Joe F. Lakey, packed with frozen foods which would provide a means of Texas State Depaz·b11ent of H ealth, Austin 1, Texas. indicating an exposure to time and temperatures which would Although NAFFP provided pazt of the unpetus for the result in damage to the frozen food. Of com se, it would development of the AFDOUS frozen food code, and many be a relatively simple matter to produce a device which members of that Association served on the committees and would indicate temperatm·es alone. However, sii1Ce it is subcommittees involved in the development of the code, generally recognized that temporary exposure for a small they have now withdrawn their support in favor of an in amotmt of time to high temperature does not necessarily dustrial self-policing program. \•Vllile the value of a self cause any damage to frozen .foods, m1 indicator showing inspection progran1 is recognized, such programs cannot be temperature alone would be of little value. In the last few accepted as substitutes for regulatory measures at local, months, a time-temperature indicator has been introduced state, or federal levels. which appeaz·s to have some merit. The u1dicator responds Another project which received some publicity was the to time and temperature in the same mailller that the food Conference on Frozen·• Food Quality which was held at Al does and records the integrated time-temperature reading -on bany, California, November 4 and 5, 1960. The purpose a calibrated scale. The entire device is approxiinately the of the conference was to enable groups concerned with in size and shape of a cigarette, weighs just a fraction of an dustrial problems i11 the handling of frozen foods to hear and ounce, has no movi11g pazis, no exteru'al wires or power discuss research results i11 a comprehensive manner. Those supply, m1cl requires no special calculations to interpret. It attendii1g were c hi e f I y representatives of AFDOUS m1d is completely seal ed iir plastic, dmable enough so that it can FFAICC. The discussions centered on problems in packing, be packed right in with most frozen foods without additional transportii1g, warehousing, distributii1g, and retailing of fro protection. zen foods m1d were arranged by the v.,res tern Regional Re This time-temperature u1clicator operates like a tiny electro semch Laboratory i11 cooperation with the Refrigeration Re lytic battery. lt is made by filling a thin glass tube with semch Foundation. chemical salts and sealing off the ends. This small tube For several yeaz·s, the \'Vestern Utilization Research and is then wrapped with a treated yellow colored paper. A Development Division of the USDA has been conducting a band of copper is attached to one end of the vial and a study of the time-temperature tolerance of frozen foods. band of cadmium to the other, with a thin copper strip con The results of this resemch were presented at the Albany nectii1g the two bands. The entire assembly is then sealed conference. The major purpose of the time-temperature in a plastic tube. tolerance project was to gain ;, facts on changes in quality The indicator is activated by the use of special pliers that during transport, storage, and wholes~le and retail selling release the salts from the glass tube. The treated yellow of frozen foods which could be translated into improved paper is saturated and the "battery" begii1s to react to the techniques for better protection. Most of these studies were temperature. A reel coloration begins to move along the COMMITTEE REPORTS 57

yellow paper from one end of the tube to the other. The m eeting was well attended by regulatory officials, trade speed of this movement is proportional to temperature. association representatives, and others. At that time a In use, the indicator would be packed directly into the temporary chairman, Dr. A. C. Dahlberg, D airy Products food cartons, properly protected to prevent damage to the Improvement Institute, Ithaca, 1 ew York, was appointed. plastic case. At any time that it is wished to detem1 ine the Ernest Kell og, Milk Industry Foundation, \Vashington, D . C. time-temperature exp erien ce with food, the scale is reacl. was appointed temporary secretary. The scale reading is then referred to the graph accompany During the ensuing months the founding group held several ing the indicator to determine the total time-temperature organizational meetings. At each meeting- the IAMFS was conditions the food has experienced. This graph indicates represented by a m ember of the Executive Board and, in the scale reading versus time at representative temp eratures. addition, the Committee on Ordinances and Regulations This time-temperature indicator is still experimental, and usually had one or more members in attendance. the USDA Laboratory at Albany, California, previously re Th e progress, organizational structure, etc., of the new ferred to is conducting both laboratory and field tests of organization will be described in the panel presentation en this device. The D eparbnent of Interior, Bureau of Fisheries, titled "The Organization and Functioning of the Committee Technological Laboratories, Gloucester, Massachusetts, is also on Coordination of Labeling D efinitions, and Standards for conducting a research project using these devices along with Milk and Its Products", thus there is no need to elaborate temperature recorders in laboratory and in fi eld shipping further in tllis report. The Committee on Ordinances and tests. Regulations, however, strongly recommends that tl1e 'IAMFS, In the past, the frozen food industry has been reluctant through its Executive Board, contii:me to actively participate to incorporate any type of indicating device in frozen food in the new uniform labeling committee, guiding and assisting packages. However; the NAFFP is cooperating in the lab to the end that an effective permanent organization, establish oratory and field tests of these devices. If this or other ed upon sound principles, will be developed and which will similar devices are demonstrated to be practical, reliable, and lead to tmifonnly accepted labeling of milk and otl1er dairy useful in determining the time-temperature experience of products. It is the opinion of the Committee that relaxation frozen foods, the problem of screening frozen foo ds would be of the effort at this time can only lead to the defeat of an greatly reduced for the regulatory agency. absolutely essential program.

Frank E. Fisher, Cha-irman Eaton C. Smith, 0rHER ACTIVITIES ( Indiana Association) ( Connecticut Association ) State Board of Health D ept. of Constmler Protection The nature of the activities in which tl1e Committee on Indianapolis, Indiana Hartford, Connecticut Ordinances and Regulations might participate especially re quires tl1at they b e carefully considered by the E xecutive 0. A. Ghiggoile, Raymond Summerlin, Board before they are transmitted to tl1 e Committee. This (California Association ) (Georgia Association) year no new projects have b een suggested, however, if any State Dept. of Agriculture State D ept. of Agriculture member has in mind a project which might fall within the Sacramento, California Atlanta 3, Georgia scope of this Committee it' is suggested that it be forwarded G. L. Hayes, Dr. K. G. Weckel, directly to the Executive Board for preliminary review. ( Illinois Association) ( \Visconsin Association) Donald H . Race, Cha-i·rman Livingston Jennings American Can Company University of \Visconsin H. J. Barnum Dr. Howard K. Johnston Maywood, Illinois iVfadison 6, Vlisconsin C. V. Christiansen Dr. R. M. Parry William C. Miller, Jr. A. B. Freeman E. Small U. S. Public H ealth Service 0. H. Ghiggoile John F. Speer Washington, D. C. K. A. H arvey Dr. Kennetl1 \Veckel C. - H. Holcombe Stephen J. Wolff REFERENCES

l. Quarterly Bulletin, Association of Food and Drug Of ficials of the United States. 24 ( 4): October, 1960. 2. J. fvfilk and Food Techno!., 24: 218-220. 1961. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON 3. Conference on Frozen Food Quality, Agricultmal Re- RESEARCH NEEDS AND APPLICATIONS-1961 search Service, U. S. D ept. of Agr. / The Committee continued its activity in contributing a q uestion and answer cohunn in the Journal. In addition, the Committee carried on such correspondence and inquiries as were spontaneously generated . REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON In an effort to bring the Committee's activities to the ORDIANCES AND REGULATIONS-1961 attention of the membership of tl1 e affiliates, a letter was sent to the secretaries and officers of tl1e various affiliates. A UNIFORM LABE LING response was not generated. Only the ew York affiliate During the past four years the Committee on Ordinances answered ;mel posed two questions. These will be discussed and Regulations has directed much of its effmt toward the at the Committee meeting in D es Moines. , development of a program which would lead to more tmi The Committee, since its inception, has undergone a con :l formity in the labeling of milk and other dairy products. The tinuous program of self-evaluation in a desire to discharge its result of this effort h as been moderately gratifying in that duties more completely. This year a series of suggestions immediately follo wing the 1960 meeting of the International was made by one of the members, and these will lead to the Association of Milk and Food Sanitarians a special meeting formation of a new program of activity at our D es Moines was held, under the leadership and guidance of IAMFS, to meeting. plan and organize a national uniform labeling committee. The In an effott to carry out one of tl1ese suggestions, na111ely, 58 CoM:rvnTTEE REPORTS the sponsoring of panel discussions, the Chairman arranged of th e Committees, to be held in \•Vashington, D. C. on OCto for a paper and a panel discussion on "The Training in Basic ber 3-5, 1961, ).J rovided agreement can be reached on the Food Technology for Sanitarians" to be included in the pro efficiency of filters. The Tentative Smlitary Standards for gram of the 1961 Annual Meeting. the Use of Air Under Pressure should also be adopted as 3-A Sanitary Standards at that meeting. !: Fred C. Baselt, Chairman, '"· C. Lawton, The 3-A Sanitary Standards for Plastic Materials will in American Can Company, T win City Milk clude, for the guidm1 ce of makers of plastics, a comprehen New York Producers Association, sive schedule of the multiple exposure of specimens to alka Samuel H. Hopper, St. Paul, Minnesota line or acid detergent and to the several commonly used Dept. of Public H ealth, Keith H. Lewis, bactericidal solutions, in the order conventionally employed, Indianapolis, Indiana Public H ealth Service, and subsequent determination of gain 'or loss of weight m1d H. J . Barnum, Cincinnati, Ohio change in surface finish (with fixed maxima ), as a screening Dept. of H ealth & procedure for determining the suitability of plastic materials ·warren Litsky, Hospitals, potentiall y usable in dairy equipment. Classifications of rub Univ. of Massachusetts, D enver, Colorado ber and rubber-like materials, by such characteristics as de Amherst, Massachusetts Howard Froiland, gree of/hardness and extent of absorption of water and butter City H ealth D epartment, vV. K. Moseley, oil, by ·proportion of exposure to product, m1d by function, I Aberdeen, South D akota 3862 E. Washington, St., will be established in those 3-A sarutary Standards. Glen L. H ays, Indianapolis, Indiana At this point it app ears to be desirable that the nature American Can Company, and intended application of the contemplated sanitary stand Maywood, Illinois I van E. Parkin, ards for plastic and rubber and rubber-like materials be Penn. State University, C. K. Jolms, clarified. In both instances, these smlitary standm·ds will Dept. of Agriculture, University Park, pertain to ce1tain physical and chemical characteristics of the Ottawa, Canada Pennsylvania , materials of which such parts are composed, with sanitarians will not normally be in p osition to determine by observation nor to corroborate (or question ) by field test. In these respects the situation will parallel that currently pe1taining REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON to the mandatory use of "18-8 stainless steel, with a carbon SANITARY PROCEDU.RE-1961 eontent not exceeding 0.12 percent, nickel alloy, or equally corrosion resistant metal", the use of which in specific equip The Dairy Industry E xposition, customarily held in the ment is rarely q uestioned, and (so far as is known ) h ru; Fall of even-nmnbered years, so occupies many m embers of never been established or disproved by test of a sample field the 3-A Sanitmy Standards Committees, and especially of collected by a S

