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poetry | prose | artworks

Contents Foreword

Rhyming Dragon 2 “Class 2 / ‘The Spirit of Internationalism’” 36 This year’s issue of New Enigma embodies focus on broader forms of writing, we are pieces, these offer a challenge to think one of the key principles of Newington keen to demonstrate the sheer diversity about the ways in which we can foster and The Great War 3 The Journey (2017) 38 College – diversity. We have showcased of media that comprise the art world at continue to value diversity in years ahead. diversity in a variety of ways and have Newington. While painting and print media A Suite of Haikus from 7DVA 4 The Leap 39 taken as our guiding principle the idea are still a key part of artistic life at the We would like to thank all the students On and On 7 Why Film Photography is Making a Comeback 40 that perception and diversity are closely College, multimedia and digital media have for their contributions, as well as the connected. Taking the microscopic imagery played a significant role in recent years, Communications Department. This isn’t “I’ll See You Soon” 8 Die Hydrogen Monoxide (2018) 42 on the front cover as a central metaphor, and are represented here accordingly. just a collection of writing and images, but the works here demonstrate that the closer We have also included some works that a tactile, material object, and the graphic Victorious Newington 9 Dear Arms 43 we look at what the College has to offer, bridge the connection between written and design, layout and visual conceit would be The Fox and The Wheat: A Description 10 5th Ashes Test: Match Review 44 the more profound the diversity that we visual media, such as Ben Higgins’ opinion impossible without the dedication of Annie can discover. piece about why traditional film and analog Markey, Andree Melawi, Sarah Bradley and Mystic Landscape 11 Super Bowl 51: Match Review 46 media are enjoying a return. Davina Russell. With their help, we have For that reason, New Enigma has put together a volume that captures the The River 12 Recovery 47 undergone a shift over the last few In addition to the HSC and IB art works, diversity of writing at Newington. years as well. While we still showcase there are a series of photographs taken Memoryscape (2018) 13 Choices Make a Man 48 literary fiction and poetic compositions, by Abrahim Ali from a recent visit to the We are very proud of the result and hope Sins of the Past 14 Creative Confliction 50 we have expanded our contributions to Middle East. These photographs provide that you enjoy reading it as much as include writing from other areas of the part of the rhythm of the publication – a we have enjoyed editing, compiling and Scavengers 15 Moon 51 school. Within these pages, you will now reminder that all the students in this preparing the pieces that you now see. find sports writing, philosophy essays, year’s edition have connections that The Outback 16 The Alt-Right: The Resurgence of Nationalism 52 excerpts from Year 12 class work and a extend beyond the College and that this is in Male Youth A Shriek of Pain 17 variety of other types of prose. This forms what allows them to impart such a strong Street Haunting: A Stanmore Adventure 54 part of a broader plan, over the coming diversity to the College in turn. Directions 18 years, to include representations of every Oil 55 discipline in the College and to celebrate Finally, New Enigma raises questions The Letter 20 writing as a core skill set that permeates about the role of diversity in the modern Now Showing, Exodus 20:3 56 “Colourless Green Ideas Sleep Furiously”: 22 each discipline and builds conversations world and the dangers posed to diversity, A Personal Analysis of Burgess’ A Clockwork Orange War of the Words: Will fake news be our undoing? 58 between subjects. whether in the form of Luke Canter’s and Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment critique of surveillance or Alex Malouf’s The Smell of the Parmesan Cheese 60 This year’s edition also features a variety of piece on the rise of the alt-right. In New Archetypes of Identity: How Future Technologies 26 HSC and IB art works. In keeping with the combination with the fictional and poetic will Challenge Existing Theories of Personal Identity The Bells of September, 1683 62 The River: Historical Biography 30 The Tattoo Parlour 64 Separation (2018) 31 Pride 65 What Does It Mean to Be A Person if Elements 32 of Personhood are Absent?

Abrahim Ali (Year 8) photography throughout: Earlier on this year I went to Syria with my mother and grandfather to see our family after eight years of waiting. During my time over there I found peace in the scenery, people and nature, and I wanted to capture that side of the country through my photography. ii | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 1 Rhyming Dragon The Great War James Hardy | Year 5 Jeremy Latham | Year 5

“Well, that’s just brilliant” said Tyson. The trenches are deathly quiet. I can feel the squelchy mud inside my lice-infested boots. The room smelt of cinder, and Nolan was pretty sure that wasn’t I can taste the bitter diseases in my mouth. because the dungeon was a smoking zone. The dragon pounced like it had spent a week at Cara's gym. Despite the silence, My ears are filled with the deafening booms of bombs “Are you ok?” asked Nolan. The ear-piercing screams of fallen warriors. I can tell that death is coming for me, “This guy needs an ice tea!” said Tyson. Whether at the point of a gun, or through disease. This war is stealing so many lives. “More like an exorcist,” Nolan said, seeing the red eyes and deducing that the dragon usually was peaceful, but had recently decided to go At any moment the enemy troops could tunnel through into that stupid room of stuff that could possess you. The thin layer of sand on the ground of the trenches And ambush us. Tyson then leapt like a cat, just avoiding the flames. I carefully creep along the narrow trench, Looking out for unexploded bombs “Stupid me,” said Nolan. “Me taking this stupid quest, me endangering Or dreaded spies. Tyson. All my fault.” This quest was the least of Tyson’s worries. The thick smoky air is slowly spreading. I’ve forgotten what it’s like to take a breath of fresh air He thought about his family. The generals always boss us around. “My family was right. I always rush into dangerous situations without They didn’t bring nearly enough supplies. thinking. Now it’s going to get me and Nolan killed in a horrible way.” This war was supposed to solve all our problems. Another fire ball rippled through their path, incinerating the flower bed, turning it into a pile of ashes.

“I’m guessing he isn’t exactly the positivity king,” said Tyson.

“Always captain obvious, aren’t you,” replied Nolan.

“I try,” said Tyson, sarcastically.

“FEE FI FO FUM, I’M GONNA EAT YOU, YUM, YUM, YUM!” said the dragon.

“Not only can he talk,” said Nolan. “He has very bad poetry. Let’s kill him before he comes up with a haiku.”

“Hear, hear,” said Tyson, just as annoyed as Nolan.

2 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 3 A Suite of Haikus from 7DVA Year 7

1. 7. 14. 20. 26. The stretched fields of snow The season of fresh Summer. A beach day My feet are sand-burnt; The sweltering sun whiter than a wedding dress. beginnings; of time anew. surfing, swimming with friends found. face water-cooled, wave splashed. persists, raging across land Freezing like Vostok. Pollen in the air. Sand-crusted; happy The beach is bustling. in drought. Famine feasts.

