Colombia's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments Through 2015
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Climate and Resilience Bill
Press kit Presentation of the bill to the Council of Ministers 10 february 2021 A LAW TO GET FRENCH SOCIETY IN THE AGE OF ECOLOGY In the same way that founding laws on freedom of the press and secularism laid down the core principles of the Republic in the early 20th century, the law drawn from the work of the Citizen’s Climate Convention will sustainably anchor ecology in our contemporary society. This text has already paved the way for a new type of law-making, based on a more participatory democracy. It will also enable us to transform our society and growth model and bring about significant changes. With this law, environmental concerns will become an integral part of the daily lives of French citizens, helping them to make more sustainable decisions when it comes to travel, housing, consumption and production. The law aims to get us through the crucial «last mile» of the transition : a significant change in our lifestyles. This text aims to do just that, by placing ecology at the heart of the French model and to permeate the most fundamental aspects of French society : schools, public services, corporate life, justice, but also housing and town planning, advertising, and transport for work and holidays. This law will not only have consequences on economical institutions to bring about a faster reduction in carbon intensity, it will innervate our culture, promoting environmental education, responsible advertising and reduced consumption. France is proud to lead these transformations in the face of a major health crisis coupled with an economic and social crisis. -
The Wisselbank and Amsterdam Price Volatility: a Fractal Test of the Austrian Fractional-Reserve Banking Hypothesis
THE WISSELBANK AND AMSTERDAM PRICE VOLATILITY: A FRACTAL TEST OF THE AUSTRIAN FRACTIONAL-RESERVE BANKING HYPOTHESIS CHRISTOPHER P. GUZELIAN* ROBERT F. MULLIGAN** Fecha de recepción: 8 noviembre 2015. Fecha de aceptación: 15 diciembre 2015. Resumen: Analizando los datos históricos correspondientes al Banco de Áms- terdam de 1708 a 1788 concluimos que la evidencia empírica confirma (o al menos no refuta) la hipótesis austriaca sobre los negativos efectos de la banca con reserve fraccionaria. Palabras clave: Banca con reserva fraccionaria, expansión monetaria, estabili- dad de precios, equilibrio. Clasificación JEL: E42, E44, N13, N23, N83. Abstract: Using 1708-1788 historical data, we test the Austrian hypothesis that fractional-reserve banking destabilizes commodity prices, complicating eco- nomic calculation and entrepreneurial planning, and contributes to boom-bust cycles. The Bank of Amsterdam («Wisselbank», 1609-1819) maintained high reserve requirements until the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780-1784), when its reserve ratio plummeted from nearly 100% in 1778 to around 20% by 1788. We compare price volatilities for 1722-1779 and 1780-1788 using fractal Hurst exponents. For all commodity prices tested, fractal volatility was higher during the lower fractional reserve period, except for rye, wheat, and Hamburg Bills of Exchange. Bill of Exchange stability was likely attributable to Hamburg transport ships’ ability to evade British incursion and to the Wisselbank’s legal * Associate Professor, Thomas Jefferson School of Law, San Diego (guzelian@po- box.com). ** Professor, School of Economics & Management, Western Carolina University ([email protected]). Procesos de Mercado: Revista Europea de Economía Política Vol. XII, n.º 2, Otoño 2015, pp. 13 a 42 14 CHRISTOPHER P. -
Controversial Religion Bill Goes to Chamber of Deputies
FORUM 18 NEWS SERVICE, Oslo, Norway http://www.forum18.org/ The right to believe, to worship and witness The right to change one's belief or religion The right to join together and express one's belief This article was published by F18News on: 31 January 2006 ROMANIA: Controversial religion bill goes to Chamber of Deputies By Felix Corley, Forum 18 News Service <http://www.forum18.org> Religious minorities and human rights groups are worried over the proposed new religion law, which resumes its parliamentary progress in the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, on 1 February. "This is a very critical time for religious liberty in Romania," Evangelical Alliance president Pastor Paul Negrut told Forum 18 News Service. He complained that the government-drafted law passed unchanged through the upper house, the Senate, in December. Peter Eckstein-Kovacs, head of the Senate's legal committee, recognises that the draft is "problematic" but denied to Forum 18 that its adoption by the Senate without a vote had been a "trick". Adventists, Baptists and other Protestants, Greek Catholics, Jehovah's Witnesses and Baha'is have already complained about the draft law. "The draft law infringes many laws and the Constitution of Romania, as well as international human rights commitments to which Romania is subject," Iustina Ionescu of the Bucharest-based Centre for Legal Resources told Forum 18. Romania's controversial government-drafted religion bill - which passed through the upper house of parliament, the Senate, unchanged without a vote in December 2005 - is set to resume its parliamentary progress tomorrow (1 February) when it goes to the Standing Bureau of the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies. -
