Competition and Cooperation in Social and Political Sciences – Adi & Achwan (Eds) © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, , ISBN 978-1-138-62676-8

The role of the Middle Eastern first lady in the public sphere: A case study of Queen Rania of

R.N. Fitria & Apipudin School of Postgraduate, Department of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

ABSTRACT: This research investigates the importance of the Middle Eastern first lady expand her role not only in private but also in the public sphere. So far, the significance of the Middle Eastern first lady’s role has not been widely studied. Most Middle Eastern women, including the first lady, are normally considered to have minimal roles in society. In contrast to that statement, this study suggests that a region, where the patriarchal culture is particularly strong, the first ladies show significant contributions to the wider community. Queen Rania of Jordan shows that being the spouse of the king in the does not preclude her potential to contribute. In this paper, the roles of Queen Rania are analysed using a qualitative case study approach. This study proves that a number of Middle Eastern first ladies play their role in society according to opportunities and challenges that occur in their region. In contrast to other Middle Eastern first ladies, Queen Rania has her own char- acteristic of contributing and delivering her ideas in the public sphere.

1 INTRODUCTION

This article supports the argument that the first ladies of the Middle East have considerable impact on the community. Paul Kennedy, a British historian, places women’s roles as one of three main elements that help society face the 21st century, besides economy and education. A woman determines the quality of the people around her and the next generation (Kennedy, 1993). Women in this century are expected to become self-sufficient figures who balance between responsibilities in the family and in the community (Agrawal & Joglekar, 2013). Women are not always positioned as the main leader who is able to play a strategic role. The first lady, for example, is usually portrayed as a behind-the-scenes figure. However, they may have important roles in various aspects in a country even though there are not any responsi- bilities explicitly written in the constitution. In international scientific literature, the significance of the Middle East first ladies’ role has not been explored and discussed excessively. Nevertheless, a long study of the first ladies of other regions is, in fact, not a new concept. In the United States, for example, a paper by Lewis L. Gould explains the roles of the first ladies in the country from the past until now (Gould, 1985). Another article, written by Karen O’Connor, Bernadette Nye and Laura Van Assendelft, discusses the influence of the United States’ first ladies in politics and public policies. The writers start off the article by giving an introduction and description of the first ladies’ political activities through comparative-quantitative data on 38 women who have mar- ried presidents. Furthermore, they explain the variety of roles played by the first ladies and evaluate the influence of their roles on politics and public policies (O’Connor, et al., 1996). The public role of the first lady in this country has been well studied for decades, for exam- ple, by Betty Houchin Winfield. Winfield (1988) states that the public relations aspect of this White House position is now all too important. The American first lady is a public national woman. If she leaves a legacy in this status, she plays a large part in making the first lady a visible, modern, feminine ideal (Winfield, 1988). In Europe, the concept of the first lady was

315 written about by Ina Woodcock in her dissertation. Woodcock (1998), who learned about the Empress Livia case study, states that the first lady does not have the access to be part of the official government structure of a country. However, the first ladies are allowed to bring massive influence from all resources available in the private sphere. The private sphere does not hinder nor restrict them to use all their potential to contribute. The Middle Eastern region is often portrayed as a monolithic, traditional, and patriarchal culture (Schwedler, 2006). According to the research of Global Gender Gap Index 2015, Middle Eastern women have the lowest percentage of awareness regarding equality. Only 59% of women have full awareness of the matter (Bekhouche, 2013. However, the assump- tion regarding the lack of female roles in the Middle East, or in this context, the first lady’s roles, needs to be reanalysed. Even though it is not often studied by researchers, the region that is famous for its strong patriarchal culture has turned out to have a large number of first ladies who contribute to the wider community. Among the Middle Eastern first ladies who have roles in the public sphere, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah stands out as an interesting subject to be studied Queen Rania, who is of Palestinian origin and became Queen of Jordan at the age of 28, has more than just youth, a pretty face and an elegant sense of fashion. Queen Rania has an intensive commitment and contribution to the public sphere. She has contrib- uted both in national and international arenas. Moreover, she never leaves her critical roles as a wife and a mother of four children. Information regarding the public role of the Middle Eastern first ladies, Queen Rania and her contributions in the national and international realm can be obtained through various references and other studies about the role of the first lady. This information will be analysed to find Queen Rania’s main roles in the public sphere, using a qualitative case study approach proposed by John W. Creswell (2009). This study is expected to support other studies about first ladies in the Middle East, especially in Jordan. Specifically, this study can be used as a reference for governments in regulating policies regarding the contribution of the first lady of a country.