2. 8. 15. 21. Matthew Tan Mountains crowned with snow Being burnt alive Hot and sweaty; argh! It is autumn now – colder than Siberia. pools flood with bodies basking; Sun beating, grass brittle; night last flowers bloom peacefully; 27. Ice cream sentinels. welcome, ice cream sundae. furnace. Can’t find sleep. the rivers are still. The trees fall loudly, Ari Kritikos Ellis Khu Stanley Martin Hugo McGann the sun sets on empty souls. The land lies silent. 3. 9. 16. 22. Regal, princely cliffs Sun shines on lone trees, Crisp wind attacks; hunts. Cold envelopes me. 28. watch out over all the land – detached they do stand, vital, We desperately pursue warmth – Snow closes in – ice blanket. Stream flowing gently solemn; protective. pulsing in the wind. sun hidden. Lost glove. Isolation. Free. as grass leans in mild winds – Finn McCreery Morgan Jones Jonathan Tang Charlie Millar Peaceful. Soul-filling. Jamie de Botton 4. 10. 17. 23. A green field of grass Dead, silent, leaves fall Winter: snow, leaf-less Summer warms the world, dances under the spring sun, as autumn limbs wind-sway. trees, stuck at home. Silence now. spirits fly high – joy thermals; for the light is back. The sun: tree hiding. Fun foiled. Sadness sapped. people show themselves. Jasper Walsh Joshua Cartwright 11. 24. 5. Rain forms. The sky falls. 18. Winter brings the cold; The wind crackles leaves Cold wind sears unguarded land. The whip of air stings all warmth vacates life – stasis. claiming the world – caustic, cold. Winter overtakes. as icy frost nips and clings. People lose their souls. The sound strips souls bare. Aidan Morrell Silence is certain. Seb Parhash Tom Carlisle Spencer Baird 12. 25. 6. Hours out in the bush 19. Birds playlist singing, The gust of crisp wind the sun pummeling my back; The wind shift lifts, animals jumping freely. picking up growth underfoot comes Summer’s scorching sting. Frost’s breath appearing on glass – Grass billows – stark green. sows seeds all over. Winter’s wrath will come. Roscoe Pilcher Bodie Young 13. Kiran Hyne The lake’s frozen; warm spring – a shivering slushy. Where did the frogs go? Anton Park

4 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 5 On and On Daniel Martin | Year 7

Ding Dong, Bing Bong. Do you get it? Let’s play some Ping Pong. Grab some racquets and a ball, “Yes, Yes, I get it now.” But what do you use them for? “1, 2, hop on one shoe, “Stop Playing,” mum shouts. 3, 4, feet on the floor. “Lunch it’s ready, father’s out.” On and On.”

“PIZZA!” Faster! Faster!

Delicious, that was yum “1, 2, hop on one shoe, Now let’s go and have some fun. 3, 4 feet on the floor. On and On.” Let’s play hop-scotch. One more time! “Okay, but how do you play?” “1, 2, hop on one shoe, Oh no, you don’t know, 3, 4, feet on the floor. We have to fix that right away, On and On.”

“1,2, hop on one shoe, Now let’s go inside. 3,4, feet on the floor. “No, please, just one more time.” On and On.”

Abrahim Ali | Eye of Yogurt

6 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 7 “I’ll See You Soon” Victorious Newington James Liao | Year 7 Matteo Cleverley | Year 7

I was carried into the white room on a stretcher. Coughing and deteriorating. New figures stood over me, now uncountable. The soft, dewy grass against my coarse skin, wheezing, drifting in and out of consciousness. White…black… I slipped in and out of consciousness again. To run, and to pass and to never ever sin. white…black…white…black. White…black…white…black…white…black. Screaming and yelling, yet it is so quiet, I gasped for air. But I seemed to suck nothing in. Some sort of Then all of a sudden, it’s back to a riot. apparatus forced oxygen down my throat and into my lungs. Finally, The beeping drifted off into the background. a proper breath of air. The machine made an insidious sound. The ball in my hands feels so light, so smooth The figures moved quicker, like glimmers of light. They were And all of a sudden, I’m back to my youth. A hazy silhouette stood beside the stretcher and clenched my hand too quick for my eyes to see and my brain to comprehend their tightly, their words unintelligible. More and more were carried in, movements. I was so light-headed, at this point I wasn’t even aware I’m thinking of scoring that game-winning try body upon body, stretcher after stretcher. of myself. I knew for sure now that this would be my last moment Before I hear an ear-splitting cry. on earth. The insidious beeping continued. An opposition player, so big and so fast, I still didn’t know what my last words would be. My throat was Is moving so swiftly along the grass. I started thinking of my past. Not what I did wrong, but what I never parched and constricting. My mouth hung slack. My whole face was got the opportunity to do. All of the missed chances, chances to do pale with pain and suffering. The figures were screaming, others I step to my left and watch him fly through, great things…wasted. Everything I always wanted to be as a child, frantic and rushing around the room. And through the gap that he left I flew. drowned by society and its perceptions. The thoughts collated in my mind, grew and grew, but this brewing was always momentarily With every ounce of energy and strength, that I had left, Just one more defender I had to get past, interrupted by bursts of excruciating pain. Washed out figures I only just managed to get out: Their line of defence, he was their last. loomed over the stretcher, now holding grey objects and clear bags. My stomach churned at the thought of my fate. “I’ll see you soon…” I ran straight at him and dropped it on the toe, Over his head and towards the line it did go. The machine beeped slower still. The machine flatlined. I chased the ball hard, it was really quite fine, I started to ponder what my last words would be. My thoughts And then I regathered and dived on the line. were stunted by my lack of energy. I sighed; my strength rapidly Celebration was sweet, I jumped in the air, We had won on the bell Fair and square.

8 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 9 The Fox and The Wheat: A Description Mystic Landscape Nathan Sharp | Year 7 Stirling Williams | Year 7

The sway of the wheat has a voice. It speaks with every gush. My shield will not protect me Against the unknown thunder I try to listen to the wheat, but I don’t understand. Waiting in the trees It speaks an ancient language that nobody can ever learn. They are watching the land.

The little fledglings perch on the branches and sing in harmony. Intruding in my place of wisdom They will pause and wait The early morning fog is millennia old. Under its gaze, And stop and think everything shifts back in time. Waiting for the right time.