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EVENTS EVENTS AND AND NEWS NEWS 59 59 60 NEws AND EvE TS cost would go dovvn in larger scale operation. How the Division of Environmental Engineering and Food ever, it was emphasized that these are really only Protection of PHS said that he knew of no sh·aight guesses as to costs and cannot be accepted as final out regulatory a pproach which could be taken. How information. ever, he said: "'~' ha t we would like to present he·le , today is a call to the industry to understand what is No Present Hazard ·involved and to use its own. restmint in this (1.1· ea". ·' who participated in Virtually all of the scientists He said further that if it gets out of hand "I suppose their declarations the briefing were very emphatic in that other means might be devised." that the safety of our milk supply is not in jeopardy and that strontium-90 levels are still well below the of any serious concern and are expected to re point NOTICE TO MEMBERS main so for the foreseeable future. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MILK Dr. Gordon Dunning of the Atomic Energy Com AND FOOD SANITARIANS, INC.' mission, one of the most respected authorities on this question, presented some very straightforward cal The Georgia Society of Sanitarians under the name culation which showed quite conclusively that the of their Secretaq-Treasurer, John J. Sheuring, has present and indicated amounts of strontium-90 in milk proposed the following ammendments to th e Con are such as to constitute no hazard at all. Dr. Dunn stitution and By-Laws of International Association ing presented figures which showed that the amount of Milk ru1d Food Sanitarians, Inc. to be voted upon of radioactivity which would be taken in a lifetime at the A nnual Business Meeting in Philadelphia, Pa., , from all sources, under f oreseeable conditions at this October 24, 25, 26, 27, 1962: time, would be a bout l/50th of what the Federal Article I. I propose this Article be a mended to read Radiation Council has designated as a safe level for as follows: There is hereby created the Inter "normal peacetime operations." national Association of Milk, Food and Environ mental Sanitarians, Inc., not for pecuniary pur More Work Needed poses, which shall hereinafter b e referred to as the group that there Some of the scientists told the Association. are many desirable changes in equipment and meth Article II. Amended to include the following objec odology which are presently being worked on with tive : 9. Cooperate with sanitarians and profes- respect to this strontium-90 removal process. It was sional groups in development of the fields of pointed out that much more is still to be done to general and environmental sanitation. improve the method, to assure a nuh·itionally satis 3 to be amended as fol lows: factory product, to evaluate possible sanitation prob Article IV. Sections 1, 2, of the Association shall lems and to reduce the cost of this process. Section 1. The officers be a President, President-Elect, First Vice-Presi It was emphasized that the experts were making a dent, and a Secretary-Treasurer who shall hold research report and were not presenting a completed these offices for one year or until their successors project by any means. It was also pointed out that are elected or appointed, as provided in the By this strontium-90 removal project was just one phase Laws. At the termination of each Annual Meet of many information-getting activities in which the ing the President-Elect and First Vice-President experts in Government are engaged. The briefing shall automatically succeed into the offices of which industry was ·being given, it was stated, was President and President-Elect, respectively. A merely for the purpose of "spreading the facts ." Fir s t Vice-President and Secretary-Treasurer that there was a possibility The group was also told shall be e lected by a majority of mail ballots found more practical and of other processes being cast at l east thirty days prior to the Annual on in developing these other that work was going Meeting of the Association. involve the use o f processes. One of them would Sect-ion 2. The Executive Board shall consist of much the same way that the calcium phosphate in the President of the Association, the President project is operated. existing sh·ontium-90 removal Elect, the Vice-President, the Secretary-Treas Installation at This Time Prematu.re urer, a nd the immediate Past-President. The A good deal of time was spent during the briefin g Executive Board shall direct the affairs of the in bringing out that it would be unwise to consider Association. A majority of the Executive Board installing equipment for this process at this time. shall be composed at all times of members who Some concern was voiced that this, or other stron are officially connected with F ederal, State, tium-90 removal equipment, might be installed as a County, or Municipal Government or with ru1 means of capitalizing on a panic which seems to educational institution. If the status of any have been created b y press stories. As to ways of member of the Executive Boru·d changes after conh·olling this, Mr. Wesley E. Gilbertson, Chief of election, or during his term of office, or after NEWS AND EVENTS 61

protem appointment as provided in Article II, LIQUID NIT,ROGEN USED Section 5, paragraph F of the By-Laws, so that FOR FOOD FREEZING a majority of members officially connected as stated herein, is not maintained in the Executive The first food processing plant in the world using Board, then such member shall be deemed in liquid nitrogen for freezing on a commercial basis eligible without prejudice for his office and such went into production today in Toronto as part of a office shall be declared vacant. new plant making frozen prepared meals for Meal Section 3. There shall be created a Council which master System Ltd. The plant was originally sched shall consist of the Secretary or other authorized uled to start up earlier this year but was delayed delegate from each Affiliate Association, and the by a series of building and construction strikes. immediate Past President of the Association. Mealmaster meals are now being shipped to key Each Affiliate Association shall have one vote accounts both in the United States and Canada. at Council meetings. The Council shall select Shipments of frozen foods in LiqueFreeze con its Chairman and Secretary, shall keep a record tainers are continuing. Regular s~ipments have been of its proceedings, and shall, at each Annual made for the United States Navy to bases overseas Meeting of the Association, submit its recom and several shippers have used the LiqueFreeze sys mendations to the Executive Board. tem between the ' Vest Coast and Hawaii. Through Article II, Section 3 of the By-Laws to be amended LiqueFreeze research a technique has been developed as follows : which greatly decreases the refrigration loss of known Section 3. The Vice President shall perform insulating materials thus recludng the quantity of the duties of the President and President-Elect nitrogen needed compared with previous methods. in their respective absence, and shall serve on All future LiqueFreeze trailers and containers will the Program Committee. , be constructed using this new technique and several In accordance with the Constih1tion and By-Laws companies in the United States and Canada have al of International Association of Milk and Food S

