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Nigeria, Med February 1996 THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL THE INFLUENCE OF MULTICULTURALISM ON THE SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN NIGERIA. being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Hull By Ms MARIAM OKOYE MOHAMMED, B. Sc. (Ed), Nigeria, MEd February 1996 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE N2 Acknowledgement i-ii ....................................................................... 111 Dedication ................................................................................... List Tables iv-v of ............................................................................... List Figures of .............................................................................. vi List Appendices of ........................................................................ vii CHAPTER ONE: 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 ................................................................... 1.1 The Geographical historical background Nigeria 1 and of ............. 1.2 The Socio-cultural Nigeria 11 structures of pre-Colonial ............... 1.3 Cultural in Nigeria 22 and educational changes post-Colonial ....... 1.4 The influence Nigerian 30 of religion on cultures .......................... 1.5 Multiculturalism history Nigeria 38 and the political of ................. 1.6 Purpose the Study 46 of .............................................................. 1.7 Research hypotheses 48 questions and ......................................... CHAPTERTWO: 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 51 ........................................................ 2.1 Concepts of culture, multiculturalism 51 and multicultural education ................................................... 2.2 International perspectives on multiculturalism 55 and multicultural education ................................................... 2.2.1 The British 55 experience ................................................... 2.2.2 The American 68 experience .............................................. 2.2.3 The Canadian 85 experience ............................................... 2.2.4 Developing 95 countries' perspectives .................................. 2.3 Cultural diversity life 103 and university ..................................... 2.4 Summary 118 ............................................................................ 3.0 SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL POLICIES OF NIGERIAN GOVERNMENTS AIMED AT PROMOTING MULTICULTURALISM. 143 3.1 The National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) 143 scheme .................. 3.2 Educational 150 policies ............................................................. 3.3 University 154 students' unionism and multiculturalism .............. CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 RESEARCH METHODS 159 ........................................................ 4.1 Selection for the 159 of universities study ...................................... 4.2 Sample techniques 161 size and sampling .................................... 4.3 Research instruments 167 .......................................................... 4.4 Validity instruments 170 and reliability of .................................... 4.5 Analysis data 172 of ................................................................... CHAPTER FIVE: 5.0 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF STUDENT DATA 173 ........ 5.1 Personal 173 characteristics of students ....................................... 5.2 Students issues 179 relationship .................................................. 5.3 Issues 184 on multiculturalism .................................................. 5.4 Statistical 190 relationships of students responses ......................... 5.5 Discussion findings 194 of .......................................................... CHAPTER SIX: 6.0 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF STAFF DATA 201 ............. 6.1 Demographic of 201 characteristics staff respondents .................... 6.2 Staff issues responses on multicultural .................................. 204 6.3 Analysis of staff unstructured interview responses on multiculturalism ............................................................. 210 6.4 Discussion findings of .......................................................... 224 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSIONS 226 7.0 .................................................................. CHAPTER EIGHT RECOMMENDATION AND WAY FORWARD 242 8.0 ......................... 8.1 approaches to the promotion of in Nigerian 242 multiculturalism universities .............................. 8.2 A for Directorate in Nigeria 249 case a of multiculturalism ............ 8.3 For further 257 research ............................................................ BIBLIOGRAPHY 260 ...................................................................... APPENDICES 310 ........................................................................... ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research has been achieved through the effort and contribution of many people. I would like to acknowledge first my supervisors, Dr. A. Ghazzali and the Dean of the School of Education Prof. V. A. McClelland for their support, encouragement and willingness to offer me their expert advice and clarifications whenever I needed them. I owe a special debt of gratitude to all those I met while undertaking this research, often in very busy and less than ideal circumstances. Various Universities in Nigeria - The University of Lagos, University of Maiduguri and University of Port-Harcourt who have helped greatly in allowing the administration of the questionnaires and collection of data. The same gratitude goes to Mr. Ezekiel Audu of National Youth Service Corps, Maiduguri who made it possible for me to use their Year books. This research has accumulated debts of gratitude to many people en route. Prof. Richards, Prof. Carew, Prof. Adeniji, Prof. Madu, Prof. Ezewu, Dr. Buahin, Dr. Malta, Dr. Farouk, Dr. Ekwueme, Dr. Oyeoze, Dr. Donlli and a host of other lectures in various universities in Nigeria, it was the generous assistance of the above who made it possible for me to administer and collect substantial data for the research analysis. -1- There are many others who have helped in one way or the other Dr. Joyce Bellamy, Dr. Garry Hornby, Dr. Mike Bottery, Dr. Maurice Whitehead, Dr. Betty Fieldsend, Dr. Greg Uche, Mr. I. D. Marriott, Ms Rosa, Mrs. F. Elendu, Ms Chris Thomson, Mr. John Kelly, Mr. Andy Hull, Mrs. Mavis May, Mr. John Mann, Mr &Mrs Li and my little Tiffany. I also wish to take this opportunity to thank all staff at the Hull university educational centre for their invaluable support and friendship that has encouraged me and made my study a memorable one. Special thanks is due to Anita Richards and Joe Murphy who supported me financially and otherwise throughout the research period. My thank are also due to Prof. Richards and my father Chief Albert Offieal, and my uncle Joseph Okoli who encouraged and supported me morally. My brothers and sisters who made me notice the influences of multiculturalism on youth development in Nigeria. Their constant encouragement, patience and love helped me cope with all the difficulties, stress of doing a research in a far away country, especially my children their patience is not measurable. - ii - DEDICATED TO :- PROFESSOR W. S. RICHARDS & MY THREE SONS (Victor, Inuwa and Sani) -111- LIST OF TABLES PAGE N° Chapter Four: Table 1. Distribution the 161 of staff sample among universities .................. 2. Gender 162 ratio of staff smaple .................................................. 3. Distribution by departments 163 of staff sample ............................. 4. Distribution by 164 of staff sample professional status .................... 5. Proportion from 165 of students each university ............................ 6. Gender 166 ratio of students sample ............................................ 7. Distribution by departments 167 of student sample ........................ Chapter Five: TWO 8. Age 173 range of students ........................................................... 9. Ethnic 174 origin of student sample ............................................. 10. Marital 176 status of student sample ............................................ 11. Place birth 177 of of students ....................................................... 12. Religion 178 of students .............................................................. 13. How best friend 179 was met ....................................................... 14. The length time they have been friends 180 of ................................ 15. Friendship 181 rating ................................................................ 16. Parents 181 awareness of relationship ......................................... 17. Parents 182 approval of relationship ............................................ 18. Ethnic 183 relationship rating ..................................................... 19. Across-ethnic 183 assistance ...................................................... 20. Students feelings 185 and understandings about multiculturalism . 21. Statistical relationships between ethnic origin (cultural factor) based Chi-Square 192 and other variables on computations .................. iv Chapter Six: Thb1e Distribution by 201 22. of staff sample age range ................................. by 202 23. Distribution of staff sample marital status .......................... 24. Ethnic 202 origin of staff ............................................................. Religion 203 25. of staff sample ......................................................... Place birth 203 26. of ......................................................................
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