The morning dew plays a harp, from the leaf to the spider web. The sound is so deep my ears can’t quite hear it.

The old towering oaks give life and a home to all the spirits who live here.

A rustle from the bushes behind me catches my attention.

Out jumps an orange angel, moving with an ethereal hush. Every step is padded with a paw.

I don’t know how long I stand there. The world pauses as the big bushy tail jumps out of sight, burrowing itself in the woven bushes.

Once again, the wheat breathes in and out.

10 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 11 The River Memoryscape (2018) Evan Malakonakis | Year 7 Ben Coultas-Roberts | Year 12

You can hear the water flowing from rock to rock, Trickling on its way down, You can taste the freshness of the air, Smell the moss upon the earth.

A cold autumn breeze twists the leaves, Sends orange stalks to the ground, The trees shake, the water runs As the wind whistles everywhere.

The coldness dries your mouth And cracks your lips, no matter where you are. No roads or cars are in sight, A lone rusted bike sits by the tree.

A thin layer of mist covers the water, The sun's rays shoot through the canopy Making the surface glisten like diamonds. A lonely leaf falls. The river ripples.

ARTIST’S COMMENT:

Uluru is the heart of Australia – a massive rock world – renowned for its cultural significance to the Indigenous communities and physical presence in the Australian landscape. Some do not realise that the rock stretches 2km underground and 30km north-west. This is significant as it represents the majority of memories and thoughts that you don’t see within yourself. The saying “just the tip of the iceberg” describes this concept, and illustrates the idea that we are only conscious of a small proportion of our memories.

12 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 13 Sins of the Past Scavengers Toby Eastway | Year 7 Joshua Navan | Year 7

The earth has gone The wind howled as the white snow drifted ricocheted out from behind me as mutated There’s nothing left around the frosted landscape. I trudged I dodged and weaved as they rose. Their limbs were blasted into oblivion. Animals have died through the frozen dead land, the remnant bodies looked like death itself. I was done Our biggest theft. of the earth we once knew and loved, for. All of a sudden, a human figure appeared. covered with metres of ice. This is what we think, I heard my name being called on the radio, “Run for the rocket, we’re leaving this The human race It started in 2191. A great disease struck but the fleshy growth of the plague was wretched planet. Go!” The flora and fauna our planet. My name is Josh Sulvec. I was around me, injecting itself into my mind. Have no place. one of the survivors of Earth. Not only is this The figure motioned towards the engine, place freezing, but we share it with all sorts “JOSH!!” jets powered up and ready to take us as far Buildings will stand, of mutated creatures, worse than any mind away as we needed. At the very moment, Skyscrapers will tower could imagine. And then suddenly, I woke. I felt the power the monster jumped on me, taking aim at Houses will be built of the plague in me. It hadn’t quite taken my flesh. Nature will cower. The radio blared. my mind away from me but it had given me power. “Aghhhh!” The forests will go “Josh, you there? We need you to get that Green will cease, vial here now – we think someone has been “Josh, you’re awake. Get here now. There’s I gathered all the strength in my body, even Infrastructure will grow affected.” a massive blizzard coming.” the disease, and blasted the monster into Grey will increase. the blizzard. “What?! Who? I still have to cross the Metal I needed to be fast. Mutants lived inside Weapons will be built Graveyard.” blizzards. It was done. We were going to leave. Wars will begin Food will be marketed I was worried – one person lost meant a lot A body appeared through the haze. At first As I walked towards the rocket, people From inside a tin. to our civilisation. it looked like a dog, but it soon became started to move away as they saw my clear that this was something very different. appearance more clearly. A pain struck my Eventually we’ll realise “Joe – he started to twitch and gurgle Multiple tongues hung out of its mouth and body. But it’s too late blood.” its body seemed torn apart by the plague. This is what we It jumped at me, bloody teeth craving a “Sorry, Josh, we just can’t run the risk of Have made of our fate. I turned off the radio. I began to run, risking taste of flesh. I held the trigger as the beast bringing you on board the ship. You have exposure to the Eye of Metal. yelped and fell apart. symptoms of the plague.” And when we sit Dying with our kin The Metal Graveyard was an army ready to “I need to get out of here.” It had all been for nothing. Yet as the snow We will mourn awaken. Military robots were buried under whipped around my face, I knew the fight Our environmental sins. the ice. The Eye of Metal was a targeting The blizzard was tough – I could only survive couldn’t be done yet. system that awakened sleeping robots ten more minutes. As a boulder flew past my if they detected something. The plague head, I began to run as fast as I could. The changed their programming to target red glow of death lingered behind me, like I humans. If I woke them, I was as good as was competing with a shadow. gone. Beneath me, the ice glowed red. “Fire!” “Oh no.” The surface cracked and shattered, I had awakened them! Bullets whipped past my head. Screeches

14 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 15 The Outback A Shriek of Pain Benjamin Layhe | Year 7 Abrahim Ali | Year 8

Waiting on the rain, She blew in my ears It arrives at three a.m., Creaked my door Falling like these words, Tickled my toes It rolls off the roofs and highways, Folded my sheet so gently Into the sun-beaten tracks. Finally, kissed me With her warm soft angelic lips. The tracks swallow it up, She knew how to awaken me Like a hungry beast eating. At last I sat up It’s repetitive. Listened to the purrs of the outside world. In the morning it’s gone, I got out of bed Like the wind, here and then not. Blood rushing through my body As I arose with the house. Five more months pass by, The sound of her closing the door Not a single drop of rain, It resonated through me. The ground is hungry, Shivers of bright sun That night the heavens open, They harkened me to change rooms. Like never before, raining. A shriek of pain Another toe victim to wardrobes.

AUTHOR’S COMMENT:

In this poem I am poetically talking about my emotional journey to Syria. “A Shriek of Pain” refers to the moment I left my grandfather, and the realisation of my sense of hopelessness around the situation in that country and the irreversible problems. Each line has a meaning relating to my trip in Syria.

16 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 17 Directions Aston Brown | Year 12

ARTIST’S COMMENT:

Directions provides a monotonous portrait of urban life, injecting Functioning as a street sign, the installation acknowledges its a certain passiveness into five intimate scenes in the style of a suburban surroundings while also questioning where these digital GIF. Flâneur – which among other things means to “wander moments may actually be leading or directing one to. The collages with no purpose” – is a concept which underpins my work. in each scene operate in a similar sense in recognizing their Popularised in Paris in the nineteenth century, the word has a rich environment, amplifying feelings of futility and melancholy through set of associations and meanings that describe the wanderer of the neutral aesthetic of dull concretes and metals that epitomise the modern urban streetscape and their philosophical way of living the built environment. and thinking – as the detached observer.