1These proposals may be amended at the annual m eeting Food shoppers who are interested in laws that pro and, also may be voted upon section by section. tect their health and pocketbooks can get useful in formation from a new pamphlet, "' Vhat Consumers Should Know about Food Standards," issued by the Food and Drug Administration. MISSISSIPPI ASSOCIATION OF SANITARIANS The FDA standards and regulations stand back of AFFILIATES WITH IAMFS the quality and integrity of hundreds of major food The International Association of Milk and Food items in the American diet. They specify what in Sanitarians is pleased to announce the affiliation i of gredients and processes may be used and the in the Mississippi Association of Sanitarians which has formation which must be given on the label. De been organized recently. The officers selected to velopment of the standards is a cooperative activity head their organization the first year are as follows: on the part of Government, industry and consumers . President, Jean E. Mor,ris, SunflO\;v·er County Health Factual information from these sources is the basis Dept., Indianola; Vice-President, Albert K. Monroe, of the standards. Oktibbeha County Health D ept., Starkville; Secre ' Vhenever "such action will promote honesty and tary-Treasurer, A. R. Russell, P. 0. Box 199, Tupelo. fair dealing in the interest of consumers," says the All affiliates and members of IAMFS are hereby Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, FDA is req.pested to send their newsletters and correspon authorized to set standards of quality, identity and de~ ce of interest to Mr. A. R. Russell, Secretary-Trea fill of container for any food, except most fresh and surer; also, to welcome and lend any assistance pos dried fruits and vegetables which are exempted. sible to our newest affiliate. "For example," the pamphlet states, "the standard Charles E. Walton of identity for fruit preserves and jellies requires President not less than 45 parts by weight of fruit or fruit 62 NEWS A1\T]) EVENTS juice to each 55 parts of total sweetening ingredients PENNSALT TO COMPLETE $8-MILLION . . . At the public hearings, which preceded the RESEARCH CENTER BY MID-1963 writing of this standard, cookbooks 200 years old, as Construction of five new technical and enginee1ting well as current ones, were introduced in evidence to buildings, including a 114,000 square foot research I show that pure jam is a product made from ap and development laboratory, will begin next month proximately equal parts by weight of fruit and sugar." ·' at Pennsalt Chemicals Corporation's 50-acre Tech The twelve-page p amp hI e t is illustrated with nological Center at King of Prussia, Pa. photographs showing some of the scientific tests n completed, the over $8-million complex will FDA makes to check samples of food products Whe of the most modern chemical research centers against the standards. The last page lists the food be one e country. The first unit, a 30,000 square foot for which standards have been established. It is for in th ical Service Laboratory, was completed in sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Techn r. Completion of a new engineering Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D . C., M~rch of this yea atory, high pressure laboratory, central utilities for 20 cents a copy. labor building and a fireproof chemical storage building is expected b y tl1 e e nd of 1962, with the main re search and development laboratory scheduled for occupancy by mid-1963. Incorporated within the R & D laboratory building ' MICHIGAN LAUNCHES will be a one-quarter million dollar fallout shelter SEAL OF QUALITY PROGRAM equipped to house a nd feed all of the Center's em The first h'IO commodities, poultry products and ployees for a two-week period. Among other facili all Jersey milk through their organizations, have ap ties, the shelter will contain sleeping accommoda plied to the Michigan D epartment of Agriculture for tions for 300 persons. "Although I am sure we all consideration for the Seal of Quality. Legislation hope and pray this shelter will prove to be a need was approved by the last legislature. less expense," President Drake said, "I am equally The Michigan Allied Poultry Industries, Inc., has certain that we should take every feasible pre applied for consideration on all poultq products caution." with standards to be set up by each segment of the poulh-y industry. The Michigan Jersey Cattle club has asked for permission to use the Seal on dairy products. The Seal of Quality, which is entirely voluntary CONFERENCES SCHEDULED AT PURDUE with the commodity group, may be used on agri F. N. Andrews, H ead of the Animal Sciences De cultural products grown, packed, and processed in partment at Purdue University, and F . J. Babel, Michigan if the commodity group elects to use the professor in charge of the Dairy Manufacturing seal and follows requirements outlined in the legis Section, have announced two, one-day meetings to lation. A seal is being developed by the Michigan be held in Iviarch 1962. The Market Milk Conference D eparhnent of A~riculh1r e, according to Director will be held on March 14 and the Ice Cream Confer G. S. Mcintyre. ence on March 15, in the ~ ~I emorial Center at Purdue the past several The Seal of Quality proposal for University. The conferences are an annual affair tl1e endorsement of leading farm organi years had sponsored in cooperation with the Indiana Dairy before it was passed. Proponents say that for zations Products Association. the consumer the seal would assure high quality products that are easily identified in retail outlets. The Market Milk Conference will include discus For the producer or packer, use of the seal is ex sions on the D arisonometer; Studies of Plastic Coated pected to stimulate sales on preferred mechandise Iviilk Packages; Plant Problems with Cultured Pro through ease of identify. ducts; The Radio Activity Situation; and The Train ing of Management Personnel for the Future. The After a commodity group makes application, a luncheon will be highlighted b y a discussion of Dairy hearing must be held and other requirements ful Processing in the Far East. The program will be filled. Under the new law products bearing the concluded with a milk and cottage cheese clinic. seal must be graded in accordance with standards promulgated. Cost of inspection and the seals or The Ice Cream Conference is to feature discussions tags would be borne by the commodity group electing on Cleanability of Stainless Steel Surfaces; Use of to use the seal on its products, making the program Modern Stabilizers; Methods, Equipment and Layout self-supporting as far as public funds are concerned. for Efficient Ice Cream Manufacture; and Food

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F e bru a r y y 2 0 0 a nd nd 2 1 , , 1 962 962

E ff ect ect o D f r S y to r age age Meas w·in g g Sti c k s s 'i .n .n Farm Farm Bulk Bulk Tank s s -

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Kentucky Kentucky Manufacturing Manufacturing

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( S ec r eta ry : : H ic h a rd rd M. M. Pa rr y, y, D.V . M ., ., T unn e H l oa d , , H. H. R . . 1 , ,

Kentucky Kentucky Association Association o f f Milk Milk and and Food Food Sanitarians , ,

J a n u ary ary 17 , , 1 9 6 2 2 Department Department of of Dairy Dairy Science, Science, University University of of Kentucky, Kentucky,

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Thirt y -S Sponsored Sponsored eve nth nth Annu by by a l l M ee tin g g

Connecticut Connecticut Association Association of of Dairy Dairy Food Food Sanitarians, Sanitarians, & & Inc. Inc. CONFERENCE CONFERENCE OF OF FIELDMEN FIELDMEN AND AND SANITARIANS SANITARIANS

the the Secretary Secretary of of the the respective respective Affiliate Affiliate Association. Association.

Da i ry , , Toronto. Toronto.

Copies Copies

of of papers papers presented presented may may be be available available through through Ea r l l Po we ll , , Pr o du c ti o n n Qu a li t y y Contro & & l , , Si l ve r w ood s s

presented presented To m m Di at at c ki recent recent so n , , H ea meetings meetings d , , F i e l S d of of e r v Aff i ce, ce, i liate liate B o rd e n n Associations. Associations. C o . , , Ont a r io . .

Dr. Dr. J . . St e rn s, s, D e pt o . f f H ea lth , , Ott awa. awa. Editorial Editorial Note: Note: The The following following is is a a listing listing of of subjects subjects

m e nt a F l a rm , , Ott awa . .

Dr. Dr. C . . J o hn s, s, Dir. K . . , , R esea r c h h B r a n c h , , C e ntr a l l E x p e ri-

ASSO

IATION IATION

MEETINGS MEETINGS

minion minion D a ir i es, es, 1 o ntr ea l , , M o cl e mt o' i ·. ·.

Q uality uality T es t s s on on PAPERS PAPERS Ra w w M i lk lk PRESENTED PRESENTED - A A Pan e l l - Rob AT AT e tt tt AFFILIATE AFFILIATE Sin c l a i r , , Do

Nea l F , i e ld ld S up e r v i so r , , H. H. P . . H ood ood Co., Co., B os t o n , , M & & ass. ass.

S o m e e F · ie l d d E x p e ri e n ce ce o n n P · r e li :mi nary nary I nc ttbat i o n n - J a m es es R . .

T ec h . . D eve l o p me nt nt E n g in ee r , , Di versey versey C o rp ., ., Chi c a g o , , Ill . .

Spmy Spmy C l ea n · i n g g o f f M -il k k Tran s p o rt rt Tank J e r s s - . . G r ee nfi R. R. e l d , ,

Ve rm o nt , , Burlin g t o n , , Ve rmont . .

Uni

rsi

ty, ty,

Lafa

e, e,

Indiana . . V. V. Ath e lton, lton, D e p t o . D f a ir y y B ac t e ri o l ogy, ogy, Un i ve r s it y y of of

tain e d d from from Mr . . B acte F . . ri H F a, a, . . o Qt rd wlit , , Smi y y a t nd nd h h F Hall l auOt , , a s s P ur in in du th e e e e F arm arm S t t .p ply ply - Dr. Dr. H. H.

Furth e r r inform a tion tion on on t h e e pr og rams rams m ay ay b e e ob

T oro nt o, o, Ont ., ., Ca n a d a) a)

(Sec r e tary: tary: \ V i lli a m m D. D. M c C o r q u o d a l e, e, 409 409 Huron Huron St. , , as as w e ll ll as as man y y da i r y y in dus tr y y authoriti e s. s.

M i dw

e st st Univ e r s iti e w s ill ill p articip a t e e in in th e e pro g r a m , , J a nu a r y y 24, 24, 1 9 6 2 2

L ea ding ding dair y y t e chno l ogists ogists fr o m m Purd u e e and and o th e r r Mimi co , , Ont a ri o o

Fo urth urth A nnu a M l ee tin g g l ook ook int o o th e e futur e e of of th e e " Fight Fight A g ainst ainst St a rv a tion ." ."

P l ar 1 t t

Ins e ct ct

Conh· o l. l.

