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Annotated Bibliography of the Potential Environmental Impacts of Chlorination and Disinfection Byproducts Relevant to Offshore Liquefied Natural Gas Port Facilities

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Annotated Bibliography of the Potential Environmental Impacts of Chlorination and Disinfection Byproducts Relevant to Offshore Liquefied Natural Gas Port Facilities OCS Study MMS 2006-071 Coastal Marine Institute Annotated Bibliography of the Potential Environmental Impacts of Chlorination and Disinfection Byproducts Relevant to Offshore Liquefied Natural Gas Port Facilities U.S. Department of the Interior Cooperative Agreement Minerals Management Service Coastal Marine Institute Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Louisiana State University OCS Study MMS 2006-071 Coastal Marine Institute Annotated Bibliography of the Potential Environmental Impacts of Chlorination and Disinfection Byproducts Relevant to Offshore Liquefied Natural Gas Port Facilities Authors Richard F. Shaw Kevin W. Baggett December 2006 Prepared under MMS Contract 1435-01-04-CA-32806-39264 by Louisiana State University Coastal Fisheries Institute Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences School of the Coast and Environment Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 Published by U.S. Department of the Interior Cooperative Agreement Minerals Management Service Coastal Marine Institute Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Louisiana State University DISCLAIMER This report was prepared under contract between the Minerals Management Service (MMS) and Louisiana State University. This report has been technically reviewed by the MMS and has been approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the view and policies of the MMS, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. It is, however, exempt from review and in compliance with MMS editorial standards. REPORT AVAILABILITY Extra copies of this report may be obtained from the Public Information Office at the following address: U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Public Information Office (MS 5034) 1201 Elmwood Park Blvd. New Orleans, LA 70123-2394 Telephone: (504) 736-2519 or 1-800-200-GULF CITATION Suggested Citation: Shaw, R.F. and K.W. Baggett. 2006. Annotated bibliography of the potential environmental impacts of chlorination and disinfection byproducts relevant to offshore liquefied natural gas port facilities. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA. OCS Study MMS 2006-071. 112 pp. ABOUT THE COVER Cover photo courtesy of Chevron Texaco web page http://www.chevron.com/about/our_businesses/docs/2003_Port_Pelican_brochure.pdf © 2006 Chevron Corporation. Used with permission. All rights reserved. iii ACKOWLEDGMENTS This compilation of citations was prepared with the assistance of several electronic databases subscribed to by Louisiana State University. The databases were searched electronically using the Cambridge Scientific Abstracts Internet Database Service (CSA), the U.S. Government Printing Office Access service (GPO), the Scholarly J. Archive (JSTOR), the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), and Ovid Technologies database services. The following databases were searched: Academic Search Premier Aquaculture Abstracts (ASFA) Aquatic Pollution and Environmental Quality (ASFA) Biological Abstracts Biological Sciences (CSA) Biological Sciences and Living Resources (CSA) Catalog of US Government Publications Conference Papers Index Dissertation Abstracts Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development Electronic Collections Online (ECO) Energy Citations Database (Gov) GEOBASE Grey Literature JSTOR (Ecology) Marine Biotechnology Abstracts National Technical Information Service Oceanic Abstracts Science.gov Toxnet Zoological Record v TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 Background and Motivation ................................................................................................3 Methodology........................................................................................................................5 List of Keywords Searched..................................................................................................7 Annotated Bibliography.......................................................................................................9 Subject Index .....................................................................................................................87 Genus Species Index .........................................................................................................97 vii INTRODUCTION This research specifically addresses a Minerals Management Service (MMS) “Special Task Area” and also responds to urgent informational needs of the Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Coast Guard, NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA NMFS), and northern Gulf of Mexico state natural resource agencies. We conducted an extensive literature search and compiled an indexed, annotated bibliography on the toxicity of intake chlorinated waters and their disinfection byproducts associated with proposed offshore, open-loop (flow-through), Liquefied Natural Gasification (LNG) terminals and the potential environmental consequences that will result when these substances are discharged into the marine environment. Consideration of the application and licensing of these offshore LNG facilities with open- loop, intake water circulation systems is on-going. Environmental concerns still remain within the regulatory oversight agencies, the commercial and recreational fishing industries, and with the public-at-large. These concerns have specifically focused on the anticipated accumulative high mortalities of commercially- and recreationally-important ichthyoplankton and zooplankton (i.e., decapods or crabs and shrimp). These mortalities will result from the impingement, entrainment, toxic exposure to chlorination and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) associated with treatment of intake waters, and from cold shock during the operation of these proposed LNG open-loop systems. 1 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION On November 25, 2002, Congress amended the Deepwater Port Act of 1974 (DWPA) by passing Section 106 of the Maritime Transportation Security Act. Section 106 made the following licensing and regulatory responsibility changes: 1) It redefined, under the DWPA, the Secretary of Transportation’s authorization to issue licenses to own, construct, and operate deepwater ports (i.e., floating or man-made structure other than vessels in federal waters) for the purposes of storing, transporting, or handling oil, to also include natural gas; and 2) It transferred oversight of offshore natural gas terminals from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to the Maritime Administration (MARAD) with the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG now in the Department of Homeland Security having moved from DOT). To date, the USCG has received 14 applications for Deepwater Port Licenses for proposed Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Terminals in the northern Gulf of Mexico. As presently proposed, all but two of these offshore, “platform”/port facilities will need very large volumes of subsurface seawater (probably taken from a staggered array of intake ports located between 10-30m depth) to warm and re-gasify the LNG. These ambient waters which will be chlorinated and subsequently chilled will then have to be discharged back into the marine environment, probably through a turbulent diffuser system. Since these proposed LNG facilities will utilize such an “open-loop” warming system, the various regulatory agencies involved have expressed concerns about possible effects associated with this technology. Namely, that the accumulated impacts of impingement on intake screens and entrainment within the chlorinated and chilled processed waters within these systems may result in significant adverse effects on the early life history stages of fish and decapods and their subsequent adult populations especially for managed species along the AL-MS-LA-TX continental shelf. On February 16, 2005, MARAD’s most recent open-loop decision was handed down granting Shell U.S. Gas and Power’s license to operate the Gulf Landing LNG terminal in West Cameron Block 213, 38 statute miles off Cameron, LA. The terminal will be capable of processing 1 billion cubic feet of gas per day, necessitating that more than 136 million gallons of sea water per day be pumped through its radiator-like system. Two other licenses have been granted: ChevronTexaco (Port Pelican, 36 miles off southwest LA-Vermilion Block 140, first to receive a license on March 31, 2004, for a 176 million gal/day facility); and Excelerate Energy (Gulf Gateway Energy Bridge Deepwater Port, a submersible buoy 116 miles off Cameron, LA, in 91 meters of water, which requires a ship that can regasify the LNG onboard under a license to operate at a peak volume of 76 million gal/day of seawater for 248 days/year) which is now operational (March 20, 2005) and has already offloaded three shipments of LNG. There are presently two (2) other LNG open-loop terminals proposed for the north-central Gulf, i.e., Conoco-Phillips (Beacon Port Clean Energy Terminal, High Island Block 71, 56 miles off the LA-TX border – presently under review); and Torp Technology’s Bienville LNG Offshore Energy Terminal, BOET (Main Pass Block 258, 63 miles south of Mobile Point, AL). Freeport McMoRan Main Pass Energy Hub (Main Pass Block 299, 37 miles east of Venice, LA) recently received (January 3, 2007) approval of its application, which it had amended proposing a closed rack system that will use very little ambient seawater. 3 Finally, both ExxonMobil
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