18 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 19 The Letter Anton Lising | Year 8

The room was dark and musty, the smell of family. Carmichael slumped over, exhausted upwards at the man standing behind the His face camouflaged by layers of dirt and to the ground, wasted lives. Shells flew they were so different. Debris littered the damp wood permeated the air. He sat there, from the stress of thinking. The guilt, the desk. The man looked intimidating grit, Lieutenant Carmichael peered over the unpredictably, bullets wizzed over the streets and the houses that remained were still. Alone in the room, a single table and shame and the sadness clouded his mind and officious, adorned in a black military top of their hastily made trench. The enemy trench, explosions made the ground tremble blackened with soot. The driver pulled up chair. His eyes glazed over the words he’d as he once again fell into a deep slumber. uniform with brass buttons. Taking the were reloading. Troops on both sides were and, for the first time, Carmichael felt that in front of what was now a somber pile of tried to read a thousand times. paper from Carmichael’s outstretched hand, struggling to manage large and unwieldy he didn’t belong. featureless rubble. The smile instantly faded Carmichael ticked the box. It read: “I am the man squinted, peering down at him. machine guns. Ammunition piled around from Carmichael’s face. He got out, shutting “Dear Lieutenant Carmichael, we regret to above the age of 17 therefore legally Anticipation filled Carmichael’s gut as the them in heaps, the soldiers continued to He yearned to be with his loving family. the door slowly behind him. An officer was inform you that...” His eyes trailed off. The allowed to participate in the war effort”. He man’s eyes darted back and forth from the fumble, their fingers slippery from the blood His overprotective, anxious family; their waiting for him. letter was painful to read. knew it was a lie, but it was the only thing form to his face, before finally handing the of the fallen. intentions were good. His squadron? They he could do to get away from his family and paper back. didn’t truly care about him. What was he “I’m sorry,” the officer’s eyes seemed to say, Carmichael tried again. His eyes stung from their absurd obsession with “safety”. What It had been only two years since he signed thinking signing up for this? Carmichael as he handed Carmichael an envelope. the intense salinity of his tears, but he knew good would staying home do? There was a Without speaking, the officer gestured that form, the one that had placed him imagined the joyous, elated faces of his that his pain was nothing in comparison to war going on, and Carmichael needed to be towards what looked like a makeshift tent. in this dreaded predicament. Somedays family when he would arrive back home what his family had endured. a part of it. “For England,” he kept telling This was the processing room. The tent Carmichael regretted his decision, others unscathed. Carmichael temporarily pushed himself, though deep down Carmichael looked like one you would expect to find he praised it. It was not often now that he the thought to the back of his mind where it The government paper, sodden and warped knew it was solely for himself. at a children’s carnival, although with the thought of his family. It was easier that way. couldn’t distract him, he loaded his rifle with from years of exposure to his sadness, absence of any colour or festivities, the With all preconceived notions of war and its a newfound determination to make it home. lay there. A deep pit of failure and regret Carmichael made his way down the sheet, military construct looked almost sinister. glory wiped from his mind, and his family’s from which he knew he could not escape. telling the truth when he could, lying when emphasis on the importance of safety The war was over. Four years had passed Carmichael knew he could have helped convenient. Carmichael reached the bottom Any second thoughts about joining the completely discarded long ago, he was a and Carmichael had still not heard from them. He should have. All their efforts, all of the page. The only thing left to do was military had to be tossed aside before new man. Now Carmichael woke each day his family. Despite this he was hopeful. their precautions had gone to waste – and sign the form. His hands trembling, he entering the facility. Thoughts of his family expecting something to kill or maim him, Beaming, Carmichael descended the stairs he’d done nothing to help. The Anderson scrawled a barely legible “J. Carmichael” in swirled through his mind, of how livid they fear constantly broke his sleep. of the plane, setting foot on British soil for shelter proved useless. Despite their the space that read “sign here”. would be to witness him here. Carmichael the first time in years. He was finally going fastidious ways and his lack of them, they cast these aside, leaving them to mull by Carmichael, unlike the others in his to reunite with his family. Carmichael knew had perished and he had survived. The ambient noises of London surrounding the entrance. Carmichael, breathing heavily squadron, had not received any mail he had been reckless, joining the army. He him, Carmichael turned to hand the and standing tall, stepped inside. from family. Initially he had attributed could have died, many troops did, which is Carmichael had attempted to read the document in at the large, intricately carved this anomaly to their anger with him after exactly why his family was so overprotective. letter in its entirety, so far to no avail – he wooden desk. People walked hurriedly A shell exploded right above the trench, joining the army, but now, after nearly Had it just been luck that he’d survived? could barely get past the first four lines. He around him. They looked flustered and splattering mud, dirt and shrapnel over two and a half years of service, not one should have been there too, he should have worried. It is wartime after all, he thought. everyone even remotely close to the single communication seemed extremely Jumping in a taxi, Carmichael spoke the died, not them. He’d been so reckless. His Ignoring the irritable and distracting noises mayhem. They cowered, waiting for the unfair. Although now was not the time for address of his adolescent home. A few face contorted as he attempted to recall of automobiles and buses that filled the constant and rhythmic thuds of enemy fire him to dwell on personal matters. War minutes later, looking through the frosted the events prior to the demise of his entire streets, Carmichael craned his neck to look to subside. raged around him. Young bodies dropped window, he recognised the streets, but

20 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 21 “Colourless Green Ideas Sleep Furiously”: A Personal Analysis of Burgess’ A Clockwork Orange and Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment Luke Canter | Year 8