2 THE MIDDLE EASTERN FIRST LADIES’ ROLES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE

The concept of a role cannot be separated from the concept of status. Neil J. Smelser (1981), in his book titled Sociology, states that every person occupies a certain position in society. Each social position with rights and obligations is called status. In accordance with Smelser’s explanation, Linton (as cited in Lewis A. Coser, 1976) stated that ‘a status, as distinct from the individual who may occupy it, is simply a collection of rights and duties.’ Adding to this explanation, Horton and Hunt (1984), define status as a rank or position of an individual in a group. They also add that status is a rank or position of a group in relation to the other groups. Meanwhile, role is the behaviour which is expected from an individual who occupies a certain status. In some cases status and role are two aspects of the same phenomenon. Status is a set of rights and duties while a role is the actualisation of that set of rights and duties. Every individual has roles, and it is called a role set. The term role set is used to show that status not only has a single role, but also has several correlated and matching roles (Merton, as cited in Horton & Hunt, 1984). The concept of a series of roles can be explored further to discuss the role of the first lady. In 1961, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy (as cited in Westfall, 2016), stated that the main role of a woman who occupied first lady status was ‘to take care of the president so that he can best serve the people. And not to fail her family, her husband, and children’. However, the role of the first lady does not end there because each individual holds several roles and positions in society. Gould (1985) adds that the first lady is expected to take on the role of a woman who is able to represent and contribute to herself, her family and also her country. In the Middle East, a number of first ladies contribute to their countries in the public realm, such as Iffat AlThunayan from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Emine Erdoğan from Turkey, Susan Mubarak from Egypt, as well as Noor and Rania Al-Abdullah from Jordan. 316 Iffat Al-Thunayan, King Faisal bin ‘Abdul ‘Aziz Al Sa’ud’s wife during her husband’s reign, brought many progressive ideas into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia such as improving edu- cation and health care in the country for both men and women (Kechichian, 2014). At the end of Faisal’s rule, Iffat was referred to as queen: this was a token of special respect, since the wives of Saudi kings were never usually regarded as queens (Vassiliev, 1998). In Turkey, Emine Erdoğan plays a significant role in political and social life (WISE Summit, 2014). According to a web page sponsored by the Presidency of The Republic of Turkey, Emine Erdoğan has practiced philanthropy and supported important projects concerned with the education of women and children. Besides that, Mrs. Erdoğan has also encouraged women all over the country to take part in business as well as in politics (Turkey, n.d.). In Egypt, Suzanne Mubarak was ‘a founder and chairperson of the Integrated Care Society established in 1977, a non-profit organisation with the main objective of providing social, cultural and health care to school children. (FAO, 2009).’ This organisation carries out various activities such as a vigorous campaign on ‘Reading for all’ that has stimulated a national movement focused on young and adult readers. She also spread her wings internationally by participat- ing in conferences on women and children held by the (FAO, 2009). In Jordan, one of the influential first ladies is Queen Noor. Nationally, she has been involved in education, conservation, sustainable development and human rights issues. Her contributions were mainly international relations. She was interested in people worldwide who wanted to better understand the . Her areas of interest include the relation- ship between the western and Muslim worlds and conflict management (King Hussein Foun- dation, 2008). After her husband’s death in 1999, she wrote her memoir of her life when she accompanied the King. The book is expected to contribute to greater awareness, especially in the West, of events that have shaped the modern Middle East, and encourage a deeper understanding of contemporary challenges facing the Arab world, as well as an appreciation for the true values of Islam (Queen Noor, 2003). Since 1999, the first lady position in Jordan is held by Queen Rania. To fulfil her role as the first lady, Queen Rania always attempts to understand both the opportunities and the challenges of the nation. As stated by Leuenberger (2006), the previous king, King Hussein’s reign ‘brought advancements for women, including a rise in the literacy rate from 33% to over 85%.’ Queen Rania is planning to continue working towards the advancement of women and to open up the country to modern influences. She is expected to be able to continue shaping the role of women in Jordanian societies and balancing her country’s traditions with newer influences (Leuenberger, 2006). Socially, there remain challenges within schools in Jordan, although access to education is relatively high. The Government of Jordan (GOJ) recognises that the quality of Jordanian education is variable and is not as competitive as that in other countries with international standards, both in urban and rural areas. This issue is exacerbated by unqualified learn- ing environment system and school performance. The pressure of population growth and the increasing population of Syrian refugees on school facilities requires a prominent sys- tem, particularly in disadvantaged areas. More than 50% of students in Jordan are learning in overcrowded classrooms. Not only that, the learning objectives do not thoroughly equip students with the ability to handle real challenges in society such as understanding gender inequalities in jobs and how they can survive in this rapidly changing world (USAID, 2015). In response to this challenge, The Jordanian Ministry of Education stated, as cited by Jarrar and Shawareb (2013), that ‘the national education strategy stresses the importance of involv- ing students, teachers, directors, and the local community in the development and sustaining of an effective, safe, supportive, and healthy learning environment.’ As cited on her official website, Queen Rania’s passion is education. She has helped the Ministry of Education a lot with her initiatives. Rania’s contribution to education is not limited to Jordanian or Arab nationals, but it spreads out across the world. Queen Rania is UNICEF’s Top Global Advocate for Children and an Honourable Chief in the Global Cam- paign for Education Act Week. She also supported Education for All, the UN Girl’s Educa- tion Initiative, In My Name Campaign, and Class of 2015 to achieve the targets set in the Millennium Development Goals. Queen Rania also launched a program called Co-Founder 317 and is a Global CO-Chair for the 1GOAL program that promotes global education in partnership with FIFA, South Africa Cup 2010, and Global Campaign for Education. In addition, Queen Rania gave a speech in Le Web, the biggest technology conference in Europe, with the world’s giant online websites, such as , , MySpace, Microsoft, and PayPal for 1GOAL on the list. In order to acknowledge her creative way of promoting edu- cation through soccer, Queen Rania received the FIFA Presidential Award. She is also a Member of the UN United Nation foundation’s council and a supporter of Girl Up (UN Foundation, 2012). This suggests that Queen Rania, as Jordan’s first lady, focuses on many aspects as the United Nations Foundation stated: ‘1) improving the quality of Jordanian family life; 2) promoting quality, access, excellence and innovation in education in Jordan; 3) advocating access to quality global education; 4) championing cross-cultural and inter- faith dialogue; 5) encouraging sustainability throughout the public and private sector; 6) tackling issues affecting youth’ (UN Foundation, 2012). Queen Rania’s activities, which have been elaborated above, are the antithesis of the nega- tive stigma surrounding Middle Eastern women. Her role as a mother raising four children doesn’t stop her from becoming the mother of the country. Like her own children, she opens opportunities for society to develop through micro-finance, start-ups and new technologies which she believes are very vulnerable in the business world. To enable these opportunities, empowering education and women became her agenda. She is well-known, not only in her country, but also globally. This recognition represents a long process of bridging different cul- tures and religions, and challenging Arab and Muslims stereotypes (‘Her Majesty’, 2016). In carrying out those activities, several Middle Eastern first ladies show that being a king’s wife in the Middle East does not hinder nor lessen her potential to contribute. Their roles are parallel to the role of modern women stated by Valentine M. Moghadam (2003): …women are not simply passive recipients of the effects of social change. They are agents, too; women as well as men are makers of history and builders of movements and societies. This holds equally true for the Middle East and North Africa. Women are actively involved in movements for social change—revolution, national libera- tion, human rights, women’s rights, and democratization. Queen Rania and the New Public Sphere: Queen Rania thinks that the role of the Jorda- nian Queen changes with time. She argued, “Ten years ago, for example, the need for cross- cultural dialogue was not as pertinent as it is now. Today it is an integral part of what I do. Having said that, many aspects of the role remain un-changed—primarily to listen, to care, and to serve.” (Time Magazine, 2007). As the first lady of Jordan, her interesting background leads her to give more attention to problems dealing with cross-cultural and inter-faith dialogue as well as improving social welfare. In the California Governor and First Lady’s Women’s Conference (2007), Queen Rania explained about her childhood experience which has shaped her character and her mind. ‘And while I cannot say I learned everything that I really need to know in kindergar- ten, I did—thanks to this cross-cultural exposure.’ (‘California Governor and First Lady’s Women’s Conference’, 2007). Queen Rania was born in on 31 to a notable Jordanian family of Palestinian origin who recently came under fire for leaving the country when Israel was step- ping up military operations in the West Bank and Gaza (‘The , n.d.’ and ‘BBC News’, 2001). In 1991, she moved from Kuwait to , where her parents settled after fleeing from the that liberated Kuwait from Iraq (Halaby, 2015). Abdullah II mar- ried Rania El Yassin from a non-royal family in 1993. Abdullah II ascended the throne when King Hussein died in 1999. Six weeks later, he officially proclaimed his 28-year-old wife as the Queen of Jordan (Halaby, 2015). Rania became the world’s youngest queen (‘Modern Monarch’, 2010). Although she has always lived in the Middle East region, Queen Rania obtained her degree from western educational institutions. She attended the New English School in (Halaby, 2015) and received her Bachelor’s Degree in Business from the American University in Cairo (Leuenberger, 2006).