T h

e e l un c h e on on w ill ill f ea tur e a a e Central Central Ontario Ontario Milk Milk Sanitarians Sanitarians Association Association

N EW s s Ai'. TD TD E vENTS vENTS 63 63 -- 64 NEws AND EvENTS

, fi les, and the qualifications of techni MASTITIS TEST PROGRAM ports, records OPERATING 'IN OREGON cal personnel. In an address before the meeting last ovember er's milk coming to the Portland, Oregon Shipp sponsored jointly by FDA and the Food Law It) , is being checked out for Mastitis through milk shed stitute, Dr. Bernard L. Oser questioned whether any of the California Mastitis Test. Three tests the use independent laboratories had denied p ermission to ·' on each shipper. had been completed FDA to inspect facilities under the present law. Al r cent of the herds reacted on the Sixteen ( 16) pe though there has been no evidence to this effect, it on the second and six first test, eight ( 8) per cent was nevertheless indicated that' the American Coun third. It would appear that ( 6) per cent on the cil of Independent Laboratories would support such e beneficial r esults. testing alone has shown som legislation "provided proper limits and controls are showed a positive All herd owner's whose milk written into the law." test received a letter advising of an indication that i Of vital concern to independent laboratories is the mastitis was present. The same letter with second necessity to preserve the confidential relationship in reel was sent on the second infraction. notice between scientific consultants and their clients. It a third positive, each co-vv in the offending After was pointed out that individuals a nd companies have individually tes ted, and the dairyman ad herd was an inalienable right to consult privately with scien consult his veterinarian and have a bacteri vised to tific advisors as well as with legal counsel. ological sensitivity test p erformed on each quarter Dr. Oser stated that "No competent and responsible , showing a positive reading. Other control measures laboratory will object to showing its facilities and of a sanitary nature were also advised. discussing its qualifications for providing the serv In addition dairymen were advised to consult a ices it purports to offer. In fact the opportunity to competent milking machine technician for advice do so is usually welcomed r egardless of whether the on possible malfunction or faulty operation as a caus visitors are clients, prospective clients, domestic or tive factor. foreign government agents, teachers, students, or One thing found shows that it is imperative that the general public. Reputable laboratories, such as fresh samples be used. If samples are more than 12 those represented b y the membership of the Ameri old most will be negative. hours can Council of Independent Laboratories, are not ac All third repeats will be checked individually only proud to display their wares but are ready and sent cording to present plans and a letter will be willing to participate in any effort to curtail the for first and second positives. activities of the small fringe of incompetent or dis On herds showing .a score 3 on the first two tests honest operators." He also pointed out that "aside the dairyman will be 'visited to talk over the situation from the manufacturers' own laboratories and com in order to prevent serious h·ouble by waiting until mercial testing laboratories many other institutions three tests have been run on a herd, which would and individuals play a role in evaluating the efficacy, take approximately eighteen weeks. safety, quality, and potency of drugs. Among them Taken from the " Sediment Catcher" , a publication of the Oregon are medical schools, universities, research institutes, Milk Sanitarian's Assoc iation , a.s reported by Lloyd N. Jones, D.V .M. hospitals, clinics and even private practitioners of medicine, dentish-y, and allied professions. To single out commercial laboratories for the purpose of this FEDERAL INSPECTION OF legislation is discriminatory." LABORATORIES PROPOSED In drawing the distinction between inspection as tion and inspection As a consequence of the Congressional investigation related to a specific regulatory ac facilities and of the drug industry, the door has been opened to a for the general purpose of validating Oser asked whether broad expansion of the power of the Food and Drug personnel of a laboratory, Dr. for "certifying" lab Administration to regulate the manufacture and dis FDA intended to set up criteria equirements for aca tribution of drugs. The so-coiled K efauver-Celler oratories. There are at present r rship in professional Bill ( S. 1552 or H.R. 6245) and, according to reports, demic degrees, and for membe areas of profes the '·Omnibus Bill" being drafted by FDA for early and scientific societies. In certain censing boards have introduction in the present session of the 87th Con sional activity, certifying or li ally recognized sys gress, are designed in large measure to tighten up been established, b{rt no nation independent labora present controls over the drug and allied industries. tem exists for the certification of industries . It is felt A special feature of both bills, of direct concern to tories serving the food or drug FDA is to be given independent laboratories serving these industries, is in laboratory c ircles that if the professionally the proposed grant of authority to inspect not only such authority, the participation of all the facilities of such laboratories but analytical r e- interested groups should be e nlisted.

'R e print e d d fr o m m Environmenta l l H e a lth lth L e tt e r , , Jan . . 15 , , 196 2. 2.

th e e 42nd 42nd Annual Annual .tvl ee tin g, g, O c t ob e r r 5, 5, 1 955 , , Augusta, Augusta, G e org i a. a.

n e r r c h a irm an an of of th e e com mitt e e e o r n e cogni ti on on and and awar d s s at at

g r ess ess

this this

yea r

. .

for for outstanding outstanding se r v i c t e o o th e e associa t ion ion from from J o hn hn D. D. F a ulk

on on th Dr. Dr. c e h R a . . n ces ces C . . of of getting getting l e ft R , , o~s recei , , th v e e i ng ng Center Center IAM F S S tlu·ough tlu·ough "C it a t i . on on Con A ward" ward"

creased creased in in Congress. Congress. All All in in all, all, we we would would

not not b e t t ' '

agencies agencies in in th e e \ Vas hingt o n n area area has has probabl y y

I ' '

th e e general general opposition opposition to to location location of of mor e e F e deral deral

! !

· ' '

mine , , th ey ey hav e n ' t t c hang ed ed th e ir ir minds. minds. In In fa c t , ,

I I

( D - Nev. ) -and , , as as far far as as we ' ve ve b een een able able to to deter

S e n a tors tors Rob er t t Byrd Byrd ( ( D- W. W. V a.) a.) and and Alan Alan Bibl e e

Th e e fight fight against against th e e original original s it e e was was l e d d by by

location location in in suburban suburban Maryland. Maryland.

H e alth alth Research Research Center Center b eca us e e it it objected objected to to th e e

ning ning and and s it e -a cq uisiti o n n funds funds for for a n n Environmenta l l

of of economy economy la s t t yea r r and and deleted deleted $3 , 515,000 515,000 in in plan

m e dical dical r esearc h , , unexpectedly unexpectedly developed developed an an attack attack

a tion a l l In s titut es es of of H ea lth lth for for several several yea rs rs for for

b ee n n for ce- f ee ding ding money money down down th e e throats throats of of th e e

Th e e Senate Senate A ppr o pri a tions tions C om mitt ee, ee, which which has has

but but

th e e big big

probl

e h m

ere ere

i s s getting getting th e e mon ey . . i i Ford Ford B e ll , , 1785 1785 E. E. 31st 31st St.; St.; and and tlu ·ee ·ee grandchilden. grandchilden.

is is

nt y y of of

authority authority

already already

isting isting

for for th e e C e nter Surviving Surviving a r e e th e e widow , , H e l e n ; ; a a d a ught e r , , Mrs. Mrs.

R esea r

c h h

Center Center

i s s

a a hors

e e of of

a a diff e r e nt nt color. color. Th e r e e H e e was was a a member member of of th e e First First Me th o dist dist Church. Church.

Establishment Establishment

of of a a National National Environmental Environmental Health Health control control of of bruc e ll os is is in in dair y y herds. herds.

it's it's fast e r r and and usu a ll y y r eq uir milk milk es es no no ordinanc h ea rings a e . . nd nd c od e e r ecog nizing nizing th e e need need for for

a ppro va l l is is adopted adopted his his r w e ithin ithin tir eme 60 60 nt nt l eg in in i 195 s l a tiv 8, 8, e e prom days o . . t ed ed Thus pass , , age age of of a a mod e rn rn

ca ll a y pprov e d d by by Congress Congress H if if e e no no r e join r eso e d d luti th o e e n n Tulsa Tulsa of of dis office office in in 1953 1953 and and before before

d e ntial ntial R eo rgani za tion tion Plan Plan many many is is considered considered Oklahoma Oklahoma c automati iti es, es, including including Tulsa. Tulsa.

a t e e l eg isl a tion tion unn ece ss a r y. y. standard standard Another Another U . . angle: angle: S . . Publi a a c c Pr H es ea i lth lth Service Service milk milk co d e e in in

give give him him that that adminish·ative adminish·ative H authority, authority, e e was was instrum makin e nt g g a separ l l in in pr omo ting ting ado pti on on of of th e e

(a nd nd th c e h a n ces ces a r e e good good milk milk th con a t t it it tr ol ol will will unit. unit. b e), e), would would

Th e e Presidential Presidential Reorganization Reorganization j oined oined th e e Plan, Plan, Oklahoma Oklahoma if if adopted adopted Stat e e D e partm e nt nt of of H ea lth 's 's

division , a a , positi o h n e e h e ld ld until until 19 47, 47, w h en en h e e sidered sidered n ecessa r y. y.

yea rs rs lat e h r e e was was nam e h d ea d d of of th e e milk milk co ntrol ntrol l eg islation islation to to c r ea t e e th e e Bureau Bureau was was originall y y con

partment partment as as field field insp ec tor tor in in milk milk control. control. Four Four up up to to th e e l eve l l of of bur ea u . . That That is is w h y y separate separate

H e e came came to to Tuls a a in in 1929 , , joinin g g th e e h ea lth lth d e bran c h es es and and di visio ns-in ns-in short, short, any any organization organization

of of Veterinary Veterinary Medicine Medicine at at Ames. Ames. o rit y y n ow . . H e e ca n n create create and and disband disband sections, sections,

ated ated in in 1913 1913 from from th e e Iowa Iowa Stat e e Co ll ege's ege's School School Education Education and and \ iVe lf are. are. H e e do es n ' t t hav e e that that au th

H e e was was born born n ear ear Winterset, Winterset, Iowa , , and and was was gradu n ecessa r y, y, with with approval approval of of th e e S ec r e tary tary of of H ea lth , ,

sion . . General General au thorit y y to to c r ea t e e any any bur ea u s s he he considered considered

City-County City-County H ea lth lth D e partm e nt 's 's milk milk co ntr o l l divi d e ntial ntial R eo rgani za tion tion Plan , , wou l d d give give th e e Surg e on on

Dr. Dr.