“We read to know we’re not alone”. In “A hundred, a thousand good deeds could the reader is fully cognizant of the atrocities is embodied in one of F. Alexander’s is driven by the pawnbroker’s parasitic the presence of a suggestible, irrational have been done […] on the old woman’s committed. Furthering the ubermensch exchanges with another revolutionary: classism and a sense of justice. human consciousness susceptible to blind money […] Hundreds of human beings could metaphor, the lack of a voice afforded to “What a superb device he can be, this boy. If populism, literature gives minority views be given a new start; dozens of families women within A Clockwork Orange even anything, of course, he could for preference I identify with Burgess and Dostoevsky’s and uncomfortable truths a voice. It is a saved from beggary, decay, ruin, vice […] [If persists after Alex undergoes the Ludovico look even iller and more zombyish than he pessimistic views of human nature, where necessary counterbalance to circumvent the you killed her and took her money,] wouldn’t Technique to normalise his behaviour. In the does. Anything for the cause.” The self- no one is consistently, objectively “good,” populist echo chamber and promote a more those thousands of good deeds wipe out final page, post-conditioning Alex remarks aggrandizing utilitarianism of “anything for though they gain redeeming qualities by balanced assessment of pressing societal that tiny little crime?” Dostoevsky’s use of that “there was this veshch of finding some the cause” casts F. Alexander’s party in a the end of the narrative relative to the concerns by pervasive means. This personal circumlocution emphasises the amorphous, devotchka or other who would be a mother morally ambiguous light in a world where novel’s world. In particular, cases such analysis discusses Burgess’ A Clockwork ambiguous nature of this utilitarianism. The to this son.” The objectification of women there is no objective “good”. More broadly, as Svidrigailov’s characterisation parallel Orange and Dostoevsky’s Crime and low modality of “wouldn’t those thousands in a passing statement, as an instrument the Ludovico technique is moral absolutism the modern bourgeoisie, where people Punishment, works written almost a century of good deeds […]?” both legitimises and for Alex’s use, is a clear example of his to its extreme, since the very premise is are either apathetic or supportive of the apart, yet still thematically connected to invalidates Raskolnikov’s intentions. continued toxic masculinity. that Pavlovian conditioning is used to make suffering they indirectly exact on animals, each other and to contemporary political criminals abhor violence and rob them of livestock and the developing world, in many ideologies. It examines connections to Similarly, in A Clockwork Orange, Burgess Both instances share parallels with my moral choice, thus turning them into the cases for non-essential needs such as ivory, my worldviews in the form of character uses Alex’s narration to reinforce this personal views of language and euphemism titular “clockwork orange” – an organic, fur, cosmetics and consumer electronics. analyses and major concerns such as ubermensch complex during his acts of as a vehicle for justifying state-condoned sophisticated being on the outside, though Just as Svidrigailov’s tendencies are a the ubermensch complex (the rationale “ultraviolence”. For example, his narration violence in the late 20th and early 21st an inhuman automaton on the inside. product of a worldview where power comes of a self-proclaimed “man beyond men”), of invading the home of the “cat woman”, centuries. Reference to foreign interventions from the assertion of one’s will over others, hedonism, and moral relativism, as well as laced with Nadsat (a fictitious Anglo-Russian as “foreign contingency operations,” In Crime and Punishment, this moral similarly, humanity continues to rationalise their modern parallels. argot used predominantly by teens) tries to contested claims as “alternative facts” and relativity is encapsulated in a starker the hedonistic subjugation of those less make light of a senseless murder. Alex’s use the injury of civilians as “collateral damage” contrast: Raskolnikov is prone to sporadic powerful. Firstly, both works explore the of vernacular is exemplified in his retelling are three such examples. acts of violence and charity. He pays the consequences of “ubermensch thought” as of murdering a vulnerable “cat woman”: “I funeral fees of the Marmeladov family after Burgess’ A Clockwork Orange and the protagonist of Crime and Punishment, gave her a malenky fair kick in the litso, and Secondly, moral relativism and the lack of the patriarch, a drunkard and spendthrift, Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment are Rodion Raskolnikov, tries to justify his she didn’t like that, crying ‘Waaaaah,’ and absolute good are both prominent themes is run over by a chariot; in contrast with pertinent analogies for the modern world murder of the pawnbroker, and as Alex, the you could viddy her veiny mottled litso going in the two texts. In A Clockwork Orange, Svidrigailov’s philosophy towards acts of and humanity in general. Despite the fact unreliable narrator of A Clockwork Orange, purplewurple where I’d landed the old noga this relativism manifests most strongly in charity, this was not premeditated nor that the two were written almost a century distances himself from the brutality of his […] the whole veshch really a very humorous F. Alexander’s intentions to exact revenge meant to avert suspicion. Compare this apart, both are thematically intertwined crimes. In Crime and Punishment, most one.” The use of diminutive terminology, upon Alex for the earlier home invasion to Svidrigailov’s donation of money to with the narrative of modern history. They characters exhibit this complex in some way, such as “purplewurple” to refer to bruising, and brutalisation of his wife by driving Sofia Marmeladov and Raskolnikov, where continue to serve as disturbingly candid the two most egregious examples being “[a humorous] veshch” to refer to the Alex to suicide. This would make him a Svidrigailov is suspected of murdering his metaphors for the present state of the Raskolnikov and the antagonist, Svidrigailov. rampage, and “malenky (Russian-derived martyr against the incumbent government, spouse and lacks any redeeming qualities. world. This complex is clearest when Raskolnikov slang term for ‘little’)” to refer to a blunt another of F. Alexander’s targets in a Svidrigailov’s violence is driven purely by sympathises with a student’s assertion that kick, desensitises Alex’s reaction, whereas utilitarian political campaign. This sentiment hedonism, where Raskolnikov’s violence

22 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 23 Abrahim Ali | Maelimti (Arabic for “my teacher”)

24 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 25 New Archetypes of Identity: How Future Technologies will Challenge Existing Theories of Personal Identity Luke Canter | Year 8

