I'm Not Sure How Much This Was About Music:” Networks, Locations and Rituals of Identity in Pittsburgh’S Grassroots Music and Arts Scene
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"I'm not sure how much this was about music:” Networks, Locations and Rituals of Identity in Pittsburgh’s Grassroots Music and Arts Scene by Amy Denise McDowell B.A., Sociology, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs, 2006 MA, Sociology, University of Pittsburgh, 2008 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Arts University of Pittsburgh 2008 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH This thesis was presented by Amy Denise McDowell It was defended on November, 7th, 2008 and approved by Dr. Deborah B. Gould, Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology Dr. Akiko Hashimoto, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology Thesis Director: Dr. Kathleen M. Blee, Distinguished Professor, Department of Sociology ii Copyright © by Amy Denise McDowell 2008 iii "I'm not sure how much this was about music": Networks, Locations and Rituals of Identity in Pittsburgh’s Grassroots Music and Arts Scenes Amy McDowell, M.A. University of Pittsburgh, 2008 Scenes are dynamic social relationships and experiences that are comprised of networks, locations, and rituals. Scene networks form in recognizable meeting places around activities such as live music shows, bike collectives, drag performances and gambling rings. This paper explores how cultural producers (i.e. band members, DJs, event organizers) perceive and use networks, locations and rituals in Pittsburgh’s grassroots music and arts scenes. Whereas previous research examines the experience of a single scene, this study explores the many ways that cultural producers activate a variety of scenes under the same umbrella. This study examines how predominately white scene networks perceive and benefit from gentrification while also attending to how gender and sexual identity affect where scene events are held. Women and queer identified artists do not have the same options as their heterosexual male counterparts when it comes to creating scene events in places opened by urban revitalization projects. This study also demonstrates that the rituals cultural producers engage are particular to the identities they seek to enact. Cultural producers use rituals of identity to deconstruct hegemonic constructions of gender and sexuality. Through performance rituals, participants empower stigmatized social identities. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE..................................................................................................................................... ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH............................................................................... 7 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................ 8 2.1 SCENES................................................................................................................ 8 2.1.1 Networks ........................................................................................................ 8 2.1.2 Locations...................................................................................................... 11 2.1.3 Rituals .......................................................................................................... 15 2.2 SCENES VS. SUBCULTURES ........................................................................ 16 2.3 MUSIC AND MUSIC SCENES ....................................................................... 18 2.3.1 Music Scenes and Solidarity ...................................................................... 20 2.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH .............................................................. 23 3.0 METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................... 25 3.1 DEFINING THE SAMPLE .............................................................................. 29 3.1.1 The Places .................................................................................................... 29 3.1.2 The Penn Avenue Arts Initiative: Running the “ghost out of town” ..... 31 3.1.3 The People.................................................................................................... 34 3.2 DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTS .................. 36 v 3.3 DATA ANALYSIS............................................................................................. 39 3.4 LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES ........................................................... 40 3.5 RESEARCH ETHICS....................................................................................... 41 4.0 SCENES: NETWORKS, LOCATIONS AND RITUALS...................................... 42 4.1 LOCATIONS ..................................................................................................... 43 4.1.1 Grassroots Music and Arts Scenes: Making a “small town” out of a big city ....................................................................................................................... 43 4.1.2 Neighborhood Changes: “It’s way more happening here now”............. 45 4.1.3 The Quiet Storm Coffeehouse: “A community gathering place”........... 58 4.2 NETWORKS...................................................................................................... 63 4.2.1 Overlapping Networks: “I don’t think I can just like lock myself into one” ....................................................................................................................... 63 4.2.2 Network Clusters: Political Punk and Rickety Scenes ............................ 67 4.2.3 Exclusionary Networks: “It’s kind of a social scene and social scene I just don’t feel comfortable in.” ................................................................................. 74 4.2.4 Girl Bands: “The theme is breast”............................................................ 80 4.2.5 Queer Networks: “It’s really isolating.” ................................................... 88 4.3 RITUALS............................................................................................................ 97 4.3.1 Situational Identity: “I don’t want to categorize anyone in a way”....... 99 4.3.2 Rituals of Identity: “A type of social workshop” ................................... 100 5.0 CONCLUSION......................................................................................................... 113 APPENDIX A............................................................................................................................ 118 APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................................ 120 vi BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................... 121 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Smells Like Gina "Peeling Back the Beef Curtains" debut album cover. ...................... 2 Figure 2: My Niece Denise "Don't Get Your Hopes Up" debut album cover................................. 4 Figure 3: Operation Sappho "Furry" dance party flyer. ................................................................. 6 Figure 4: Map of Scene Locations................................................................................................ 30 viii PREFACE I am incredibly grateful to the people who took time out of their day to talk with me for this project. I met some extraordinary people along the way and became inspired by people’s willingness and eagerness to “make things happen.” For their participation in this research, they received no material compensation. I do plan to share this research with interviewee participants in hopes that our collaborative efforts to make this thing happen will have some positive impact on scenes in Pittsburgh’s East End. Thanks to Lauren, Abby, and Katie of Smells Like Gina for allowing me to include their “Pulling Back the Beef Curtains” album cover; Beth, Heather, Sarah, and Tara of My Niece Denise for letting me include their “don’t get your hopes up” album cover; and lastly, DJ Mary Mack for providing her Operation Sappho dance party flyer art work for this paper. I am extraordinarily grateful to my advisor, Professor Kathleen Blee, for her generosity in time and critical feedback. I also thank my Thesis committee members, Professors Deborah Gould and Akiko Hashimoto for their feedback and support. Dr. Gould created a department wide Power, Resistance and Social Change workshop which allowed me to present my findings to students and professors both within and beyond the Sociology department. I express my gratitude for Dr. Blee’s advisee workshop group and my graduate cohort for their thoughtful criticism and encouragement. I also want to thank my friend Michelle Fried for giving me feedback on the several rough drafts she read. Thank You! ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION My study explores grassroots music and arts scenes in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania’s East End. In this section, I describe three white grassroots music scenes enacted by women cultural producers to show the myriad ways women activate such scenes. Smells Like Gina: “Women work harder to get less far” “The show is starting. Come in now!” screams a young woman from the basement entryway. This woman wearing a suit jacket, bowtie and bleached mohawk is ecstatic about the Smells Like Gina “reunion” show. The show costs a $5 “donation” and features an all local female line-up that includes the acoustic singer/songwriter, She Feels