Appendix II: Landscape History
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Appendix II: Landscape History Author: Suzanne Turner Associates (STA) The history of the people and landscapes of the Dix Park site informed the Master Plan proposal. The following section explores the depth of research into the history of the site as a part of the planning process. 288 Dorothea Dix Park Master Plan 289 Di Park aste Plan, scovery hase Decembe 217 Historical Data Report INTRODUCTION Szann Turn Associat S compiled this Historical Data Repo a compon f h Dix ar mast planning cess. STA’s process for hi eport includ two site isits, conducting research usin primary condary u abou th te’ andscap evolution—including isi No Dix Park Master Plan, Discovery Phase Carolin Ste ives conferring in-person y elephone wi o arolin S December 2017 Archaeologi and onducting ound s tilizing S ibrary, hich ontain contemporary boo relevan land ovements histori andscapes such plantations, cemeteries parks, and gardens horticulture th eep South; and th subject atter. Dix Park Master Plan, Discovery Phase: Historical Data Report Within h perimeters o h design team’s Discovery Ph STA’s exploration as focus o creating an understanding f th te’ histori landscap ayers; synthesizing ur nding fo on-historia CONTENTS audien o akeholders ecision akers, and gners; and determining which ayers—in contex o he master anning cess—will b o th reates gnifican to h City Raleigh o the I. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 desi team. In h following pages, S offers commendations garding Cultural andscap Report fo i Park, II. MEMOS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 atem egarding h significan (bo storical gnifican and gnifican to anning o A Cultural Landscape Report for Dix Park: A Rationale ………………………….. 2 . avi awing o Di ospital ecommendation garding eological tspots sensitiv as o he ite, and astly, summarie f nin land ayers mpri ite. Drawings Associating Architect A. J. Davis with the Hospital Landscape: Certainly, her more han n land lay h have rmed Dix a te over lifetime The Significance for Dix Park …………………………………………………………………. 8 however, STA’s task has been to determine which laye ld h greatest gnificance—either d f themselv o hey elate o h w it h evolv. It impor o ote h these nine Archaeological Hotspots and Sensitive Areas at Dix Park ………………………..17 laye no necessarily resented chronologically; ach ay represent theme hat playe out o he ite eith during singl od, or repeatedly during the site’s history. III. SIGNIFICANT LANDSCAPE LAYERS: THEMATIC SUMMARIES ……………………………….. 19 1. Landscape as Hunting Grounds and Tribal Dwelling ………………………… 19 The themati andscape summari ntend o elp aders gain general understanding h significan of ach ay to p gain nsight nto he leve f complexity he ix ar 2. Landscape as a Source of Wealth ……………………………………………………. 22 site—and all andscapes—contain astly, t help park decision ak consider what aspec 3. Landscape as a Product of Laborers ………………………………………………… 25 ay may mand mo et and in-d ploration her in he rm o Cultural 4. Landscape as Encampment ……………………………………………………………… 28 Land eport or n h physical grammatic expressions o sign. 5. Landscape as a Burial Ground …………………………………………………………. 31 6. Landscape as a Dumping Ground ……………………………………………………. 36 7. Landscape as a Therapeutic Setting; Landscape as Medicinal …………. 40 8. Landscape as a Place of Transcendence and Recreation ………………….. 55 9. Landscape as Infrastructure …………………………………………………………….. 59 1 290 Dorothea Dix Park Master Plan Appendix II - Suzanne Turner Associates 291 1 Di ark aster lan, Disovery hase i Par aster Plan, iscovery Phase Deember 017 ecember 017 must be revisited and amended to address cultural landscape resources that have been identified in the MEMO CL A Cultural Landscape Report for Dix Park: Rationale leibility as a uality o CLRs The Cultural Landscape Report (CLR) serves two important functions: it is the principle treatment document for cultural landscapes and the primary tool for long-term According to the National Park Service’s guide to CLRs, management of those landscapes. A CLR guides management and treatment decisions he scope and level of investigation for a CLR varies depending on manaement obectives about a landscape’s physical attributes, biotic systems, and use when that use CL is a fleible document, the scope of which is determined by the needs of park manaement, contributes to historical significance. type of landscape, budget, and staffing requirements Manaement decisions should be based on a comprehensive understanding of an entire landscape so that actions affecting an individual —Robert Page, “A Guide to Cultural Landscape Reports” feature can be understood in relation to other features within a property Manaement obectives