In the future, how will new technologies present-day world is unprepared. the mind at one time nor identity at two system in particular, as much of modern These are already beginning to take on the many futurists embrace mind uploading shape archetypes of identity? The advent of The key concepts this analysis seeks to different times”, the idea of personal law is based on Hobbes’ idea of body theory undesirable human traits of pliability, data as a viable means of life extension, there gestalt, artificial, augmented and digitised explore are gestalt intelligences, covering identity arises from a social abstraction of – so long as a defendant in a case has a bias and subjective ethical dilemmas. Much are many philosophical implications. The consciousness holds manifold disruptive hive-minds and their potential legal status in “continued identity” – in reality, identity qualitatively identical body to the “person” like John Locke’s theory of identity, memory benefits would include the ability to continue consequences for the future of identity. the foreseeable future; artificial intelligence, is shaped by many successive sensory who perpetrated a crime, they are as much and human bias are beginning to shape the the contribution of great statesmen, artists, Every field from law to biotechnology has the encompassing simulated intelligences and perceptions from different cortices. considered the same individual, even if their actions of AI, on which major, life-impacting scientists and economists. Emulating or potential to be affected; the moral status their similarities to humans; augmentation, memories or intentions have changed. decisions are based. transferring identities that are qualitatively of these new archetypes will challenge which involves intelligence amplification, Hume’s arguments would suggest that the identical would provide a lasting tool established models; the preservation of gene therapy and bodily enhancements; self is not a single object, but a permutation This may have consequences for the The example of machine learning’s parallels for societal development. However, in personal identity, as many understand it and the transfer of consciousness, which of different intelligent masses of matter. volition of hive-mind “drones”. By sharing to human cognition is beginning to manifest philosophical terms, mind uploading could today, may be threatened; the rights of the concerns the notion of recreating a mind This concept is critical to understanding the consciousness, do they then relinquish itself in the US court system. The software represent a dangerous wager for those new human will be questioned by many separate from its matter. Finally, we will future idea of a “gestalt consciousness”, control over their own actions by mixing used to calculate the chance of recidivism who undergo the transfer; there would be different platforms. And yet despite the consider the impacts of these new forms of whereby many different minds will them with extraneous thoughts? Perhaps in defendants, Compass, may have been a proverbial hair’s breadth separating the sheer number of scenarios where backlash identity in the legal, social, economic and receive the same sensory inputs and in these cases, courts would be forced to fed with biased data; correlations with real eternal preservation of humanity or the to artificial identity could disrupt societal philosophical domains. think the same thoughts. Most likely by prosecute every semi-autonomous drone or case outcomes resulted in black defendants silent genocide of all humans. Depending fabric, it seems a global fait accompli that neuroenhancement, gestalt intelligence may even restrict gestalt intelligence technology being 77 per cent more likely to be flagged on the model of identity that is accepted, human history will continue along the same Firstly, notions of collective consciousness be used for research applications, military to only a select few. as higher-risk than white defendants. In one of these two interpretations could be trajectory. and the integration of multiple spiritual cases, or law. There would also be cultural, many cases, this correlation proved untrue, true – if there exists an intangible “soul” “entities” have existed for as long as, if artistic, and economic benefits in the fields In these ways, due to the sheer number of such as the case study of Vernon Prater – a separate from its material counterparts, I therefore write this analysis out of concern not longer than, the time since the corpus of innovation, education and productivity. complications that gestalt consciousness white repeat-offender found guilty of armed then this would be an effective means of for the lack of consideration around these callosum, the membrane separating either For example, the 2016 4X-genre grand would cause, even if collective intelligence robbery, and Brisha Borden – a young preserving humanity for all time. However, scenarios: if the identity of hive-minds side of the brain, was first split in a clinical strategy game Stellaris depicts a positive became available and affordable, legal African-American who committed petty theft if we accept that identity, and thus uniquely and robotic entities – the near-human setting. The trope of a “gestalt intelligence” use for gestalt consciousness, whereby models would still require major revisions once and has not reoffended – where the human traits, are reducible to the “hardware pliability of machine learning and AI – isn’t has been used as a plot device in works the effectiveness of hive-minded armies to account for the partial autonomy of score should theoretically have been the components” of the brain, then it would taken seriously, then all manner of social from the new humans of Last and First is significantly enhanced, bureaucracies the “drones” within these hive-minds and opposite. In such a case, perhaps an AI follow that uploaded minds would merely calamities could occur: biased training data, Men (1930) to the Borg of the more recent become more efficient and political tensions ensure the delivery of justice. However, the would not be suitably impartial to many sets be machine-emulated projections of this like human memory, may skew the actions Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987). In a are reduced in pursuit of a common goal. practical applications of these technologies of training data – and thus, their newfound identity. of AI doctors, autonomous cars and military similar vein to the no-self theory espoused to unify states and contribute to research, sense of identity on the basis of memory drones; consciousness transfers and by David Hume, the concept of the self is Based on the empiricist logic of David culture and economic outputs would be would cloud their impartiality such that they Altered Carbon (2002), a novel by science the obsession with qualitative sameness more a product of social convention than Hume and John Locke, who base personal undeniable. are considered human in their capacity fiction author Richard K. Morgan, presents have a chance to cause a silent genocide a literal, unified consciousness. According identity on consciousness and memory, this for judgement. Would AI be able to make different viewpoints towards uploaded of every human soul; augmentation may to Hume, who, in his Treatise of Human gestalt consciousness, made up of many Secondly, artificial intelligences – any ethical decisions irrespective of biased minds’ moral status. It presents an devalue effort and application in lieu of Nature (1738), provides the example that individuals (or “drones”) would effectively non-natural equivalents of cognition – human input? interstellar state where “resleeving”, the socioeconomic class. These philosophical “I never catch myself at any time without amount to a single person in a philosophical are currently in their infancy, with recent practice of digitising the mind and uploading issues are not receiving enough mainstream a perception, and I can never observe sense. If gestalt consciousness technology product innovations becoming available, The digitisation and transfer of it to a new body, has become commonplace. consideration, despite the fact that they are anything but the perception […] There is became widespread in the far future, this such as Google Home, Alexa, and any consciousness contradict many models This state, the UN Interstellar Protectorate, clearly fundamental problems for which the consequently never any simplicity within would have implications on the judicial existing prototypes of driverless vehicles. of psychological continuity. Although takes on Locke’s theory that the identity

