International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 11, November 2018, pp. 60–69, Article ID: IJCIET_09_11_006 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=10 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
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ANALYSIS MODEL OF MASTER PLAN FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM IN BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT IN DKI JAKARTA - INDONESIA
Mawardi Amin Civil Engineering, Universitas Tarumanegara, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Sofia W. Alisjahbana Civil Engineering, Universitas Bakrie, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Manlian R. Simanjuntak Civil Engineering, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia
ABSTRACT In the perspective of Construction Management, fires as a risk to Jakarta city can hamper the process of sustainability of Jakarta city administration, which includes: Jakarta city planning, and building construction in Jakarta city environment. From various sources, the average data of fire incident in Jakarta amounted to 4-5 times in one day. In relation there to, the risk of fire in the city of Jakarta should be prevented and overcome, so as not to result in the widespread risk of fire from the fire, which in turn may result in Jakarta being totally paralyzed by a total burn. For this reason, this research will solve research problems that will focus on the analysis of the importance of the Fire Protection System in the context of fire prevention and control in Jakarta, namely: 1) What are the factors and variables of the Fire Protection System model? 2) How is Fire Protection System model analysis selected?; and 3) What recommendations can be given to related parties? This research uses qualitative and quantitative research methods to solve the above three research problems. This research resulted that there are many factors and variables forming the chosen model. Key words: Fire, Master Plan, Protection, Risk, System . Cite this Article: Mawardi Amin, Sofia W. Alisjahbana, Manlian R. Simanjuntak, Analysis Model of Master Plan Fire Protection System in Building and Environment in Dki Jakarta - Indonesia, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(11), 2018, pp. 60–69. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=11
http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 60 [email protected] Analysis Model of Master Plan Fire Protection System in Building and Environment in Dki Jakarta - Indonesia 1. INTRODUCTION The growth of the city of Jakarta continues to increase, one of which is marked by the density of settlements and the increasing population that originates from birth and urbanization. The need for supporting facilities and infrastructure such as settlements, offices, industrial areas, entertainment facilities and other public facilities continues to increase. The growth of the city of Jakarta has a positive impact and also has a negative impact in the form of an increased potential threat of fire hazards. Legislative products are available to anticipate these impacts. Fire threats in the city of Jakarta become more complex because of the dense residential, industrial buildings and high buildings that would require special handling in the prevention and fire prevention efforts. Improvement of community participation is needed in the effort of prevention and prevention of fire hazard in Jakarta. Without community participation, fire fighters will find it difficult to be able to carry out their main duties and functions optimally. The duty of Jakarta Fire and Disaster Management Agency is to prevent, blow up and save lives and property due to fire and other disasters. Fire disasters are still a problem that has not been resolved properly. Until now, the frequency of fires in the Jakarta area is still high. The number of fires up to the end of October 2015 had 1383 events. Of this amount, fires in buildings (residential, industrial and public) turned out to contribute the highest number, which is around 50%; 43% are other fire objects, while 7% are for vehicles. Judging from the cause, many fires occur due to electrical short circuit, stove (gas and kerosene), lights / candles, cigarettes and others. Fire is not a disaster but a risk, as a risk, a fire can be prevented and the cause identified. Fire prevention is attempted, in addition to avoiding fires as well as to reduce the risks as a result of a fire if the fire really occurs. Identification of the causes of fire is done in addition to obtaining facts about the causal factors, as well as to find out the factors that influence why a fire occurs or does not occur, often or rarely in a place or area or environment.
1.1. Research Problems The Master Plan Models of Fire Protection System in urban areas is all matters relating to the planning of fire prevention and control systems within the scope of cities, neighborhoods and buildings. With the regulation of the minister that regulates the technical guidelines for the preparation of the Master Plan Models of Fire Protection System, the formulation of the research problem is how to know the variables, indicators, and parameters related to prevention, control and fire risk control system, what about the Master Plan Models of Fire Protection System that has been prepared by the provincial government DKI Jakarta? How is it implemented? Are the Master Plan Models of Fire Protection System optimized?
