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the uture of Scenof graphy by Arnold Aronson nniversaries are a time to such—despite the often concrete architectural forest, heaven, a palace, or a kitchen in a ten- look back, but they are nature of such stages—it is ephemeral. In the ement. Since the Renaissance this has usually also a time to look case of the ancient Greek theatre or the market involved painted illusion, and since the late eigh- forward. What will squares of medieval farces and commedia per- teenth century it has also meant the creation of the next fifty years bring? Predicting the future, formances, the very locale of the stage connects an increasingly detailed environment in which of course, is a fool’s game. Perhaps actors will it, and thus the spectators, to the surrounding the actors move—interiors with practical furni- be beamed onto the stage by transporters; all world. It is enveloped by a greater environment ture, doors, windows, etc.; a simulacrum of the tangible scenery will be replaced by holograms; which in turn envelops the spectator, at least im- experiential world of the spectators. But regard- lighting and sound control will be achieved plicitly, and thus places the theatrical event in less of detail it was still an image, as the very through brainwaves; and opera singers will the context of the cosmos. More often, these ar- name “picture-frame proscenium” suggests. never miss a performance because of laryngitis chitectural stages are partially or fully enclosed It was Appia, of course, who sought to or petulance because their clones will be wait- (cf. Roman theatres, the Teatro Olimpico, the redeem the stage as a three-dimensional volu- ing in the wings. Who knows? So, while it is not Globe, the Sanskrit stage, et al.), thereby iso- metric space, a place whose plasticity could be possible to say what the future of scenography lating the spectators and eliminating quotidian shaped by light. The rejection of naturalism and holds, it is possible to consider what factors distractions in order to create a fully contained its scenographic representation, the emerging might shape scenic art in the next half century. theatrical world. Of course these architectural conceptions of the interior world of the mind To look forward requires a look back. or space stages sometimes employed scenic fostered by psychiatry, and Kandinsky’s notion The history of scenography in its simplest terms pieces or painted scenery. As the pendulum of the spiritual in art all meshed well with this can be described as a pendulum swinging be- swings between two points it traverses an arc, new Appian regime. The great French historian tween space and image. Space, in this case, re- a continuum; only at the extreme points is any- of scenography, Denis Bablet, characterized fers to stage qua stage. It is a delineated area thing absolute. a primary impulse of twentieth-century sce- in which its theatrical function is acknowledged The image, on the other hand, aims to cre- nography as “the battle with space.” It might and emphasized; it is a protean device that is ate a particular locale, whether it is allegorical equally be described as the battle with the im- constantly mutable and transformable, and as and fanciful, generic, or specific. It can be a age. The fragmentary settings typical of much scenography of the past from ReIn Adolphe Appia’s design for Parsifal, 1896, a few moody, abstract, stone-textured forms stand for an entire castle. The ancient Roman theatre at Herculaneum as envisioned by Francesco Piranesi (1758-1810). THEATRE DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY 84 W I N T E R 2010 Copyright 2010 United States Institute for Theatre Technology, Inc. Sceno graphy twentieth-century décor could be understood a mercantile society in the fifteenth century, for deploy a visibility that can be blinding” French almost in terms of Lacanian desire, a longing for instance, or the development of photography in philosopher Jacques Rancière reminds us), the unfulfilled or for that which is lacking. But the nineteenth serve as such examples. The late- were brought to life on an actual stage; and ac- whether the window frame hanging in space or twentieth-century evolution of digital technology tors still entered through a real door. The the- the isolated door was yearning for the complete and electronic communication is clearly anoth- atre is perhaps the best embodiment of what wall or, conversely, its own elimination in order er such moment. But just as certainly as the per- Rancière calls the “commonest regime of the to achieve an open stage is debatable. To stick ception and organization of time and space was image … one that presents a relationship be- with my metaphor, it was as if the pendulum radically altered between the middle ages and tween the sayable and the visible.” But in this were impeded, unable to reach the