Ross Ross

r e tir e d d in in 1958 1958 as as th e e h ea d d of of th e e Tuls a a th e e Bur e au au of of Environmental Environmental Th H ~a e e lth Pr . . es i

will will mourn mourn his his p ass ing. ing. or igin a l l pr o posal posal t o o se nd nd up up a a separate separate bill bill t o o create create

had had th e e honor honor and and pl eas ur e e of of associa tin w g ith ith en tir him him e e USPHS USPHS is is n ow ow b e ing ing advoca t ed , , instead instead of of th e e

capacities capacities ov e r r th e e rs rs yea a nd nd his his many many fri e nds nds who who A A Pr es id e ntial ntial R eo rgani za tion tion Plan Plan involving involving th e e

loyal loyal

m e mb

e rs. rs. H

e e

served served

th e e

assoc

iation iation

in in

many many

eve r , , poses poses an an int e r es ting ting parli a m e nt a r y y probl e m. m.

Dr. Dr.

Ross Ross

was was

one one

of of

th e e

IAMFS

' '

m os

t t faithful faithful

a nd nd

l eg isl a ti ve ve list . . H ow ow th e e Bur ea u u will will b e e created, created, how

avvay avvay

Sunda

y, y,

Januar

y y

28, 28,

1962

, , after after

a a long long

illn

ess

. .

wi thin thin th e e U. U. S. S. Publi c c H ea lth lth S e rvi ce ce tops tops th e e

Mi lk lk and and

Food Food

Sanitarian

s, s, In

c. , ,

in in

1947 , ,

pass

e d d

Creation Creation of of a a Bmeau Bmeau of of En v ironm e nt a H l ea lth lth

Oklahoma , , Pr es id e nt nt of of Int e rnation a l l Association Association of of

w ill ill b e e made made

nd nd so

m e e

programs programs

will will

b e e

shelved. shelved.

Dr. Dr. G. G. Ross R. R. , , age age 71, 71, of of 134 134 E. E. J as p e r r St., St., Tulsa , ,

possibl e, e, some some action action will will b e e tak e n, n, some some compromises compromises

FOOD FOOD SANITARIANS, SANITARIANS, h ea INC. INC. lth , , but but w ill ill it ? ? Politi cs cs b e ing ing th e e art art of of th e e

INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION Th OF OF e r MILK MILK e' s s a a l o AND AND t t Congress Congress can can do do a b o ut ut e nvironm e ntal ntal

DR. DR. , R. R. G. G. ROSS, ROSS, PAST PAST PRESIDENT PRESIDENT OF OF

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH' HEALTH'

CONGRESS CONGRESS CONSIDERS CONSIDERS

NEWS NEWS AN D D EVENTS EVENTS 65 65 66 NEws AND EvENTS

CALENDAR OF MEETINGS April 9-10- Am erican Butter Institute, Inc., National Cheese Institute, Inc., Annual Meeting, LaSalle Hotel, Chicago, 1962 Illinois. Administrative Officer, E. \ •V. GaLmmitz, 110 N. Franklin Sb·eet, Chicago 6, Illinois. March 1-2-Minnesota Dairy Products Association, Annual April lO-ll-Iowa Milk and Ice Cream Mfgs. Assns., Annual Meetiilg & Convention, Radisson Hotel, Mim1eapolis, Convention, Hotel Savery, Des Moil1es, Iowa. Admmis Minnesota. Administrative Officer, Floyd Thompson, trative Officer, John H. Brockway, 710 Fifth Avenue, 416 Nevv York Building, St. Paul 1, Milmesota. Des Moil1es, Iowa. March 11-13-Dai.ry Products Association of Kentucky, Inc., April 11-13-Institute of Environmentjll Sciences, annual tech AmlUal Meetil1g and Industrial Conference, Sheraton nical. meetil1 g and equipment exposition, Sheraton-Chica Hotel, Louisville, Kentucky. Adminisb·ative Officer, D. go Hotel, Chicago, Ill. Adminish·ative Officer, J. P. F. Conley, . 2927 W est Kentuoky Street, Louisville 11, Monroe, Lear, Inc., Grand Rapids, Michigan. Kentucky. April 12-13-American Dry Milk Institute, Inc., National March 12-14-ICMI Mercbandisillg Council Spring Meeting, ~l ee til1 g, Edgewater Beach Hotel, Chicago, Illinois. Ad Boca Raton Hotel, Boca Raton, Florida. Admil1istrative ministrative Officer, John \•Valsh, 221 North LaSalle Officer, Robert H. North, 1105 Barr Building, \>\lashing Sb·eet, Chicago 1, Illmois. ton 6, D. C. April 26-Evaporated Milk Association, bi-monthly meetmg March 15-17-Pacific Dairy & Poultry Association, 38th An of the Indusby, Builders Club, Chicago, Illinois. Admin nual Convention, Biltmore Hotel, Los Angeles, California. istrative Officer, E . H. Parfitt, 228 N. LaSalle Sh·eet, Adminisb·ative Officer, Carl E. Nail, 1304 E. 7th Street, Chicago 1, Illmois. Los Angeles, California. Apr. 28-i\llay 3-IAICM-ICMI Board of Directors Sprmg , March 18-20-Tennessee Dairy Products Association, Annual Meetrng, Mountain Shadows, Scottsdale, Arizona. Ad Convention, Andrew Jackson Hotel, Nashville, Tennessee. minisb·ative Officer, R. H. North, 1105 Barr Building, Administrative Officer, B. V. Lawson, 1719 \!Vest End \>\fashil1gton 6, D. C. Buildmg, Nashville 3, Tennessee. Apr. 30-May 1-2-National Assn. of Dairy Equipment Mfgrs. March 19-20-Florida Association of Milk & Food Sanitarians, Annual Spring Meeting, The Diplomat, Hollywood, Flori Annual Meetmg. Secretary, Dr. Ke1meth L. Smith, Dairy da. Admillistrative Officer, J olm Marshall, 1012 Four Lab., Fla. Agr. Expt. Sta., Cainsville, Florida. teenth St., N. \•V.; \>Vashington, D. C. March 20-22-American Dairy Association, Annual leeting, May 1-2-Pemlsylvania Association of Milk Dealers, Ammal Pick Congress Hotel (tentative hotel ) Chicago, Illinois. Convention, Penn Harris Hotel, Harrisbmg, Pem1sylvaniVorchester, Massachusetts.

April 2-13-Urban Planning for Environmental Health, Robert 1\•lay 21-23-Assn. of Ice Cream Mfgrs. of Pa., 1 ew Jersey & A. Taft Engil1eering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. Contact : Delaware, Inc., Annual Meeting, Pocono Manor Inn, Chief, Training Program, Robert A. Taft Engineering Pocono Manor, Pennsylvania. Administrative Officer, Center, 4676 Columbia Pkwy., Cmcinnati 26, Ohio. Peter F. Rossi, 405 Lexmgton Avenue, New York 17, N.Y. April 3-4-University of Nebraska, Annual Dairy Industry Conference, Nebraska Center for Continuing Education June 6-The Holstein-Friesian Association of America, An College of Agriculture Campus, Lil1Coln, Nebraska. Ad nual Convention, Hotel Roanoke, Roanoke, Vil·grnia. ministrative Officer, T. A. E vans, 101 Dairy Buildrng, Administrative Officer, Robmt H . Rw11ler, Brattleboro, Lincoln 3, Nebraska. Vem1ont. April-9-12-United States-Mexico Border Public Health Asso June 10-15- VIII Congress of th e Inter-American Assn. of ciation, Twentieth Annual Meetmg, Nuevo Lardo, Tam Sanitary Engineering, \Vashington, D. C. Administra aulipas, Mex ico . Secretary, Ulpiano Blanco, M. D., 501 tive Officer, Edmund G. Wagner, c/ o Officer of Public U. S. Court House, El Paso, Texas. H ealth, I.C.A., W ashington 25, D. C. April 11-13-Institute of Enviromnental Sciences, Annual June 17-21-Tile American Dail·y Science Association, Annual Technical Meeting and Equipment E xposition, Sheraton Meeting, University of Maryland, College Park, Mary Chicago Hotel, Chicago, Ill. Contact: J. P. Monroe, hmd. Admil1istrative Officer, H. F. Judkll1s, 32 Ridge Lear, Inc., Grand Rapids, Mich. way Circle, \>Vhite Plams, New York. April 8-10-Indiana Dairy Products Association, Inc., Busrness June 17-21-National Association of Retail Grocers, Annual and Social Meeting, French Lick-Sheraton Hotel, French Convention, Auditmiwn, San Francisco, Califomia. Ad Lick, Indiana. Admmisb·ative Officer, Ward K. Holm , ministrative Officer, Marie Kiefer, 360 North Michigan 603 Union Title Building, Indianapolis 4, Indiana. Ave., Chicago 1, Illmois. NEWS AND EVENTS 67