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Review of Literature Indonesia through the Ministry of Public Works issued regulations on the technical requirements of fire protection systems in buildings and the environment. According to the regulation, fire protection systems in buildings and environments are systems consisting of equipment, equipment and facilities, whether installed or built on buildings used for the purposes of active protection systems, passive protection systems or management measures in order to protect buildings and their environment against fire hazards. Researches that have been conducted and associated with fire protection system have been done both in domestic and abroad. Records of previous research results can be found from the following description:
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Building a place for people to do all activities based on the concept of design, must be maintained reliability. In improving the reliability of buildings, it is necessary to identify building reliability factors through safety, accessibility, comfort and hygiene factors (Adventusr, 2007). Istanbul's Metropolitan City (IMC) seeks to determine the location for additional fire stations to be built in Istanbul; The goal is to create historic residences and places accessible to emergency vehicles within five minutes of receiving fire service requests. We discussed 10 scenarios, including the current situation when we initiated projects and scenarios that IMC implements. The implemented scenario increased the coverage of city fire stations from 58.6 percent to 85.9 percent, based on a five-minute response time, with an implementation plan spanning three years (Aktas et al., 2013). Fire safety of existing buildings decreases with time. Based on factors such as space constraints and high construction costs, the increase in hardware construction is difficult, especially in existing hotel buildings due to 24 hour operations. Fire safety management is the most important part of a fire safety evaluation system, which includes fire prevention, and evacuation and mitigation strategies. This system will assist owners in performing improved fire safety management measures with little hardware update (Chen et al., 2012). Analyse the relationship between electrical phenomena on the Photo Voltaics (PV) system and associated fire risks to ensure proper fault detection by the electrical protection system. The description of PV systems connected to the grid is followed first by the comparison of design solutions provided by International Standards, and secondly by analysis of electrical phenomena that can trigger fires (Falvo & Capparella, 2014). A decision model for managing the movement of occupants during a fire emergency. For certain groups, decision models recommend one of two basic actions: (1) people remain where they are; or, (2) the person moves to a safer area inside or outside the building, including the means to travel to the recommended location (Groner, 2016). There are different perspectives based on fire risk criteria identified for heritage buildings in Malaysia from various parties involved in the fire management / risk / protection system for heritage buildings (Ibrahim et al., 2011). Concrete components have a smaller residual displacement than steel components. It is advisable, for the design of other similar structures, effective fire protection must be provided for outrigger frames to ensure the relationship between core and mega columns (jiang et al., 2015). Building fire risk analysis is used as the basis for managing fire risk. The average fire risk on residential buildings is measured in detail. With a detailed type of fire risk model developed, fire risk management measures can be undertaken to improve the fire safety level of the building and reduce the risk of fire and subsequent damage (Xin and Huang, 2013). The most important aspect of the security of a building in the presence of fire is the possibility of escape from danger. Understanding how individuals behave in fire and fire evacuation cases is essential if we want to bring appropriate fire safety measures with residents' needs during an incident. Critical factors that determine the fire response performance of residents, namely the characteristics of fire, human and buildings.[9] Fire conditions in all building compartments can be predicted by the Smoke movement through movement and flame growth (Li et al., 2013). One of the most important public services in urban areas is fire protection and response. It also happens to be one of the most expensive. As urban development develops and changes, it is important to plan for appropriate services, both in terms of security and fiscally responsible.
