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Res Extra Commercium and the Barriers Faced When Seeking the Repatriation and Return of Potent Cultural Objects
American Indian Law Journal Volume 4 Issue 2 Article 5 May 2017 Res Extra Commercium and the Barriers Faced When Seeking the Repatriation and Return of Potent Cultural Objects Sara Gwendolyn Ross Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/ailj Part of the Cultural Heritage Law Commons, Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Ross, Sara Gwendolyn (2017) "Res Extra Commercium and the Barriers Faced When Seeking the Repatriation and Return of Potent Cultural Objects," American Indian Law Journal: Vol. 4 : Iss. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/ailj/vol4/iss2/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Publications and Programs at Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in American Indian Law Journal by an authorized editor of Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Res Extra Commercium and the Barriers Faced When Seeking the Repatriation and Return of Potent Cultural Objects Cover Page Footnote Sara Ross is a Ph.D. Candidate and Joseph-Armand Bombardier CGS Doctoral Scholar at Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto, Canada. Sara holds five previous degrees, including a B.A. in French Language and Literature from the University of Alberta; B.A. Honours in Anthropology from McGill; both a civil law degree (B.C.L.) and common law degree (L.L.B.) from the McGill Faculty of Law; and an L.L.M, from the University of Ottawa. -
Practice and Procedure the Applicable Rules Of
PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE THE APPLICABLE RULES OF EVIDENCE IN FEDERAL COURT: A SHORT PRIMER ON A TRICKY QUESTION Whether at trial or during interlocutory proceedings, litigators need to know the applicable rules of evidence, since there are import- ant variations in provincial evidence law. The largest difference, of course, is between the civil law of QueÂbec and laws of the nine common-law provinces. Yet significant differences exist even between the common law provinces themselves. Admissions made during discovery can be contradicted at trial in Ontario, but not in Saskatchewan.1 Spoliation of evidence requires intentional conduct in British Columbia before remedies will be granted, but not in New Brunswick.2 Evidence obtained through an invasion of privacy is inadmissible in Manitoba, while the other provinces have yet to legislate on this issue.3 1. Marchand (Litigation Guardian of) v. Public General Hospital Society of Chatham (2000), 43 C.P.C. (5th) 65, 51 O.R. (3d) 97, 138 O.A.C. 201 (Ont. C.A.) at paras. 72-86, leave to appeal refused [2001] 2 S.C.R. x, 156 O.A.C. 358 (note), 282 N.R. 397 (note) (S.C.C.); Branco v. American Home Assur- ance Co., 2013 SKQB 98, 6 C.C.E.L. (4th) 175, 20 C.C.L.I. (5th) 22 (Sask. Q.B.) at paras. 96-101, additional reasons 2013 SKQB 442, 13 C.C.E.L. (4th) 323, [2014] I.L.R. I-5534, varied on other issues without comment on this point 2015 SKCA 71, 24 C.C.E.L. -
Some Thoughts on Bijuralism in Canada and the World
Bijuralism in Canada and the world 1 SOME THOUGHTS ON BIJURALISM IN CANADA AND THE WORLD By Marie-Claude Gervais, By Marie-France Séguin, Legal Counsel, Office of La Francophonie, Special Counsel—Civil Law, Civil Law and Corporate, Management Sector, Civil Law and Corporate Management Sector, Department of Justice Canada Office of the Associate Deputy Minister, Department of Justice Canada General Introduction A society produces various types of discourse and translates them into reality. In this way, it learns to know itself and to evolve. It finds words, signs and symbols for those realities. Law plays a role in this process, and that role is defined by its relationship to methods of reasoning and regulation and through its identification with values that ensure its coherence. Juridical cognition that is manifested through diverse methods of legislation is of course a matter of interest to more than one discipline. And an understanding of more than one legal system in a single community raises even greater challenges to the extent that the coexisting systems have their own identity. However, the linear view one might be tempted to take of the manner in which legal traditions have developed may be convenient in this context, but incorrect. There has been too great a confluence of ideas shaping the history of these traditions for anyone to disregard their similarities and mutual ties. This will be of much greater interest to sociologists and legal historians. We are neither. We are not interested in legal agents or socio-legal representations, but in the meaningful relationships between the various types of legal discourse, that is to say, between legal traditions. -
Hearsay Rule in Quebec Law of Evidence in Civil Matters