318 Compared to the other first ladies in the Middle East, Queen Rania has adequate mass media and to facilitate her activities and views to be accessed by public. The term ‘public’ is usually used in the context of events or occasions that are open to every- one—in the same way as we talk about public places or buildings. Indeed, it is in contrast to the meaning of closed or exclusive. However, Habermas (as cited in Iqbal, 2016) describes the public sphere as a sphere of mediation between society and the state. In further discus- sion, Habermas stated, ‘depending on the circumstances, either the organs of the state or the media, like the press, which provide communication among members of the public, may be counted as “public organs”’ (Habermas, 1991). Another perspective regarding the public sphere appears in the digital era. In this era, internet and social media concurrently appear as both public and private spaces. Through home computers or smart phones, internet users can express their thoughts without being hampered by distance and time (Papacharissi as cited in Iqbal, 2016). Reading rooms, librar- ies, cafes, and places mentioned by Habermas as facilitators of intellectual discussions have transformed into something called the virtual space. Online media is one realisation of the public sphere in this internet era (Poster, 1995). Queen Rania is a royal figure who considers herself a person who loves to interact and share ideas with many people (‘Queen Rania Talks’, 2009). Queen Rania airs her views through mass media. For instance, she wrote fourteen blog posts for The Huffington Post and The Washington Post in 2009–2016 (The Huffington Post, 2016 and Al-Abdullah, 2016b). She even delivers her thoughts to children through her story books for children entitled Eternal Beauty, Maha of the Mountains, The Sandwich Swap, and The King’s Gift (‘Publications’, 2016). She is also a first lady of the 21st century who stays connected to the people and fans from all over the world through the internet. New media is her tool to spread her ideas. She has Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube accounts. Each of her official social media accounts has millions of followers. In an interview by France 24, Queen Rania answered a question about her interest in using new media. In the dynamic world, Queen Rania has found that social media has helped her to develop a social network. It is a tool that allows her to demystify herself and her actions to people around the world. Compared to the real world, which is full of protocols, social media is more convenient for people to give their opinions. It helps her to get closer to people and enables her to raise awareness of certain issues and to rally people behind them. According to Queen Rania, social networking improves her sense of humanity, especially if it leads to something positive in the real world. (‘Queen Rania Talks’, 2009). The Kuwait-born monarch has been known for her passionate work related to educa- tion, health, community empowerment, youth, cross-cultural dialogue, and micro-finance in recent years, and she uses her social media pages to help spread her messages of awareness (Binding, 2016). One of the social media tools that Queen Rania uses is YouTube. Since its launch in 2008 until the beginning of December 2016, Queen Rania’s official YouTube account, has published 104 videos. According to Playlist (2016), here is the list of videos published in Queen Rania’s official YouTube account: – 9 tourism videos – 22 videos about fighting extremism and promoting peace – 5 videos about children – 7 videos about dialogue and diversity – 5 videos about community empowerment – 12 videos about women – 4 videos about technology and social media – 40 videos about education Queen Rania also has an official website at http://www.queenrania.jo/. Through the web- site, everyone can access various information regarding Queen Rania and her works. It ranges from information about her personality, initiatives, global advocacy (including international