may, however, reuire a CL to focus on a portion of a landscape or an individual feature within it, or to be prepared in phases…. Before any treatment decisions are made, Part I Understanding a Cultural Landscape Report of a CLR, titled, “Site History, Existing Conditions, and Analysis and Evaluation,” must be prepared (Pae) The ultural Landsape eport (CLR) was developed by the ational ark Servie (NPS as a tool to use in planning and design, and management deisions or the properties in the PS system. t has beome a CL oes beyond the leal boundaries of a site in evaluating changes to eographical contet, model or use with other cultural landsapes that are not owned by the NPS. features, materials, and use Page When should the CLR be commissioned? Multi-disciplinary nature o the eort nder ideal onditions, the will be ommissioned and ompleted prior to the start o master plan he compilation of a CLR is a collaborative effort, reuiring input from eperts in many disciplines, as development. eause of the vagaries o politial processes, unding soures, sympatheti muniipal well as clear communication and coordination with the clients his communication component is administrations, eternal threats to the site, et., the best sequening o events is oten not possible, critical so that the CL is focused to meet the priorities of the client in terms of phasing, funding, and and both the and master planning proesses ocur simultaneously. hen this is the ase, other variables ommuniation between both teams is ritial so that sensitive site elements are identiied rom the outset and are avoided or maor development in the planning proess, and so that aommodations or CL may include information spanning numerous disciplines in order to evaluate a landscape’s their preservation and interpretation are inluded as a part o the plan. historical, architectural, archaeological, ethnographic, horticultural, landscape architectural, and enineering features, along with ecological processes and natural systems “A Guide to Cultural Standards for CLRs Landscape Reports”) A must establish preservation goals or a ultural landsape. The goals must be grounded in A Cultural Landscape Report for ix Park research, inventory, documentation, and analysis and evaluation of a landscape’s characteristics and assoiated eatures. The ontent o a CL provides the basis or making sound deisions about Reasons to embar on CLR proect or i Park treatment, use, and management. normation about the historial development, signiiane, and eisting harater o a ultural landsape is also valuable or enhaning interpretation and maintenance. 1. o establish continuity in manaement from one generation to the net, or from (Page) one administration to the net Standards developed by the NPS are clearly listed in the document, “Cultural Landscape eport 2. hen documentation of the landscape is incomplete; Standards,” which is accessible online: www.nps.gov/parkhistory/onlinebooks/npslreports.pdf. O note in this list is the at that once the R has been ompleted, the ational egister doumentation 2 3 292 Dorothea Dix Park Master Plan Appendix II - Suzanne Turner Associates 293 ix Park aster Plan, iscovery Phase i ar aster lan, iscovery hase ecember 017 ecember 017 . hen management of landscape is destined to be bureaucratic, with freuent landscape’s constraints and opportunities as evidenced by the past conflicts of personnel turnovers, thus creating the absence of a landscape historian/advocate culture and natural/ecological systems for stewardship of significant landscape features; ssues to be dealt with in deeloping a Cultural Landscape Report or Dix Park . hen new historical resources or documents become available making it possible and imperative that current narratives be updated and often revised 1. Large size and comple ownership of various parcels over time; . hen cultural perspectives concerning the landscape type i.e., mental institution 2. Need to have institutional archives Di Hospital processed and have shifted dramatically over time, causing public judgment of the “highest and catalogued; best use” to shift as well; 3. normity of information available because of public ownership for over a . hen there has been no archaeological investigation of the landscape and it holds century; the promise of significant subsurface resources that may need protection, and ultimately professional investigation when funding becomes available; 4. rgency to develop oral histories to increase the number of first-hand accounts because of the advanced age of some of the ey personalities; . To provide credible documentation for the landscape’s history to facilitate the establishment of its significance based upon the Secretary of the Interior Standards 5. Development pressures for i par site and its context so that decision- for the reatment