June 18-20-Grocery Manufacturers of America, Inc., Mid QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Year Meeting, Greenbrier, White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. Administrative Officer, Paul S. Willis, 205 E . Note: Questions of technical nature may be submitted 42ud Street, New York 17, N. Y. to the Editorial Office of the Journal. A Question in your mind may be in the minds of many others. Send in your June 18-21-National Dairy Council, Summer Conference, questions and we will attempt to answer them. Sheraton-Chicago Hotel, Chicago, Illinois. Administra tive Officer, Milton Hult, 111 North Canal Street, Chi- QUESTION: cago 6, Illinois. \.Yhat is the significance of finding coagulase positive June 28-Evaporated Milk Association, bi-monthly meeting staphylococci in milk to be consumed raw? Could this be of the Industry, Builders Club, Chicago, Illinois. Ad classed as adulterated milk? ministrative Officer, E. H. Parfitt, 228 N. LaSalle Street. Chicago, Illinois. ANSWER: August 5-8-West Virginia Dairy Products Association, An The question of coagulase positive staphylococci is of nual Meeting, Greenbrier Hotel, White Sulphur Springs, much ·interest at the present time, but no definite position West Virginia. Administrative Officer, S. J. Weese, has been taken relative to their presence in milk. It is very \

Sec.-T -reas., Richard E. Stedman, State AFFILIATES OF Dept. H ealth ______D es Moines International Association of Milk a.nd Food Sanitarians Directors : Dr. M. P. Baker ------Ames ------Alnus AMERICAN INDIAN SANITARIA NS DArnY SANITAHIANS Assoc iATION OF E arl 0 . Wright , AssoCIATIONs THE DEL-MAR-VA PENNINSULA KA NSAS AssoCIATION OF Punuc Pres., Joseph Medina __ Bemallilo, N. M . Pres., Edward MacPherson HEALTH SANITAHIA NS ·' 1st V'ice-Pres., Thomas J. Stevens ------Snow Hill, Mel. Pres., Frank Rowley ______Atchinson ------Packer, Arizona V ice-Pres., Joseph Knussman 1st Vice-Pres., \Villiam \•Vashbum 2nd. Vice-Pres., John Adams ------Clayton, D el. ------Wichita ------Dodson, Montana Sec., W int Foster ____ Greensboro, Mel. 2nd Vice-Pre.l'., Howard Bright _ Olathe Sec.-Treas., \Villiam H. Ross Treas., Dr. J. M . Jacqueth Sec.-Treas., Frank L. Kelly, Kansas State ____ U.S.P.H.S., Field H ealth Unit, ------Bettetton, Md. Board of H ealth, Topeka Belcourt, North Dakota AssociATION OF MILK Auditor, V erlyn Owen FLORIDA AND FooD SANITARIANS KENTUCKY AssociATION OF MILK ------Rosebud, South Dakota AND FooD SANITARIANS Pres., Leon vV. Sheumaker ARizONA AssociATIO N OF ______Jacksonvill e Pres., Carl Shearer ______Monticello MILK AND FooD SANITAIUANS V ice-PTes., Hugh F. Butner Vice-Pres., \•Vilbur E. Glenn PTes., Perry Klump ______Phoenix ______Jacksonville ------Lexington Pres.-Elect, Mason Lang _____ Phoenix Sec., Dr. Kenneth L. Smith, Dairy Lab., Sec.-Treas., \;\,Tm . S. LaGrange, Dairy Sec.-T·reas., Hiram Shouse F la. Agr. Expt. Sta., Cainsvill e D ept., Univ. of Kentucky, ____ Room 430, State Office Bldg., Treas., B. C. Gafford __ __ Cainsville Lexington Phoenix Past P·res., \ o\T. Harvey Jordan, Miami Directors: Exect~ti ve Board: Directors: Paris Boles ------Monticello 0 . V. Cooper ______Phoenix H . F . Cameron, Green Cove Springs Ralph D eckard __ __ Bowling Green ' R. L. Cooper ______Murrav 0. G. Bridgeman ______Phoenix T. H. Delaney ------Sebring D avid D. Fry ______Orlando J. W. Durbin ------Louisville ILLINOIS MILK SANITARIAKS AssociATED . Pierce Jolm H ail ------Somerset Assoc iATION \N . B. Richards ______F t George Tworoger ______Miami PTes. , Louis Pickl es ------Peoria LaboratOTU Section Cha-irman : MICHIGAN AssociATION OF ect, Robert Mannaberg SANITARIA NS PTes .-El Eugene Reis ------Tampa ------D elevan, \ Vise. Pres., Armin Roth ------D earborn 1st Vice-Pres., Betty Cinningham GEORGIA SociETY oF SANITARIANS Vice-Pres., Ralph F lorio ____ Pontiac ______D ecatur Pres. , Raymond Summerlin __ Atlanta Second Vive-PTes., Frank Peabody icago 2nd Vice-PTes., James Nolan __ Ch V ice-Pres., John Culp ------Atlanta ------East Lansing Sec.Treas., James A. Meany, 8949 ~i. Sec.-Treas., Robert Lyons __ Lansing ______Laflin St., Chicago 20, Ill. Sec.,-Treas., John J. Sheuring Dairy D ept., U . of Georgia, lngham County H ealth D ept., City Directors: Athens Hall, Room 207, Lansing. Louis Pickles ------Peoria B. econling Sec., Charles Pheil Directors : Gilbert G. Gibson ______Chicago ------East Lansing Robert Coe ______Rock Island Fred H emphill ------Newnan Past Pres., Ronald Leach ___ Corunna sboro H arry Cohen ______Chicago Tate Tumer ------Hill Directors: go Tom Ireland ------Jesup Jam es A. Meany ------Chica Raymond Billings ______Americus Robert Kramer ------Ionia ___ East Lansing CALIFOHNIA AssociATIO N oF DArnY George Rice ______Athens 0 . \ V. Kaufmann Van Patten ____ Lansin:?; AND MILK SA 'ITARIA NS Richard Clapp ______Atlanta Kermeth Pres., Lawrence Groff ______Chino Edwin Stout ______G rand Ledge Ist Vice-PTes., Ed Samsel ____ San Jose IDAHO SANITALUANS AssociATION Edward vVykes ____ Grand Rapids 2nd Vice-P·res., \Valter Wilson, Pres., John L. Barnhart __ __ Moscow MINNESOTA SANITAHIANS ASSOCIATIO N ------·---- Los Angeles Vice-Pres., Alvin T. Holterman_Orofino Pres., H.udy }. Schneider __ Albert Lea Sec.-T1·eas., Leland Lockhart, 900 MitT Sec.-Treas., Wayne R. H eiskari, Latah or Bldg., 145 S. Spring St., V ice-Pres., George H anson, ______Los Angeles 12 County H ealth Unit, Moscow ______Fergus Falls Directo·rs: Auditors: Sec.-Treas., 0. M. Osten ____ St. Paul Carroll E. D espain ------Boise Dept. of Agric., 515 State Office vVendell vVeaver ------Fresno kfoot aks Jack B. Jelke ------Blac Bldg., St. Paul. Robert J. Beard ~-- --- Fair O George A. Freeman ____ Lewiston Directors: C ENTRAL ONTARIO MILK SANITA RIA 'S lNnrANA AssocL>~.TlON Arthur Anderson ______Rochester Assoc iATION OF SA NITAHIANS H. E . Goltz ______North Mankato ------Toronto Pres., Donald \Vood J. Handy ------Milmeapolis V·ice-Pres., \o\T. Lawrence ___ Brampton P·res., Ronald 0. Brown __ Indianapolis J. Peter Hanson ------Duluth William D. McCorquodale, 40'-l Pres.-Elect, Thomas P . Snider Sec., H. E. Hunt ------Minneapolis o ------Huron St., Toront ------Fort \Vayne J. J. Jezeski ------St. Paul T·reasu.T er, Rupert Harrison _ _ Toronto Ist V-ice-Pres., Robert C. Nelson __ Hugh Munns ______Excelsior Past PTes., George Hazelwood ------MwlCie ------Etobicoke 2nd V ice-Pres., Ray Gauthier ___ _ MISSISSIPP I ASSOCIATION Directo-rs: ------Hammonrl OF SANITARIANS H em1an Cawthers ______Barrie T reas. , Hubert H . Vaux __ Indianapolis Pres., Jean E. Norris ______Indianola Ken McAlpine ______Hamilton Vice-Pres., Albert K. Monroe Sec., Karl K. Jones, 1330 \ V. Michigan Glen \Vhite ------Acton _ ---- ______Starkville ------St., Indianapolis 7, Sec.-TTeas., A. R. Russell, P. 0. Box 199, CoNNECTICUT AssociATION OF Audito·rs : ------Tupelo DArnY AND Foon SANITAHIANS Robert W . Webb ___ Bloomington Pres., John J. Egan ______Hartford George \•V. Nuffer ____ Lafa yette i\1ISSOUH! AsSOCIATION OF MILK AND V ice-Pres., Arnold Smith ______Storrs FooD SANITARIANs Sec., Richard M. Parry, Dept of Agric., l o w A AssociA noN OF Pres., Robert Wehmer __ Willow Springs State Office Bldg. ______Hartford MILK SAN!TAHIANS , Curtis W. Chaffee, D ept. of 1st Vice Pres., Floyd Copenhaver Treas. Kennedy ------Iowa Cit\• - ______Kansas City Agric., State Office Bldg. H artford P1·es., E . N. _ ----_____ Ass't . Treas., Raymond F. Anderson, V ice-Pres., Dale R. Cooper 2nd V ice-Pres., Eugene Viets ______Middletown ------Manchester ------Jefferson City

Pa. Pa. Philadelphia, Philadelphia,

I I

. . ,

Hotel Hotel Franklin Franklin Ben Ben

! !