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The goals and objectives of strategic planning in fire protection and response, and detailed modeling approaches to support the determination of fire stations (Murray, 2013). Fire prevention systems and equipment, must comply with standard requirements is fundamental in order to ensure the safety of the building and its users. However, awareness of fire safety can certainly reduce damage or death rates during a fire. Public awareness is strongly related to understanding human behavior and their personal background (Rahim et al., 2014; Mangkoedihardjo, 2010a; Mangkoedihardjo, 2010b). The performance evaluation of buildings during fires is an important step in designing the right strategy. Improper or incomplete performance evaluations may mislead a fire safety design solution, which may result in unacceptable loss of life or damage to buildings due to fire. The various causal relationships between building, person, and fire characteristics are identified at different levels of detail. Building fire safety performance attributes can be set up by building the design phase, the various scenarios can be explored, the right building design and fire safety design solutions can be identified in different phases of the building design process (Hairulla and Betaubun, 2018; Meacham et al., 2013; Meacham et al., 2014; Suyadi and Hairulla, 2018) Establishing a security system, an active fire protection system is also important to ensure that occupants within the building are adequately protected against fire. A proper security system is needed to monitor and control human flows (Peih, 2012). A critical evaluation of existing resources with the Fire Department to address city fire hazards ensures a lack of adequate infrastructure and training facilities. A conceptual framework model is suggested to implement fire risk management in cities. Findings - Survey of fire-affected structures shows that negligence, code building violations, unconsciousness of safety measures, carelessness, and lack of training are the main causes of fire incidents. Lack of facilities and infrastructure to extinguish fires is recorded. The data recording mechanism associated with the incident of fire was not appropriate (Rafi et al., 2012). Evaluation of the reliability of fire protection systems in buildings includes four components, namely: completeness of the site, rescue facilities, active protection systems, and passive protection systems (Trikomara and Sebayang, 2012). The level of success in the prevention and control of regional fires is very dependent on the factors of intensity, building volume, regional transportation network system, facilities and infrastructure including water potential and the potential for fires, distance and range between regions and the location of water sources. Other determining factors are community participation, rescue aspects and law enforcement aspects (Rusli, 2011). In fact, from the data shows that fire occur in many residential environments, especially in dense residential environments. However, the fact also shows that in an environment that is equally dense, different phenomena are found, namely that there are several dense residential environments that rarely fire (Sardiyo, 2010). Fire safety regulations change because compliance with prescriptive requirements is being replaced or equipped with an approach based on performance-based design. However, this shift in regulatory practice raises important issues regarding regulators' ability to provide competent oversight of fire safety techniques. There are two major obstacles to this: doubts about whether fire safety techniques are mature enough as a profession; and concerns about whether the probabilistic nature of fire risks makes fire safety engineering unsuitable for self- regulation (Spinardi, 2016). The basic philosophy of an emergency response agency is to respond as quickly as possible to minimize the loss of life and property damage. Emergency response refers to the
http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 63 [email protected] Mawardi Amin, Sofia W. Alisjahbana, Manlian R. Simanjuntak speed of team members in response to emergency situations, measured as the time required for team members to get to a fire truck from the waiting room at selected fire stations in Malaysia. Emergency response time of firefighters, taking into account the distance traveled by the respondents. Thus, the performance measures obtained provide a meaningful indicator (Subramaniam et al., 2012). The perception of fire risks and their effects on building evacuations was studied to improve the evacuation process of buildings and to understand individual attitudes and behaviors. Risk perceptions are influenced by psychological, social, physical, political factors (here are regulatory and normative) and culture (Tancogne-Dejean & Laclémence, 2016). In the analysis of fire risk, the building process using cluster scenarios, the number of death victims and property loss directly selected as an index of the risk of building fire. Fire risk management steps can be taken to improve the building fire safety gradations and reduce the level of fire risk and subsequent damage (Xin and Huang, 2013). Emergency evacuation under conditions of fire at mass transit stations is of great concern especially in developing countries. Different fire locations, heat release rates, passenger loads, ventilation conditions and material properties are considered under fire conditions at subway stations. This indicates that the rate of heat release has a weak effect on the evacuation of fire emergency, but the location of fire, passenger loading, ventilation conditions and material properties have a major impact on fire evacuation. Furthermore, the five parameters have a combined function of fire emergency evacuation (Yang et al., 2013). Fire risks in high-rise buildings are a function of a combination of high-rise buildings, building use, professional fire training, fire prevention measures, and fire laws. Quantitative risk analysis of fire risk levels for building users for the most common types of buildings in Hong Kong in the following order: Commercial buildings, Factory buildings, Domestic building (Yau, 2014).