The Hearsay Rule in Quebec Law of Evidence in Civil Matters Hon. G. R. W. Owen * The Hearsay Rule is stated in Phipson, Law of Evidence,' to be Oral or written statements made by persons not called as witnesses are not receivable to prove the TRUTH of the facts stated except... A comparatively recent judgment 2 has raised the question as to whether the rule of evidence excluding hearsay should be applied in civil matters in the Province of Quebec. In Marchand v. Begnoche an action in damages was taken by the widow of the victim of an automobile accident against the heirs of the owner of the automobile in which the plaintiff's husband and the defendants' "auteur" were the only occupants. The owner of the automobile died immediately at the scene of the accident. The plain- tiff's husband lived for two or three days after the accident. There was no other witness of the accident. The widow alleged that the owner of the automobile was driving at the time of the accident. During the "enquite" the widow's attorney attempted to question a doctor with respect to statements, concerning the circumstances of the accident, made to the doctor by the plaintiff's husband at the hospital, shortly after the accident and shortly before his death. The plaintiff's lawyer particularly wished to make proof of state- ments by the deceased as to who was driving the automobile. The defendants' attorney vigorously opposed this evidence on the ground that it was hearsay. The doctor would be testifying as to statements which he heard the deceased make, while the deceased was not under oath and was not subject to cross-examination, with the object of proving the truth of such statements. -
Canada Questions and Answers for NCSEA International Subcommittee
NCSEA International Sub-committee conference call presentation - notes Dec. 17, 2019 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS: CANADA 1. Can you provide any update as to when Canada is likely to ratify the 2007 Hague Convention? The following steps are still required before Canada can ratify the 2007 Convention: 1) Finalize the draft uniform act for the implementation of the 2007 Convention by interested Canadian provinces and territories; 2) Adoption of the uniform act by some provinces and territories; and 3) Finally, ratification of the Convention and extension to those provinces or territories that have adopted legislation and want the Convention to apply in their territory. 2. When the Convention comes into force, we understand that it may not necessarily apply to all provinces and territories. How will cases where a parent leaves a Convention province and goes to a non-Convention province be handled? Where a parent leaves a Convention province and goes to a non-Convention province, the file can be transferred to the non-Convention province for processing only if the requesting State has a reciprocity arrangement with the non-Convention province. If no reciprocity arrangement exists between the non-Convention province and the requesting State, then the applicant will need to obtain private counsel in Canada to assist them with their case. 3. REMO has recently had correspondence returned from the following address : Family Responsibility Office, Interjurisdictional Support Orders Unit, PO Box 600, Steeles West Post Office, Toronto, Ontario, M3J OK8, Canada-cover envelope suggests the office has moved. Can you confirm where REMO should write instead please? Ontario confirms this is the correct address. -
Short Essay on the Notion of General Interest in Article 982 of the Civil Code of Québec Or Je Puise Mais N’Épuise ∗
SHORT ESSAY ON THE NOTION OF GENERAL INTEREST IN ARTICLE 982 OF THE CIVIL CODE OF QUÉBEC OR JE PUISE MAIS N’ÉPUISE ∗ Robert P. Godin † There is a beautiful stained glass window located in the library of the National Assembly of Québec showing a young person drawing water from a stream, that has a most appropriate title referring in a very subtle way to the fact that all the knowledge and information contained in the library is easily accessible and can be drawn upon without impairing its existence: “Je puise mais n’épuise ,” a literal translation of which could be “I do not deplete the source I draw upon.” The concept expressed in this image is appropriate to the many aspects of the current discourse with respect to water resources. It also serves to better illustrate the Legislature’s intention in qualifying the import of Article 982 of the Civil Code of Québec (C.C.Q.) with the notion of general interest . ∗ Editor’s Note: Citations herein generally conform to THE BLUEBOOK : A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF CITATION (Columbia Law Review Ass’n et al. eds., 18th ed. 2005). In order to make the citations more useful for Canadian practitioners, abbreviations and certain other conventions have been adopted from the CANADIAN GUIDE TO UNIFORM LEGAL CITATION [Manuel Canadien de la Référence Juridique] (McGill Law Journal eds., 4th ed. [Revue du droit de McGill, 4e éd.] 1998). † Professor Robert P. Godin is an Adjunct Professor at the Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. He was appointed Senior Wainwright Fellow. This Article is the text of the author’s presentation at the Workshop on Water held at the Vermont Law School on October 24, 2009. -