The County Election Commission
CTAS e-Li Published on e-Li (http://eli.ctas.tennessee.edu) October 01, 2021 The County Election Commission Dear Reader: The following document was created from the CTAS electronic library known as e-Li. This online library is maintained daily by CTAS staff and seeks to represent the most current information regarding issues relative to Tennessee county government. We hope this information will be useful to you; reference to it will assist you with many of the questions that will arise in your tenure with county government. However, the Tennessee Code Annotated and other relevant laws or regulations should always be consulted before any action is taken based upon the con- tents of this document. Please feel free to contact us if you have questions or comments regarding this information or any other e-Li material. Sincerely, The University of Tennessee County Technical Assistance Service 226 Capitol Blvd. Suite 400 Nashville, TN. 37219 615-532-3555 phone 615-532-3699 fax [email protected] www.ctas.tennessee.edu Page 1 of 7 Table of Contents The County Election Commission.............................................................. 3 Qualifications and Disqualifications........................................................ 3 Oath of Office and Organization............................................................. 3 Office Hours............................................................................................ 3 Meetings................................................................................................. 3 Duties-County -
NASCAR: a Story of Success
Visions in Leisure and Business Monographs Volume 4 Issue 1 Volume 4 Monograph, 2010 Article 3 2010 NASCAR: A Story of Success Kathleen Munger Bowling Green State University, [email protected] David L. Groves Bowling Green State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/visions_monographs Recommended Citation Munger, Kathleen and Groves, David L. (2010) "NASCAR: A Story of Success," Visions in Leisure and Business Monographs: Vol. 4 : Iss. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/visions_monographs/vol4/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Visions in Leisure and Business Monographs by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@BGSU. NASCAR: A STORY OF SUCCESS BY KATHLEEN MUNGER, ADJUNCT FACULTY AND DR. DAVID L. GROVES, PROFESSOR EMERITUS SCHOOL OF HUMAN MOVEMENT, SPORT AND LEISURE STUDIES BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY BOWLING GREEN, OH 43403 INTRODUCTION original use of the technique was to elicit information from experts in order to estab This study empirically investigated the rea lish an atomic defense strategy (Helmer, sons for the past, present and future suc 1975). The technique has been used in a cesses of NASCAR (Bonham, 1999). It in variety of fields including education, busi volved identifying and understanding the ness, public administration, evaluation of structural elements and relationships within programs, and development/identification of NASCAR utilizing a forecasting methodol educational innovations (Rieger, 1986). ogy. The key is identifying the appropriate methodology and incorporating the impor The major purpose of the Delphi process is tant elements of the present NASCAR struc to obtain consensus from a panel of experts ture and historical data to allow an under in a specific field. -
Legislating During War: Conflict and Politics in Colombia
Legislating During War: Conflict and Politics in Colombia Juan S. Morales∗ Collegio Carlo Alberto University of Turin July 24, 2020 Abstract This paper studies how politicians and their constituents respond to political violence by investigating the case of the Colombian civil conflict. I use data on rebel attacks, legislators’ tweets and roll-call votes, and I employ event study and difference-in-differences empirical methods. Twitter engagement (as a proxy for popular support) increases after rebel attacks for both incumbent party legislators and for tweets with a "hard-line" language. Legislators increase their support for the incumbent party after attacks, but only when the government has a hard-line policy position, as inferred both from the recent historical context and from text analysis of the president’s tweets. Though the effects are initially large they last less than two weeks. The empirical results are consistent with a political economy model of legislative behaviour in which events that shift voters’ views, and the presence of rally ‘round the flag effects, elicit different politician responses depending on the policy position of the incumbent party. Finally, I identify a set of potentially affected congressional votes, suggesting that these conflict-induced swings in incumbent support can have persistent policy consequences. JEL Codes: D72;D74;H56;O10 Keywords: civil conflict; legislative decision-making; roll-call votes; political language; social media ∗Collegio Carlo Alberto, Piazza Arbarello 8, 10122, Torino, TO, Italy (e-mail: [email protected]). I thank the editor, Maria Petrova, and anonymous referees for their careful reviews and suggestions. I am grateful to Gustavo Bobonis, Albert Berry, Marco Gonzalez-Navarro and Michel Serafinelli for their guidance and support. -