. .

• • ~ ~

27, 27, 1962 1962 26, 26, 25, 25, 24, 24, OCTOBER OCTOBER

MEETING MEETING ANNUAL ANNUAL 49th 49th

. . Pa , , Park . . Umv ------e e vansvill E _ ___ Hart Hart Donald Donald es., es., r · t-P s Pa n n ee Aberd ______n n o rs e And . . C James James

, ,

e e

Stat

Parkin, Parkin, . . E Ivan Ivan ~. ~. e P

on on s Madi ______G. G. V. V.

y y e Ro~vl : : Board ve ve uti ec Ex

Advisor: Advisor: on on i · iat c so s A

______Jindra Jindra G. G. Dan Dan l l ~ Ki

l l a Hospit n n a Indi PHS PHS o o c/ s: s: Glenshaw Glenshaw tor , , ec

Rd. Dir tt tt e

Will 202 202

______

; ;

City City Hapid Hapid ------

Young Young

Homer Homer ., .,

-Tr ec.

Madison Madison __ __ . . s i W of of U. U. , , Bldg. istry istry

J. J. N. N. , , nton e Tr ------

rson rson e And s s Curti as., as., e Tr - ec. S

Chem 421 421 , , Brown vVayne vVayne , , . s a e -Tr . ec S L. L.

------id id e Muirh 0. 0. John John , , . es -P-r ce Vi

; ; Manitowor ------r r c 'Vittw

hell hell

c Mit _ _

_ C. C. a a r g n e

Harold Harold ., ., es P-r e e Vic

g g rrisbur a _ _ r r e H wagn · Edwin Edwin t, t, ec El es. es. r · P

. . B y y e Stanl , , t ec .-El es r · P and and . . es P;· ce- i V

r r e

Lancast ______n n ee K rt rt e Rob es., es., PT Falls Falls Sioux Sioux n _ _ n ey m e ll a K Raymond Raymond , , s. e Pr

on on s Madi -- - - llan llan e Cl c i'vl G. G. John John es., es., Pr

N N O iATI c Asso

S S N ITAHIA N SA F F O

S S ITARIAN N SA DAIRY DAIRY ANIA ANIA V SYL ENN P

ITARIANS ITARIANS N SA FooD FooD ND ND A

ON ON IATI ssoC A OTA OTA DAK SouTH SouTH

y y Cit on on eg Or ______! ! e Av

William William

MILK MILK OF OF ociATION ociATION s As N N I CONS IS V \

nd nd e B ------k k c rwi e H rt rt e Rob

s s lli Corva ------in in e St W. W. Roy Roy ce ce n e Flor ------Ballard Ballard H. H. C. C.

City City tion tion c Jun ______il il g n se

n n e B

rson rson

e And

______

ey ey Caus

. .

F s e Jam

Walla Walla Walla Walla ______thurst thurst ee Gr id id e R

-- - - Jr. Jr. nd nd a Portl , , Young e D Byron Byron

e e

envill e Gr ------e e k a Dr . . B H. H.

e e

Spokan

------

on on s John

Harry Harry

m m e

Sal

------Carl Carl . . E th th e nn e K n n e Aik ------Martin Martin Freel Freel

s: s: r o udit A

: : s tor ec Dir

Charleston Charleston ______onard onard e L G. G. C. C.

Tillamook Tillamook ------e e Seattl ., ., Bldg ------

r r e Sumt ______Muldrow Muldrow E. E. R. R.

Terminal Terminal Ferry Ferry - 52 ce ce Ri ______------Ass'n. Ass'n. -- y y r e am e Cr County County mook mook

toTs: toTs: ec Dir

Tilla- r, r, ge r e Effenb Robert Robert , , . s a e Y.r ec.- S 12.5 12.5 Hoom Hoom Knutzen, Knutzen, . . V/ , , . s a m .-T ec S R. R.

e e

!viilwauki _ _

_ st st e

a a

H. H.

Calvin Calvin Columbi , , . es -Pr ce i · V alth alth e H of of Board Board

ttle ttle ea S

------aring aring e S Lyall Lyall , , t ec .-El es Pr

__ __ Jr. Jr. Portland Portland ______e e Stat Maltby Maltby Wilbur Wilbur , , , , . ey es r P Caus E. E. M. M.

as., as., e -Tr ec. S

e e Seattl ------Louis Louis es., es., r · P Arrigc~ni Arrigc~ni

SANITARIANS SANITARIANS

a a Columbi e e Moor . . C s e rl a Ch , , . es -P-r ce Vi

MILK MILK F F O

AssociATION AssociATION GON GON E OR

TION TION rA rA c Asso

Colun1bia Colun1bia

______

Brown Brown

C. C.

John John es., es., r · P

e e Lak s s vil e D ------

SANITARIANS SANITARIANS MILK MILK \VASHINGTON \VASHINGTON

C. C. ' I I , , S N SANITAHIA

n n o Johns . . A Duane Duane es., es., Pr t t s Pa

F F O N N iATIO c Asso A A N I L CAHO TH TH u So rk rk a m s Bi , , Griffin 317 317 ------

Lobb Lobb E. E. John John , , s. a e -Tr cc. S

J. J. Sink Sink W. W.

Minot Minot - Bohdon Bohdon . . J Edward Edward , , es. -Pr ce i V

t t ee tr s r ve

O d e

kinson kinson c Di - -- -

------

---- -

Colorado Colorado , , r ve n e D ------

: : s r o Audit

r r e tzg e M . . N Reinhold Reinhold ct, ct,

e .-El

es PT

h h g Trobau William William

x x

Halifa

------

ld ld e

stown stown e Jam _ _ _ Swanson Swanson E. E. d d e Alfr , , . es Pr g g yomin V • \ , , orland ' \<\ ______x x Fo Dean Dean

r e Satt Joe Joe , , tion ec S . . IAMFS Chairman Chairman

: : s Auditor

SANITARIANS SANITARIANS

Richmo:1(1 Richmo:1(1 ------alth alth e H

o. o. l Co , , 11 r r e nv e D __ __ e e nu e Av 25th 25th OF OF AssociATION AssociATION DAKOTA DAKOTA NoRTH NoRTH

Dept. Dept. State State dy, dy, e nn e K S. S. G. G. s., s., a e -Tr ec. S . . V v 3150 3150 e, e, k s ko c t a Y Frank Frank , , . s a e Tr - . ec S

a a c Itha ------Holland Holland . . F . . R

g g

yomin T

\<\ , , e mi a

Lar

------

Hampton Hampton ______

------e e cu~ a Syr DuMond, DuMond, H. H. D. D.

ey ey Cool . . M C. C. , , es. -P1· ce Vi nd nd 2 s s a Thom m m a illi V v , , s. e r · -P ce Vi 2nd 2nd

se se u ac Syr ______

___

e e

Rac

H. H.

D. D.

ll ll e w s _Do lor lor e Sh . . D n n e Gl , , . ms -P ce Vi t t s 1 Colorado Colorado g, g, r e nb se al ,Y \ ------: : ee Committ e e utiv ec Ex

Suffolk Suffolk ------tt tt z z e r e Cru Ev rd rd a Lee Lee , , . Edw es ., ., Pr -res -P ce Vi t t s 1 a a c Itha ------Hall Hall

Colorado Colorado , , Arvada --- -

------

g g Stockin 118 118 , , March . . P ., ., s a e .-Tr ec S R. R.

SANITARIANS SANITARIANS FooD FooD D D N A

e e

Col

tt tt e r e

Ev , , t. ec El . . es Pr

. .