26 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 27 lies in mind rather than matter. In contrast, on individual accountability – based on If augmentation is accompanied by a Thirdly, augmentation has the potential complete preservation of natural humanity a proponent of same-body theory such as the acts carried out using one’s body – as sudden increase in production to the point to either bridge or widen the class and the total integration with technology. Hobbes may argue that these “re-sleeved” a key axiom of social, legal and moral that most people can afford them, the divide. Under the model of individual Depending upon our readiness for these minds are only qualitatively the same norms. Much like the Ship of Theseus responsibility for societal contributions accountability presently followed, it is innovations and economic prosperity at insofar as they resemble the original human thought experiment, which relates to the that stem from these enhancements could difficult to equitably ascribe wages when the time they become widely available, in observable aspects, and they should metaphysics of identity, there are many be equally shared across the population. workers are augmented, thus a new the effects on civilisation, on one end of thus not be confused with the original responses to the consequence of greater Thus, wage models would invariably taxonomy of these augmented persons’ the vast continuum, could be positive and individual. Such a scenario may require a and greater parts of the person being become more universal in their application, identities may be needed. Finally, the equalising or, at the other extreme, may new taxonomy of identity: simulated entities enhanced. and the notion of individual credit would digitisation of consciousness may face us force us to sacrifice our humanity. may be bestowed with a unique legal status gradually disappear; the state would come with a dangerous wager: it is unknown, and in order to circumvent these challenges. The 2017 survival-horror game Prey another step closer to a single person: a untestable, whether our “souls” will truly Save these scenarios, the remainder is explores the crises that occur when hive-mind united in its intention. Perhaps survive the uploading process such that our largely uncertain. Regardless, it is inevitable Finally, the idea of augmenting the body’s neuroenhancement begins to override augmentation could widen the class divide minds and the ability to sense are retained. that under our current technological natural capabilities will challenge legal, natural human aptitudes. It takes an as those who can afford enhancements trajectory, we will have to face these social and philosophical definitions individualist stance towards this issue, benefit more and thus become exponentially My personal view is that new technologies crossroads. Unless we are faced with of personal identity. Technologies characterising the insertion of “neuromods” wealthier, leaving the global working class will play a fundamental role in shaping a more pressing existential threat to such as Intelligence Amplification as a relinquishment of humanity; this is behind. individual identity. The potential for humanity, we will likely see concrete, global (IA), neural implants and drug-based symbolised by the game mechanic whereby gestalt, artificial, digitised and enhanced impacts from these new archetypes of neuroenhancement will indubitably appear these “neuromods” are extra-terrestrial in In conclusion, the advent of new intelligences will fundamentally change identity. in the mainstream within the next century. origin, and thus anti-alien emplacements technologies such as neural implants the nature of individual accountability. For However, these augmentations may begin targeting protagonist Morgan Yu and artificial intelligence will have example, the difficulty of determining the challenge conventional ideas of free thought once enough of these neuroenhancements profound effects on future statecraft, legal culpability of a hive-mind, where actions and individual accountability. If humanity are installed: neuroenhancement is frameworks and moral outlooks. Firstly, are initiated by a shared thought process becomes reliant on neuroenhancement to characterised by Prey as a Mephistophelian gestalt intelligences will pose unique but executed by semi-autonomous drones, REFERENCES Angwin, J., Larson, J., Kirchner, L., & Mattu, S. (n.d.). Machine Bias. Retrieved September impart skill and talent, then this may come “transaction” whereby the augmented challenges in legislation due to the present demonstrates the inadequacy of our current 2, 2018, from https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in- at the expense of natural thought and we trade the factors that make them human state of the legal system, which usually understanding of identity as applied to a criminal-sentencing may, over time, lose our innate ability to for practical benefits. Their behaviours and subscribes to Hobbes’ same-body theory. future where this might be the norm. Arkane Studios. (2017, May 5). Prey [Computer software]. Retrieved September 2, 2018. hold unique worldviews, and thus lose an abilities are indelibly overridden by foreign, This will compel us to adopt eliminative or CGPGrey. (2016, May 31). Retrieved September 02, 2018, from https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=wfYbgdo8e-8 essential part of our humanity; our skills, otherworldly impulses. reductive materialism if it is implemented. Any attempt to avoid the disruption of these Courtland, R. (2018, June 20). Bias detectives: The researchers striving to make memories and neural pathways would be Secondly, as artificial intelligence begins innovations will be a difficult endeavour, algorithms fair. Retrieved September 2, 2018, from https://www.nature.com/articles/ near-entirely shaped by another’s projection. Perhaps augmentation, like the hive-mind, to replicate the malleability of the human given this would require us to forego d41586-018-05469-3 Dickson, B. (2018, August 29). Human intelligence and AI are vastly different - so let's will instil a greater sense of collectivism mind, so too will we need to project some the immeasurable benefit that these stop comparing them. Retrieved September 2, 2018, from https://thenextweb.com/ Again, there are implications in the legal in any state – applied equitably, it could humanesque qualities onto machine technologies would afford. The answer, then, syndication/2018/09/01/human-intelligence-and-ai-are-vastly-different-so-lets-stop- field, as so much of a modern state relies become a key catalyst for class parity. intelligence to understand their identity. may lie in reaching equilibrium between the comparing-them/ G. (2018, April 10). Human bias is a huge problem for AI. Here's how we're going to fix it. Retrieved September 2, 2018, from https://thenextweb.com/artificial- intelligence/2018/04/10/human-bias-huge-problem-ai-heres-going-fix/ Giles, J. (1993). “The No-Self Theory: Hume, Buddhism, and Personal Identity”. Philosophy East and West, 43(2), 175-200. doi:10.2307/1399612 Morgan, R. K. (2018). Altered Carbon. London: Gollancz. Nimbalkar, N. (2011). “John Locke on Personal Identity”. Mens Sana Monographs, 9(1), 268–275. http://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1229.77443 Paradox. (2016, May 9). Stellaris (Version Patch 2.1.2) [Computer software]. Retrieved September 2, 2018. Stapledon, O., & Stapledon, O. (1968). Last and first men. New York: Dover Publications.

28 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 29 The River: Historical Biography Separation (2018) Sameer Aziz | Year 8 Zacharia Hamdan | Year 12