319 affiliations, global education, and UN advocacy), and media centre (including press releases, interviews, speeches, and social media). Halegoua and Aslinger (2016) state that while she is still constructing herself as royalty, this website presents her in a more pluralistic and approachable manner. The significance of this more pluralistic representation enables Queen Rania to be constructed as not only a citizen of Jordan and its , but also a humanitarian and global citizen. Queen Rania believes that new media can produce a social change to improve the quality of society. As an example, in December 2009, Queen Rania carried out a campaign called 1GOAL, which aimed at encouraging 75 million dropout children to come back to school. The campaign, which was carried out prior to the World Cup 2010, utilised the media to gain as many supporters as possible. Queen Rania explained ‘We want to channel the excite- ment of football behind education, and we’re using the media to reach out, social media to reach out to people’. As a result, a total of 30 million signatures were achieved through this campaign. Those signatures were submitted to world leaders as evidence that the program was worthwhile. ‘So, this is really what we’re looking to see how the internet can finally make this leap from being just online interest which can sometimes be fleeting to something that can lead to real change in our real world’, she said (Queen Rania on ‘Queen Rania Talks’, 2009). As Tiffany D. Reed (2011) states, a fresh image of Middle Eastern women has risen in the 21st century, Queen Rania also carries out activities to increase the prosperity of her society. Her position as the first lady allows many opportunities to be maximised in order to achieve their goals. Thus, the public roles she carries out in the new public sphere have the potential to create a social change in society.

3 CONCLUSION

Middle Eastern first ladies have an important position in their families. They have a sig- nificant role to take care of the leader of the country so that he can best serve the people. They also have the full responsibility of raising their children and preparing them to be well- equipped generation. However, their role as the first lady is not limited to their status as a wife and a mother. They are also encouraged to make contributions from all the available resources they have in their position. Their position as first ladies allows them to support positive social changes in the Middle East. Queen Rania, the first lady of Jordan, fulfils her role through various activities in the public sphere and utilises media publication to achieve her goals. In the national scope, Queen Rania has been trying to understand the challenges and the potential of her country to improve the quality of life of society. Meanwhile, as part of her international scope, Queen Rania has been focusing on bridging the cross-cultural relations between the East and the West. The activities carried out by Queen Rania can pro- vide a new perspective on the position of women in the Middle East, particularly on the role of the first lady in the region. Contributions given by Queen Rania illustrate that the first lady is expected to understand the challenges faced by the nation. By maximising opportuni- ties, the first lady can do something for the country and society in addition to her important role as a wife and a mother in the family. Therefore, it is very important for the first ladies of the Middle East to maximise their roles not only in the private sphere, but also in the public domain.

REFERENCES

Agrawal, A. & Joglekar, A. (2013). Role of women in The 21st century. Research Journal of Family, Community, and Consumer Sciences, 1(2), 14–17. Retrieved from http://www.isca.in/FAMILY_SCI/ Archive/v1/i2/4.ISCA-RJFCCS-2013-009.pdf. Al Abdullah, R. (2016a). Queen Rania: The Syrian refugees I met are experiencing something worse than death. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/queen-rania-the-