The Hidden Ally: How the Canadian Supreme Court Has Advanced the Vitality of the Francophone Quebec Community
The Hidden Ally: How the Canadian Supreme Court Has Advanced the Vitality of the Francophone Québec Community DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Douglas S. Roberts, B.A., J.D., M.A. Graduate Program in French and Italian The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Professor Wynne Wong, Advisor Professor Danielle Marx-Scouras, Advisor Professor Jennifer Willging Copyright by Douglas S. Roberts 2015 Abstract Since the adoption of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982, the Canadian Supreme Court has become a much more powerful and influential player in the Canadian political and social landscape. As such, the Court has struck down certain sections of the Charter of the French Language (Bill 101) as contrary to the Constitution, 1867 and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In Ford v. Québec, [1988] 2 S.C.R. 712, for instance, the Court found unconstitutional that portion of Bill 101 that required commercial signage to be in French only. After the decision was announced, public riots broke out in Montreal. As a result of this decision, one could conclude that the Court has, in fact, resisted Québec‘s attempts to protect and promote its own language and culture. In this dissertation, however, I argue that this perception is not justified, primarily because it fails to recognize how Canadian federalism protects diversity within the Confederation. Contrary to the initial public reaction to the Ford case, my contention is that the Court has, in fact, advanced and protected the vitality of Francophone Québec by developing three fundamental principles. -
Canadian Legal Research and Writing Guide (
CANADIAN LEGAL RESEARCH I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 III. TREATISES ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 A. Federal ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 B. Federal and Provincial .............................................................................................................................................. 4 C. Provincial .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 D. Subject Law Reporters .............................................................................................................................................. 5 VI. STATUTES ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 A. Federal ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5 B. Provincial ................................................................................................................................................................. -
Les Obligations
GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DICTIONARY In anticipation of the eventual publication of a comprehensive edition of the Private Law Dictionary and Bilingual Lexicons, the Quebec Research Centre of Private and Comparative Law has prepared the Private Law Dictionary of Obligations and Bilingual Lexicons which presents the fundamental private law terminology of Quebec’s law of Obligations. The work takes into account the changes introduced by the Civil Code of Québec (S.Q. 1991, c. 64) and by other changes to the law that have occurred since the second edition of the Private Law Dictionary (1991), including those pertaining to federal legislation. An effort has been made to situate the law in view of the relationship between the Civil Code of Québec and the Civil Code of Lower Canada, as that relationship reflects both the continuity and renewal of the general law of Obligations. The Private Law Dictionary of Obligations and Bilingual Lexicons is divided into two parts. The first part, the Dictionary proper, contains more than 2,400 terms and expressions taken from the vocabulary used in the legislative sources of the law of Obligations (codes, statutes and regulations), in doctrinal writings of legal scholars, in judgments of the courts and, to a certain extent, in the language used in dealings between individuals (e.g. contracts, wills) and ordinary usage. An English-French lexicon has been appended to the articles of the Dictionary at the end of each given entry. The second part consists of the French-English lexicon which, with the lexicon integrated in each entry, forms the other half of the Bilingual Lexicons. -
The Constitution of Canada and the Conflict of Laws
Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Osgoode Digital Commons PhD Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2001 The onsC titution of Canada and the Conflict of Laws Janet Walker Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/phd Part of the Conflict of Laws Commons, and the Jurisdiction Commons Recommended Citation Walker, Janet, "The onC stitution of Canada and the Conflict of Laws" (2001). PhD Dissertations. 18. http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/phd/18 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in PhD Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Osgoode Digital Commons. THE CONSTITUTION OF CANADA AND THE CONFLICT OF LAWS Janet Walker A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Worcester College Trinity Term 2001 The Constitution of Canada and the Conflict of Laws Janet Walker, Worcester College Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, Trinity Term 2001 This thesis explains the constitutional foundations for the conflict of laws in Canada. It locates these constitutional foundations in the text of key constitutional documents and in the history and the traditions of the courts in Canada. It compares the features of the Canadian Constitution that provide the foundation for the conflict of laws with comparable features in the constitutions of other federal and regional systems, particularly of the Constitutions of the United States and of Australia. This comparison highlights the distinctive Canadian approach to judicial authority-one that is the product of an asymmetrical system of government in which the source of political authority is the Constitution Act and in which the source of judicial authority is the continuing local tradition of private law adjudication. -
Civil Liability in a Mixed Jurisdiction: Quebec and the Network of Ratio Communis
THE TULANE EUROPEAN AND CIVIL LAW FORUM VOLUME 28 2013 Civil Liability in a Mixed Jurisdiction: Quebec and the Network of Ratio Communis Ádám Fuglinszky* I. RATIO COMMUNIS, COMPARATIVE LAW AND MIXED LEGAL SYSTEMS ............................................................................................... 2 A. Comparative Law and the ‘Better Law’ ............................... 2 B. Mixed Legal Systems and the ‘Better Law’, Identifying Rationes Communes .......................................... 4 C. Impediments to the Research: Historical (Distorting) and Coincidental Factors ................................ 10 D. Structure of the Research—Five Groups ............................ 12 II. INFLUENCE TOWARDS RATIO COMMUNIS ......................................... 13 A. Common Law Impacts on Quebec Law ............................. 13 1. Liability ............................................................................. 13 a. Defamation ............................................................... 13 b. The Liability of Managing Directors and Officers ..................................................................... 15 c. Culpability and Fault ................................................ 17 2. Damages as the Legal Consequence of Liability ............ 19 a. Non-Pecuniary Damages ......................................... 19 b. Punitive Damages .................................................... 23 3. Quebec Law Impacts on Common Law .......................... 27 a. Misfeasance in Public Office, Roncarelli and Its Impacts................................................................ -
Canada's Legal Traditions
Journal of Civil Law Studies Volume 11 Number 1 Article 3 11-29-2018 Canada’s Legal Traditions: Sources of Unification, Diversification, or Inspiration? Rosalie Jukier Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/jcls Part of the Civil Law Commons Repository Citation Rosalie Jukier, Canada’s Legal Traditions: Sources of Unification, Diversification, or Inspiration?, 11 J. Civ. L. Stud. (2018) Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/jcls/vol11/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at LSU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Civil Law Studies by an authorized editor of LSU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CANADA’S LEGAL TRADITIONS: SOURCES OF UNIFICATION, DIVERSIFICATION, OR INSPIRATION? Rosalie Jukier∗ I. Introduction ............................................................................... 76 II. Quebec and the Canadian Legal Landscape ............................. 78 III. The Unification Model ............................................................ 80 IV. The Diversification Model ...................................................... 84 V. The Contemporary Position ..................................................... 87 VI. The Inspiration Model ............................................................ 94 A. The Use of “Caution” in Cross-Fertilization ....................... 96 B. Divergence Where Appropriate ........................................... 98