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Sources of Data and Method of Collecting Data This study uses two types of data, namely primary and secondary data. Primary data is a type of data collected by the researchers themselves such as interviews, data collection from questionnaires and others. Meanwhile, secondary data in the form of data so obtained based on reliable references, such as journals, previous research and data archives. Broadly speaking, data collection in this study can be grouped into 3 stages, namely: Data Collection Phase 1 - Experimental Constructs and Content Validation; Data Collection Phase 2 - Pilot Survey; Data Collection Stage 3 - Respondent's opinion.
3.2. Data Analysis The analytical method used is based on risk management. Where, the process of analysis is intended as an evaluation of the fire prevention and control system. Here are the stages of planning the analytical method with the risk management approach that will be done: In the first phase of the research analysis, risk identification was done through the distribution of questionnaires to experts. The method used to find variables from valid references such as journals, theses, and so forth and then validated by conducting interviews or discussions with the help of questionnaires to experts who are experts in their field to do the validation. The analysis of research phase 2 conducted in this research is descriptive-qualitative analysis. This analysis is used to evaluate the understanding of questionnaires given to prospective respondents. The result of this analysis is in the form of improvement of
http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 64 [email protected] Analysis Model of Master Plan Fire Protection System in Building and Environment in Dki Jakarta - Indonesia questionnaire exposure to be more easily understood by the respondent, descriptive analysis is done to give a general description about the data that have been obtained. The analysis of the third phase of research conducted in this research is descriptive- qualitative analysis. This analysis is used to see the respondent's perception of the questionnaire given. This analysis yields a model of relationship between X and Y variables. Descriptive analysis is done to give description about the data that have been obtained, also conducted statistical analysis, consisting of: Test Validity, Reliability Test, Correlation Analysis, Multiple Regression Analysis. This regression analysis is done to study how closely the relationship between one or several independent variables with a dependent variable. Regression is a tool used to measure the effect of any change of independent variables on the dependent variable. In other words, it is used to estimate the dependent variable (Y) whenever there is a change in the independent variable (X). The result of this stage is a model of relationship between variable X with variable Y.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1. Results The result of risk identification that has been validated by the expert, obtained 5 (five) main factor in forming model of Master Protection System Master Plan. The five factors are Spatial, Fire Management Area, Fire Prevention, Fire Countermeasures and Fire Control. Each of these identified factors is broken down into risk variables with the following details: 36 risk variables of fire safety system based on spatial aspects that can improve spatial abilities in preventing, handling and controlling fire hazard in DKI Jakarta area, 32 variables the risk of a fire safety system based on the aspects of the Fire Management Area that may affect the ability of the Fire Management Area in preventing, handling and controlling fire hazards in the DKI Jakarta area, 155 risk variables of the fire safety system based on the prevention aspects that may affect the fire prevention aspects of the building high in the DKI Jakarta area, 22 risk variables of fire safety system based on mitigation aspect, and 7 risk variables from fire safety system based on controlling aspect. Variables that fall into the category of High Extremely Risk according to Experts as follows: • Fire Management Areas: Provision of fire-fighting buildings, adjacent buildings, types of services in the context of responsiveness, the extent of the area served • Prevention: Provision of active protection systems and passive protection systems. • Countermeasures: Form a fire prevention teams, carry out inspection and inspection of active and passive protection systems and regular ways to save lives. This research produces 5 (five) models with different modeling factors and variables between model 1 with other model. The factors and variables forming the first model on the importance of Spatial Planning are social risks in spatial planning system, economic risk in spatial use, cultural risk in spatial use, water source risk, manual point fault risk, sprinkler system error, the risk of error in using fire retardant, the risk of error of existence of fire elevator with the value of R square is 79,4%. Factors and variables forming a second model of the importance of WMK are the risks of providing accessibility for fire extinguishers, the risk of providing fire-fighting buildings, the risk of smoke detector errors installed at a distance between detectors exceeding 20 m, the risk of error is that there is no smoke detector for every 92 m2 floor area room, the risk of error did not perform the final performance test of the building utility with the value of R square = 72.7%.