farthest ends Renaissance, and just as what Jonathan Crary age of digital media, we are more in the realm of its arc. calls the “phenomenon of the observer,” was of Baudrillard’s simulacra. Images are divorced Postmodern design has reasserted the challenged in the nineteenth century, the scopic from identifiable sources with no obligation to dominance of the image, albeit an image of dis- regime of the modern era is undergoing a rigor- the real world; they refer only to themselves, parate juxtaposed elements, dislocations, jum- ous re-examination now. bled aesthetics, and a rejection of the sublime. Although the stage has always been a site It is a truism that If this brief overview of some two-and-a- for the changeable, the mutable, it achieved its half millennia of scenographic history suggests transformations via the tangible. The painted we live in a world oscillation between two points, won’t it simply pots and pans and the shaking walls that Strind- of images, and the swing back again (and again and again) over berg railed against, were nonetheless composed ubiquity of images has the next fifty years? I think not, or at least not of actual material—paint and canvas—that ex- in the same way. Periodically there are devel- isted in real space. They could be touched. They been exponentially opments in history that result in radical shifts could transform only by mechanical means: expanded through in perception and understanding of the world. someone had to paint them and someone had The development of mathematically precise per- to move them. Even the locales conjured by electronic spective in combination with the emergence of language as in Shakespeare’s plays (“words dissemination. scenography TD&T Josef Svoboda’s setting for Prokofiev’s opera Fiery Angel which incorporates of the past from articles in large mirrored surfaces designed to reflect and distort whatever images or objects are on the stage. The open stage preferred by Tyrone Guthrie, as expressed in the original Guthrie Theatre (1963). THEATRE DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY Copyright 2010 United States Institute for Theatre Technology, Inc. W I N T E R 2010 85 USITT exhibited usa scenography at pq 2007 Pay Up (2005), designed by Anna Kiraly for the Pig Iron Theatre Company in Philadelphia, takes place in a large warehouse in which the audience is herded to various location as the play progresses. Another vision of Fiery Angel (2004) by Geroge Tsypin, which he describes as “an aggressive deconstructivist nightmare full of jagged lines, a flaming sky, and a bloody floor.” “undefined simulacra of each other.” And, of is the Spinozist definition of God. This begs the for communal presence in shared space. Not course, in this age of electronic communica- question as to whether the aesthetic qualities of surprisingly, some of the accompanying imagery tion, they do not exist in any tangible, visible, the image are determined by its technical mani- is created and displayed in the familiar digital or inhabitable space; they exist, of course, in festation. Is an image just an image? form.) Inevitably, placing a contemporary spec- cyberspace. One might argue that the Middle Ages tator in a darkened theatre to view performers at It is a truism that we live in a world of and the Baroque, for instance, were also visual some distance, and who seem static compared images, and the ubiquity of images has been ages, but these, and any other visual regimes to the frenetic pace of digital media, and on a exponentially expanded through electronic prior to the twentieth century, required the im- stage that, no matter how brightly lit, will seem dissemination. (Anyone who began using PCs age to be present in space and to possess some dim in comparison to quantity of light in the ex- or the internet in the pre-Apple days may re- degree of dimensionality. But today image and ternal world, is problematic. I am still haunted member a world composed almost entirely of space are not only divorced, the image has been by the audience response (or actually lack of type, not images.) Of incidental interest is the dematerialized. Where do the images seen on response) to the scenography of Andrew Lloyd fact that much of the imagery we confront today the computer screen, the billboard or stadium Webber’s The Woman in White I saw on Broad- is created or conveyed by devices that function scoreboard, and related devices exist? Yes, the way a few years ago. The scenery was entirely as their own light source. That is, we do not image appears momentarily on (in? through?) created and projected by digital technology and perceive the image because it is projected or some sort of apparatus that makes it visible, yet was probably the most technically sophisticated because light is reflected off it; the image radi- it cannot be said to exist in space.

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