320 syrians-refugees-i-met-are-experiencing-something-worse-than-death/2016/05/05/d09f41f4-1156- 11e6-93ae-50921721165d_story.html?utm_term=e5dedeaa0b6e. Al Abdullah, R. (2016b). Retrieved from http://www.queenrania.jo/en/rania. Al-Abdullah, R. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/queen_rania.html. BBC News. (2001). Profile: Jordan’s Queen Rania. Retrieved. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/ 1632614.stm. Bekhouche, Y. (2013). Top 5 countries for gender equality in the Middle East. Website/journal name. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2013/05/top-5-countries-for-gender-equality-in- the-middle-east/ Binding, L. (2016). Queen Rania of Jordan: World’s most influential online royal turns 46. Website/journal name. Retrieved from http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/queen-rania-jordan-worlds-most-influential-online- royal-turns-46-her-birthday-will-rule-1578948. California Governor and First Lady’s Women’s Conference. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.queen- rania.jo/en/media/speeches/california-governor-and-first-ladys-women%E2%80%99 s-conference. Coser, L.A. & Rosenbergh, B. (1976). Sociological Theory: A book of Readings. Fourth Edition. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing. Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. New York: SAGE Publications. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. (2009). H.E. Suzanne Mubarak. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Get_Involved/Ambassadors/Mubarak_cv.pdf. Gould, L.L. (1985). Modern first ladies in historical perspective. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 15(3). Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere. Massachusetts: MIT Press. Halaby, J.J. (2015). Queen Rania of Jordan: A mum and wife with a really cool day job. Retrieved from http://www.thearabweekly.com/Opinion/1744/Queen-Rania-of-Jordan:-%E2%80%98a-mum-and-wife- with-a-really-cool-day-job%E2%80%99. Halegoua, G.R. & Aslinger, B. (2016). Locating Emerging Media. New York, NY: Routledge. Her Majesty Queen Rania Al Abdullah. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.queenrania.jo/en/rania/ publications. Horton, P.B. & Hunt, C.L. (1984). Sociology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Iqbal, M. (2016). Ridwan Kamil for mayor: A study of political figures on twitter. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Stockholm University, . Jarrar, A. & Shawareb, A. (2013). Factors affecting teachers’ excellence from the perspective of Queen Rania award-winning teachers: (A Jordanian case). Journal of Education and Practice, 4(8), 71–82. Retrieved from www.iiste.org. Kechichian, J.A. (2014). ‘Iffat Al Thunayan: An Arabian Queen.’ Sussex, UK: Sussex Academic Press. Kennedy, P. (1993). Preparing for the twenty-first century. New York, NY: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. King Hussein Foundation. (2008). Her Majesty Queen Noor. Retrieved from http://www.kinghussein- foundation.org/?pager=end&task=view&type=content&pageid=61. Leuenberger, D.Z. (2006). Building leaders for the future: Women in the Middle East. Bridgewater Review, 25(2), 3–6. Retrieved from http://vc.bridgew.edu/br_rev/vol25/iss2/5. Modern Monarch: Queen Rania of Jordan. (2010) Retrieved from http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/ queen-rania-of-jordan. Moghadam, V.M. (2003). Modernizing women: Gender and social change in the Middle East. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publisher. More Questions with Queen Rania. (2007). Website/journal name. Retrieved from http://content.time. com/time/world/article/0,8599,1619826,00.html. O’Connor, K., Nye, B. & Van Assendelft, L. (1996). Wives in the White House: The political influence of first ladies. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 26(3), 835–853. Playlist. (2016). Title. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/user/QueenRania/playlists?sort=dd&shelf _id=6&view=1. Poster, M. (1995). Cyber democracy: Internet and the public sphere. Retrieved from http://faculty.human- ities.uci.edu/poster/writings/democ.html. Publications. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.queenrania.jo/en/rania/publications. Queen Noor. (2003) Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life. New York, NY: Hyperion. Queen Rania Talks to France 24 about Social Media’s Power to Bring Positive Social Change. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.queenrania.jo/en/media/interviews/interview-france-24. Reed, T.D. (2011). Modern Middle Eastern Women and their Rising Impact on Society. Monticello: Run- ning Head, University of Arkansas. Schwedler, J. (2006). The third gender: Western female researchers in the Middle East. PS: Political Sci- ence & Politics, 39(3), 425–428. Retrieved from //doi.org/10.1017/S104909650606077X.

321 Smelser, N.J. (1981). Sociology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Time Magazine. 11 Mei 2007. More Questions with Queen Rania. Diakses pada 19 November 2016. http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1619826,00.html. The Huffington Post. (2016). Queen Rania al Abdullah: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/rania-al-abdullah Turkey. Presidency of The Republic of Turkey. (n.d.) Biography. Retrieved from https://www.tccb.gov. tr/en/emineerdogan/biography/ United Nation Foundation (UN Foundation). (2012). Who we are: Her Majesty Queen Rania Al- Abdullah (Jordan). Retrieved from http://www.unfoundation.org/who-we-are/board/al-abdullah. html?referrer=https://www.google.co.id/ United States Agency International Development (USAID). (2015). Jordan Country Development Coop- eration Strategy 2013–2017. Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1883/ Amended-Jordan-Country-Development-Strategy-March-015.pdf Vassiliev, A. (1998). The History of Saudi Arabia. London, UK: Al-Saqi. Westfall, S.S. (2016). Realm of the first lady: Headquartered in The East Wing, The President’s spouse plays many roles: Partner, Parent, Hostess, and Crusader. In Timeinside the White House: The history, secrets, and style of the world’s famous home. New York, NY: Time. Winfield, B.H. (1988). Anna Eleanor Roosevelt’s White House legacy: the public first lady. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 18(2), 331–345. WISE (World Innovation Summit for Education) Summit. (2014) H.E. Mrs. Emine Erdoğan. Retrieved from http://www.wise-qatar.org/emine-erdogan Woodcock, I. (1998). Inventing the first lady role: The Empress Livia and the public sphere. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Queensland, Australia.

322