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Factors and variables forming a third model on the importance of fire prevention are social risks in spatial planning system, natural environment risk in controlling spatial use area, risk of unavailability of sliding handle on staircase with R square value 59,2%. Factors and variables forming the fourth model is the importance of fire prevention is a social risk in spatial use, cultural risk in spatial use, risk of water source location, risk of detection error from heat detector, risk of manual point fault, risk of sprinkler head failure not corrosion resistance , the risk of error is no sprinkler on the building that is effective 14 m high or consisting of 4 floors, the risk of error each part of the fire engine access point is not within a radius of 50 meters from the hydrant, the risk of error in the absence of inspection of the installation, damage done periodically, the risk of fire elevator error that can’t stop on each floor with R square 92.3%. Factors and variables forming the fifth model is the importance of fire control is the economic risk in the spatial planning system, the risk of error there is no smoke detector for every 92 m2 floor space, the risk of alarm light errors are burned in the absence of fire, due to interference, the risk of head error sprinkler not corrosion resistant, risk of system error of rescue infrastructure among mass of building in one area does not pay attention to occupant's safety and building structure, risk of error do not do technical documentation study from building with R square 62%. The tabulation results of the model variables provide an understanding that the identified risk variables vary for each model. For model of spatial model there are 8 variable forming model with r square = 79,4%, for model of fire management area there are 5 model variables with r square = 72,7%, for model of fire prevention there are 3 variable forming model with r square = 59,2%, for fire fighting model there are 10 variable forming model with r square = 92,3% and for model of fire control there are 6 model variable with r square = 62%. The 5 (five) models formed, it shows that the relationship between fire risk variables on the importance of building and environmental building control systems through the implementation of building safety systems against fire hazards needs to be observed and implemented, selected for use in anticipating the risk of fire.
4.2. Discussion For the fourth model, the value of R square of the "model summary" table shows the value of 92.3% of the variables "The importance of building and environmental building control systems are considered and implemented through the implementation of building safety systems against fire hazard" can be explained by the social risks in the utilization of regional space , the risk of sprinkler head errors is not corrosion resistant, the risk of manual pointing errors that do not follow the existing guidelines causing damage and causing false alarms, cultural risks in spatial use, the risk of water source location, the risk of fire lift errors that can’t stop at any floors, risk of detection error from heat detector, fault risk no sprinkler in high effective building 14 m or consisting of 4 floors, the risk of error each part of the fire engine access point is not within a radius of 50 meters from the hydrant, and the risk to malpractice in the absence of inspection of the installation, instructions for use, damage done periodically.
5. CONCLUSION • The results of an analysis of the importance of spatial planning are related to the results of identification of risk factors, the identified variables are the regional planning system, the regional planning system and the urban planning system.
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• The results of an analysis of the importance of fire management areas are associated with the results of risk factor identification, the identified variables are population distribution planning, buildings, fire posts, water sources, fire protection infrastructure, fire risk classification, building construction classification and response time. • The results of the analysis of the importance of preventive variables associated with the results of risk identification, identified variables are active protection systems, and passive protection and fire safety management. These three variables influence the importance of building and environment prevention systems through the implementation of building safety systems against fire hazards. • The results of the analysis of the importance of countermeasures are related to the results of risk identification, the identified variables are fire scenarios, building fire management, and technical supervision. These three variables have an effect on the importance of building and environmental management systems through the implementation of building safety systems against fire hazards. • The results of the analysis of the importance of control variables are associated with the results of risk identification, the identified variables are maintenance, re-design, calibration, evaluation. These four variables affect the importance of building and environmental control systems through the implementation of building safety systems against fire hazards. • Obtained 5 models of the relationship between independent variables about risk identification with the dependent variable. From the model, the model of countermeasures is chosen because it has the highest R-Square value. The variables that influence the importance of coping variables can be grouped into 4 groups, namely fire safety management group, fire management area, active protection and passive protection. Fire safety management (social risk, cultural risk), Fire Management Area (location of water source), active protection (sprinklers, alarms, detectors, hydrants, fire extinguisher, passive protection (rescue facilities - fire lifts). REFERENCES
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