Colombia's National Law of Firearms and Explosives
COLOMBIA ’S NATIO N AL LAW OF FIREARMS A N D EXPLOSIVES by Jonathan Edward Shaw* IP-3-2011 May 2011 13952 Denver West Parkway • Suite 400 • Golden, Colorado 80401-3141 www.IndependenceInstitute.org • 303-279-6536 • 303-279-4176 fax COLOM bia ’S NA T I ON A L LA W OF FI RE A RMS A ND EXPLOS I VES Abstract: This Issue Paper provides English translations The translations included in this Issue Paper are based of Colombian gun control statutes and the arms-related on the original Spanish versions of the Colombian provisions of Colombia’s present and past constitutions. The Constitution and the laws that govern gun control in Issue Paper also provides a history of the arms provisions in Colombia. I have made my best effort to translate Colombia’s constitutions over the last two centuries, and in the documents into English, rather than re-writing the the Spanish law that preceded them. In addition to translating documents as if they had originally been written in English. the modern gun control statutes, the Issue Paper presents a My purpose was to clearly communicate the content narrative explanation of the most important provisions. From of the documents and to avoid modifying meanings to colonial days to the present, Colombian law has presumed facilitate modern English wording. For example, the that many Colombians will own and carry firearms for Spanish word municiones might normally be translated sports and for self-defense. Contemporary laws continue this as ammunition in English; however I have used the word tradition, in the context of a system of regulation. -
Draft FY 2018-2022 Strategic Plan
Federal Election Commission Draft FY 2018-2022 Strategic Plan EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Federal Election Commission’s (FEC) Strategic Plan for Fiscal Years (FYs) 2018-2022 identifies the Commission’s strategic objectives and provides a road map for meeting those objectives. It also describes current challenges facing the FEC and addresses future trends that may affect the achievement of the agency’s goal. The mission of the FEC is to protect the integrity of the federal campaign finance process by providing transparency and fairly enforcing and administering federal campaign finance laws. The Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA/the Act) reflects a belief that democracy works best when voters can make informed decisions in the political process—decisions based in part on knowing the sources of financial support for federal candidates, political party committees and other political committees. As a result, the FEC’s first strategic objective is to inform the public about how federal campaigns and committees are financed. Public confidence in the political process also depends on the knowledge that participants in federal elections follow clear and well-defined rules and face consequences for non-compliance. Thus, the FEC’s second strategic objective focuses on the Commission’s efforts to promote voluntary compliance through educational outreach and to enforce campaign finance laws effectively and fairly. The third strategic objective is to interpret the FECA and related statutes, providing timely guidance to the public regarding the requirements of the law. The Commission also understands that organizational performance is driven by employee performance and that the agency cannot successfully achieve its mission without a high-performing workforce that understands expectations and delivers results. -
The Lesson from Romania Ronald D
Chapman University Chapman University Digital Commons Law Faculty Articles and Research Fowler School of Law 1991 Exporting the American Bill of Rights: The Lesson from Romania Ronald D. Rotunda Chapman University, Fowler School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/law_articles Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Ronald D. Rotunda, Exporting the American Bill of Rights: The Lesson from Romania, 1991 U. Ill. L. Rev. 1065 (1991). Available at: http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/law_articles/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Fowler School of Law at Chapman University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Law Faculty Articles and Research by an authorized administrator of Chapman University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EXPORTING THE AMERICAN BILL OF RIGHTS: THE LESSON FROM ROMANIA Ronald D. Rotunda • Professor Ronald Rotunda continues the second part of our Bill of Rights Bicentennial Symposium with an essay on his experiences in Romania. Professor Rotunda was one of a small group of American legal experts that travelled to Bucharest to help the Romanian gov ernment as it drafted a new constitution and created an independent judiciary to help protect human rights. In the wake of the Romanian Revolution, Professor Rotunda found a poor country struggling to es cape a totalitarian past. The author concludes that while American pop icons such as Walt Disney and Whitney Houston have made a mark on Romania, our most significant export has been the idea of a constitutional government that cherishes individual rights. -
2021 Panel Systems Catalog