Conn

, ,

Stamford

------

yoming yoming ¥ \ e e rami a _L Purko Purko l l ae h c Mi , , . es

MILK MILK OF OF N N iATIO c so s A A A I N VmGI

Jr. Jr. , , r e Turn . . G y e Harv , , ct e -El . s e Pr

SANITARIANS SANITARIANS FooD FooD AND AND MILK MILK oF oF go go e Ow - - - Gay Gay D. D. William William , , s. Pre Past Past

oCIATION oCIATION s As MouNTAIN MouNTAIN e e HocKY HocKY Lak c c Sarana ------

r, r, e xand e Al . . F e e Wad , , . es Pr land land e v e l C ______

pt. pt. e D alth alth e H County County y y e l SANITARIANS SANITARIANS MILK MILK

, , vVarwick -- - I. I. ------R. R. - - -

Brad , , s e E. E. Hugh s s e Charl , , . s a e -Tr . c e S oF oF AssociATION AssociATION STATE STATE YoRK YoRK NEw NEw

2:?., 2:?., Box Box , , rd a p e Sh y y e Sidn , , c.-TTeas. e S

a a

Chattanoo ------

Bluff Bluff

Popular Popular

__ __

_ _ rlin rlin e Tom . . Z . . A

:e :e Providem ______e e s s Ma rald rald e G ., ., s e r -P ce Vi Howard Howard H. H. m m a vVilli es., es., Pr y y Cit s s a Kans ------Brown Brown rd rd a Rich

Johnston Johnston ______

Crandall Crandall Haymond Haymond , , . es Pr

: : Auditors

ITARIANS ITARIANS N SA

Columbia Columbia ------Missouri Missouri NS NS RIA A IT N SA FOOD FOOD AND AND

OF OF ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION SSEE SSEE ENNE T w w DAn F F O ION ION T iA c o s As D D N IsLA E E HHOD of of . . Univ __ __ Edmondson Edmondson e e Jo , , as. e .-Y.r ec S

69 69 IAMFS IAMFS OF OF TE TE A AFFILI Classified Ads I DEX TO ADVERTISERS FOR SALE Babson Brothers Co. ______Back Cover Single service milk sample tubes. For further informa Creamery Package Mfg. Co. ______IV tion and a catalogue please write, Dairy Technology, Inc., ,, P. 0. Box 101 , Eugene, Oregon. Difco Laboratories ______Inside Back Cover

Fiske Associates, Inc. ------V Garver Manufacturing Co. --L------V Haynes Manufacturing Co. ______I H eil Company ______I IAM(FS, Inc. ______II

Klenzade Products, Inc. ______Inside Back Cover Corp. ______Inside Front Cover Faulty testing equipment can turn profit Pennsalt Chemical into loss-fast. Insure now against inaccu ______IV racy with this efficient Garver combination. Sterwin Chemicals ______1. Garver " ·Super" Babcock Tester. Speed controlled and speed indi· ca ted tor extreme accuracy. 11 , 2. Garver 0Yate action " Test Bottle Shaker. Thoroughly inte· grates test ingredients- saves time - eliminates dangerous, haphazard hand twirling. Write today for catalog. THE GARVER lllANIIFACTIIRING CO . Dept. JM, Union City, Ind. "Babcock Tester Manufacturers for Four Decades"

FISKE MILK CRYOSCOPE ... the leader in the field The p1·oblem of added wate1· in milk concerns you, both from the p?·ofit angle and the quality control necessa1·y in maintaining the ?"eliahility and 1·eputation of your p1·oducts. Fiske MILK CRYOSCOPES detennine accu1·ate wate?· content in milk and other dairy p1·oducts by the freezing point m ethod. It enables you to p1·ocess small test samples 1·apidly and easily, with a minimum of technically trained pe1·sonnel. A decisive facto?· in Fiske leade1·ship in 1n·ecision cryoscopy is continuous ?'esearch and development. The Fiske MILK CRYOSCOPE is the instnmwnt m·ound which the official p1·ocedures a1·e written, as des c1·ib ecl in latest Standa1·d Methods for the E xamination of Dai1·y Products, A.P.H.A., and in Labomtory Manual Milk l ndust1·y Foundation. The Fiske C1·yoscope also meets the specifications of the A.O.A.C. A ddTess any inqui1·ies cli1·ectly to the plant, o1· through our autho1·ized agents.

FISKE MILK CRYOSCOPES ... FISKE ASSOCIATES,INC. Available for immediate delivery. BETHEL, CONNECTICUT Creators ol Precis i on Electronic Devices

- v

THROUGHOUT THROUGHOUT AMERICA AMERICA

PERSONNEL PERSONNEL

TRAINED TRAINED TECHNICAL TECHNICAL

f f BELOIT, BELOIT, WIS. WIS.

21 21 B B DEPT. DEPT.

I I

I ' '

PRODUCTS PRODUCTS

KLENZADE KLENZADE

*No *No Losses Losses

* *

No No Breakage Breakage

*No *No Returns Returns

* * Readily Readily Disposable Disposable

* * Easy Easy to to Handle Handle

*Completely *Completely Safe Safe

In In Lightweight Lightweight Plastic Plastic "Kienztaine "Kienztaine

LIQUID LIQUID SODIUM SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE HYPOCHLORITE

KLENZADE KLENZADE XY-12 XY-12

+ +

- ~ll

llll

llt t-ll

lllt

-l

l ll-ti

ii -I

I U-IIII-~

U -ti-

IIII

IIII -I III - nU - IIR - IIn -t tii - Ull - llll - lll l- llll - tlll - lllt - MU - IIII - II I I - IIII - IIII - IIH - IIII - IIII - RI I -I III - lii i- UII - liii -1 111 - HH - ll + +

DETROIT DETROIT 1, 1, MICHIGAN MICHIGAN

DIFCO DIFCO LABORATORIES LABORATORIES

including including descriptions descriptions of of the s e e media media and and their their use, use, is is available available on on 1·eque s t . .

THE THE DIFCO DIFCO MANUAL, MANUAL, NINTH NINTH EDITION , ,

Bacto-Yeast Bacto-Yeast Nitrogen Nitrogen Bas e e Bacto -V itamin itamin Free Free Yeast Yeast Base Base

Bacto - Yeast Yeast Carbon Carbon Base Base Bacto-Czapek Bacto-Czapek Solution Solution Agar Agar

Bacto-Yeast Bacto-Yeast Morphology Morphology Agar Agar Bacto-Czapek Bacto-Czapek Dox Dox Broth Broth

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION . . . and and nutritional nutritional studies studies of of fungi : :

Bacto -W. L. L. Differenti a l l Medium Medium

Bacto-Malt Bacto-Malt Agar Agar Bacto-W . L . . Nutrient Nutrient Medium Medium

Bacto-Malt Bacto-Malt Extract Extract Bacto-Mildew Bacto-Mildew Test Test Medium Medium

Bacto-Sabouraud Bacto-Sabouraud Liquid Liquid Medium Medium Bacto-Potato Bacto-Potato Dextros e e Agar Agar

Bacto-Sabourand Bacto-Sabourand Maltose Maltose Broth Broth

Bacto -1\e urospora urospora Culture Culture Agar Agar

I I mycological mycological proc e dur es: es:

I I CONTROL CONTROL ...... for for sanitary sanitary an d d sterility sterility procedures procedures as as we ll ll as as for for genera l l us e e in in

I I Bacto-Bean Bacto-Bean Pod Pod Agar Agar Bacto-Prune Bacto-Prune Agar Agar

Bacto-Lima Bacto-Lima Bean Bean Agar Agar

! ! Bacto-Littman Bacto-Littman O xga ll ll Agar Agar Bacto-Corn Bacto-Corn Meal Meal Agar Agar with with Dextros e e

j j Bacto-Sabouraud Bacto-Sabouraud Maltose Maltose Agar Agar Bacto-Corn Bacto-Corn Meal Meal Agar Agar

Bacto-Sabourand Bacto-Sabourand De xtrose xtrose Agar Agar Bacto -Mycologi cal cal Broth Broth

~~I ~~I Bacto-Brain Bacto-Brain H eart eart Infusion Infusion Ag a r r Bacto-Mycological Bacto-Mycological Agar Agar ~ ~

or or other other agents: agents: 1 1

1 1

l l

l l selective selective

m edia edia by by the the adjustment adjustment of of r eac tion , , a ddition ddition of of antibiotics antibiotics

i i growth growth of of a a variety variety i i of of fungi. fungi. The The following following

may may be be prepared prepared as as

I I Several Several are are neutral neutral in in reaction, reaction, giving giving optimum optimum

conditions conditions j j for for

These These media media are are also also w id e l y y used used in in phytopathological phytopathological

studies. studies.

e e

I I

f f DIAG NOSTIC NOSTIC ...... for for the the isol ation, ation,

identification identification and and cultivation cultivation of of p a thog e nic nic fungi. fungi.

i i Media Media

MYCOLOGY MYCOLOGY

for for

i i

i i i i

m•• m•• _ ,, _ ., _ ., _ ,, _ ,, _ ,, _ ,, _ ,. _ ,, _ ,, _ ., _ ., _ ,, _ , , _ ,, _ ., _ ,, _ ,,_ ,,_ r · - ·· - .. .. _ _ .. .. _ ,, _ ., _ ,. _ ,, _ ,, _ ., _ ,, _ ., _ ,, _ ,, _ ,, _ ,, _ ,, _ ., _ _ r r , ',

, Because every time a milking machine pulls on an empty teat, it creates irritation and you mn the risk of injury ... leading to possible mastitis problems. If cow health and dairy income are important to you- you can't afford to let any milking machine suck on milked out teats ... low vacuum or high. Ever since SuRGE made its first bucket milker, you could drop one or more teat cups as each quarter milked out ... and SuRGE makes it a very simple job.

Professor of Dairy Husbandry, University of Missouri

"Irritation and traumatic injury to the delicate tissues of the· gland is a com mon predisposing cause of mastitis. The incidence of mastitis has been re duced markedly by rapid milking and by removing the machine as soon as the milk has been removed. With unequal milking time of the quarters, the faster milking quarters are subject to irritation and trauma of the vacuum for periods of from one to three or four minutes if the machine is left on until all quarters are dry."