Table of Contents Page Title Page Number Terms and Conditions 3 - 4 Specifications 5 2.0 and SB3 Panel System Options 16 - 17 Wood Finish Options 18 Standard Textile Options 19 2.0 Paneling System Fabric Panel with Wooden Top Cap 6 - 7 Fabric Posts and Wooden End Caps 8 - 9 SB3 Paneling System Fabric Panel with Wooden Top Cap 10 - 11 Fabric Posts with Wooden Top Cap 12 - 13 Wooden Posts 14 - 15 revision 1.0 - 12/2/2020 Terms and Conditions 1. Terms of Payment ∙Qualified Customers will have Net 30 days from date of order completion, and a 1% discount if paid within 10 days of the invoice date. ∙Customers lacking credentials may be required down payment or deposit in full prior to production. ∙Finance charges of 2% will be applied to each invoice past 30 days. ∙Terms of payment will apply unless modified in writing by Custom Office Design, Inc. 2. Pricing ∙All pricing is premised on product that is made available for will call to the buyer pre-assembled and unpackaged from our base of operations in Auburn, WA. ∙Prices subject to change without notice. Price lists noting latest date supersedes all previously published price lists. Pricing does not include A. Delivery, Installation, or Freight-handling charges. B. Product Packaging, or Crating charges. C. Custom Product Detail upcharge. D. Special-Order/Non-standard Laminate, Fabric, Staining and/or Labor upcharge. E. On-site service charges. F. Federal, state or local taxes. 3. Ordering A. All orders must be made in writing and accompanied with a corresponding purchase order. -
Election Code for the Student Government Association of Stephen F. Austin State University
ELECTION CODE FOR THE STUDENT GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATION OF STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY TITLE I ELECTION RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE STUDENT GOVERNMENT OF STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY SCOPE AND PURPOSE The Student Government Association shall establish rules and regulations regarding the election of members of the Senate and of the Executive Branch of the Student Government Association of Stephen F. Austin State University. ARTICLE I. GENERAL ELECTIONS SECTION 1. FALL GENERAL ELECTIONS A. Elections for class senators will be held during September of each year before Student Government Retreat. SECTION 2. SPRING GENERAL ELECTIONS A. Elections for Student Body President, Student Body Vice President, Academic College senators, and Off-Campus senate seats will be held in the Spring Semester before the final Board of Regents meeting. a. The date of the Board of Regents meeting shall be determined by the Board itself. ARTICLE II. QUALIFICATIONS FOR OFFICE SECTION 1. QUALIFICATIONS FOR EXECUTIVE OFFICE CANDIDATES A. The requirements and qualifications for executive officers seeking office are as stated in Article IV, Section 3 of the Student Government Association Constitution. B. Any student wishing to have their name appear on the ballot for executive office must have experience within any branch of the Student Government Association and have served in a previous semester and the semester of the current semester of which they are seeking to run. a. Experience in a semester shall be defined as having been in office for greater than half of all of the meetings of the Student Government Association. C. Determination of the classification of students seeking office and for voter eligibility will be calculated using the current University guidelines and verified through the office of the Dean of Student Affairs. -
OFFICIAL 2020 PRESIDENTIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS General Election Date: 11/03/2020 OFFICIAL 2016 PRESIDENTIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS
OFFICIAL 2020 PRESIDENTIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS General Election Date: 11/03/2020 OFFICIAL 2016 PRESIDENTIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS General Election Date: 11/08/2016 Source: State Elections Offices* SOURCE: State Elections Offices* STATE ELECTORAL ELECTORAL VOTES CAST FOR ELECTORAL VOTES CAST FOR VOTES JOSEPH R. BIDEN (D) DONALD J. TRUMP (R) AL 9 9 AK 3 3 AZ 11 11 AR 6 6 CA 55 55 CO 9 9 CT 7 7 DE 3 3 DC 3 3 FL 29 29 GA 16 16 HI 4 4 ID 4 4 IL 20 20 IN 11 11 IA 6 6 KS 6 6 KY 8 8 LA 8 8 ME 4 3 1 MD 10 10 MA 11 11 MI 16 16 MN 10 10 MS 6 6 MO 10 10 MT 3 3 NE 5 1 4 NV 6 6 NH 4 4 NJ 14 14 NM 5 5 NY 29 29 NC 15 15 ND 3 3 OH 18 18 OK 7 7 OR 7 7 PA 20 20 RI 4 4 SC 9 9 SD 3 3 TN 11 11 TX 38 38 UT 6 6 VT 3 3 VA 13 13 WA 12 12 WV 5 5 WI 10 10 WY 3 3 Total: 538 306 232 Total Electoral Votes Needed to Win = 270 - Page 1 of 12 - OFFICIAL 2020 PRESIDENTIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS General Election Date: 11/03/2020 SOURCE: State Elections Offices* STATE BIDEN BLANKENSHIP BODDIE CARROLL CHARLES AL 849,624 AK 153,778 1,127 AZ 1,672,143 13 AR 423,932 2,108 1,713 CA 11,110,250 2,605 559 CO 1,804,352 5,061 2,515 2,011 CT 1,080,831 219 11 DE 296,268 1 87 8 DC 317,323 FL 5,297,045 3,902 854 GA 2,473,633 61 8 701 65 HI 366,130 931 ID 287,021 1,886 163 IL 3,471,915 18 9,548 75 IN 1,242,416 895 IA 759,061 1,707 KS 570,323 KY 772,474 7 408 43 LA 856,034 860 1,125 2,497 ME 435,072 MD 1,985,023 4 795 30 MA 2,382,202 MI 2,804,040 7,235 963 MN 1,717,077 75 1,037 112 MS 539,398 1,279 1,161 MO 1,253,014 3,919 664 MT 244,786 23 NE 374,583 NV 703,486 3,138 NH 424,937