1943, Sihal, British Raj (Pakistan) Independence Movement was split into two and withered. It was only after touching the groups, and even they both had infighting. grainy bottom that he summoned up the Abdul awoke to the heat of the glaring mud energy to make it to the other side, where bricks. He emerged from his slumber to the Abdul peddled in an uphill battle, his daily he lunged out of the river and onto the road. smell of chutney and turned to the kitchen adversary never becoming any easier to where his mother, Ayesha, was already beat. After making his way along a sizeable The ordeal had ruined his backpack – only packing his lunch inside a small tiffin box. portion of the highway, he arrived at a small his tiffin box remained intact, and he now town – really just a military fort which was had to walk three kilometers of muddy sand “I’ll make you naan and dhal, when you set up to monitor the area for the Raj. Piles and marshes. The school was placed in an come home,” she sighed. of rubbish and rubble showed that the odd position, far from any town, because community was discarded by the nearby the Khans couldn’t afford to send him to He walked past the small enclave where cities. Abdul peered out to the south, where a Rawalpindi City School. By the time he his father, Mohammed, worked with herbs. his destination awaited. arrived, his legs were almost falling out Abdul’s father would be returning soon from from under him and he felt the urge to the Mosque. The Khan family lived a secular Against the scorching heat, the clouds collapse and fall. Yet despite how stiff he life in the town of Sihal on the outskirts of started to sink from their otherworldly felt, he managed to trek to the school gates Rawalpindi. Immediately after picking up his heights. In a while, Abdul decided to leave in minutes, where the headmaster was lunch and his bag, Abdul darted to the door. the highway this day, and instead take a waiting, cane in hand. The streets lay still and calm. He strolled to rocky mountain path until he reached the his bike and peddled away on the 3-hour top where he saw it, for the first time. It was “Abdul, you are late,” the Headmaster hardship for school. Soon after leaving a river, rushing down from the mountains to stated. the town, the desolate desert opened up, the north and appeared to have formed an scorched with burning winds from the west. impassable rapid. “Sorry, sir, the road flooded and I had to All that passed on the highway were British leave my bicycle on the other side.” Military trucks revving along, but even they Yet this presented him with a dilemma. had decreased with the war. He decided to peddle into the water and He felt as if he’d run ten marathons and it try to reach the other side. Upon touching was only first period. ARTIST’S COMMENT: The old bicycle descended from father to the shallows, he felt an instant chill travel son, and served the family well. The highway through his veins, reaching back to his The title Separation refers to both the separation was really just pebbles upon pebbles heart. The water was ice cold despite the experienced by cultural Others in society and the descending from Kashmir to Karachi. For sizzling weather. Immediately, he bounced GLOSSARY: separation of identity from visual appearance. This a few minutes, a slow truck full of soldiers back, and, after reconsidering, left his work was inspired by the prevalence of discrimination drove alongside the little boy on his bicycle. bicycle to the side and tried swimming Naan is bread experienced by those in the hijab due to skewed cultural They were most likely bound for Kolkata across. Dhal is lentils Kashmir is a region perceptions from mass media. Separation strives or Yangon. The truck itself was shabby Karachi is a major city to isolate the individual from cultural appearance and alien to Abdul. Wars apparently were The water engulfed him into an aquatic Rawalpindi is the surrounding city near Sihal to humanise the dehumanised. The elevation of the raging across the world. They were told blur. Instantly, he was drained of breath. He Kolkata/Calcutta is a city in East India celestial figure in the state of prayer furthers this notion. they lived in a safe place, but the unease slowly felt his chest become heavier and overlooking the Bay Of Bengal The wearing of the scarf should be a choice, as it was still palpable. It was no surprise the tried desperately to rise to the surface. Yet Yangon/ Rangoon is a city in Myanmar Raj/Rāj is Hindi for reign conceals the individual but reveals their cultural values. Independence Movement had grown to an the water pulled him down just as quickly. The isolation of identity from appearance must occur, as adversary of the Raj. The only reason civil He was sinking to the riverbed, his body The Indus River is a large river in Pakistan their values are often misinterpreted. war hadn’t broken out yet was because the turning numb. Even his soul felt derelict and served as the location of the Indus Valley

30 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 31 What Does It Mean to Be A Person if Elements of Personhood are Absent? Anton Lising | Year 8

The question of what it really means to be We know that most humans can be physical bodies. Although I will not discuss helpless patients. Chancing upon a new and most importantly an identity, something Currently there is a debate in Europe over AI a person is one that has fascinated me considered people, but what about those this in depth, I do believe that most of our medicine designed for people suffering absent for nearly twenty years. And yet “personhood”. Even though actual human- for a long time. It appears to have a very in persistent vegetative states who have identity is psychological. In my opinion, severe Parkinson’s disease, Sayer requests Leonard is still not treated as a person. A like robots are still years away, European simplistic answer, but if some elements of lost all of the faculties that are considered our identity is created as a combination of permission to test it on one patient. After a person can make their own decisions, but legal experts, lawmakers and robot personhood are absent the matter becomes to make us people? What about Artificial both our mind and body. Simply because lengthy process of trialing different dosages the hospital rules impede this, effectively manufacturers are debating whether robotic increasingly complex. This question Intelligence that has been programmed PVS patients possess the same physical on a patient named Leonard, the medicine denying Leonard’s personhood. AI should be granted a form of “electronic branches off into many areas of philosophy, to mimic personhood? In this essay, I will body as they always have, this does not finally begins to work. The once-catatonic personality”. This raises the question; but in this report I will focus mainly on the use examples from both popular culture mean that they can be considered to have a patient somehow “awakens” overnight. He Sadly, after only a few weeks of treatment can robots ever be advanced enough to discussion of identity and its role in defining and ethical discussions to aid in exploring “whole” identity. The psychological element is able to speak, write, walk and do what its effects begin to wear off. Leonard be considered people? Considering that what it means to be a person and the idea this question. First I will discuss a case is completely absent, and so I believe that most regular people can do, with little slowly begins to relapse, developing the word person is ambiguous, then it of personhood. Being human is simply a regarding humans whose identity as people their identity is only partially present. external help. After seeing the drastic and twitches and spasms which occur more is plausible to think that if AI meets all matter of biology – being a person, however, was questioned with reference to the film unexpected effects the medicine has on frequently, until finally he returns to his the requirements for personhood then it is a completely different subject altogether. Awakenings. I will then explore and explain In the film Awakenings this topic is explored Leonard, Dr Sayer eagerly sets up a program previous catatonic state. Shortly thereafter, should be considered a person. Many are the concepts of electronic personhood in extensively. A doctor named Dr Sayer to treat the rest of the catatonic patients. the remaining patients succumb. This retaliating at the idea of establishing a It is commonly thought that to be a person, the context of AI with reference to the film attempts to treat and revitalise the lives of Soon, the once deathly silent room is filled prompts the question: do PVS patients legal personhood for robots, as they believe one must possess an identity. By one Bicentennial Man. fifteen patients who have been suffering with chatter and life. The group of patients possess personhood and an identity that that manufacturers are trying to absolve philosophical definition, a person is: “A in a persistent vegetative state for many go to the disco, gamble and relish in their are somehow undetectable by current themselves of responsibility for the actions being characterised by consciousness, Can a human being cease to be years. On first introduction to this group restored personhood, though this happiness means? This seems to be the case. Once of intelligent machines they will produce in rationality, and a moral sense, and considered a person if they lose the of patients, a colleague tells him, “We call was short lived. the patients had fully recovered from their the future. traditionally thought of as consisting of qualities that make us people? this the garden.” “Why?” asks Dr Sayer. His illness, they had no problem identifying both a body and a mind or soul”. Another This dilemma is discussed extensively in colleague replies, “Because all we do is Leonard adjusts to being able to function as who they were, their interests, memories Bicentennial Man is a film in which suggests that a person is “any entity that both philosophical and medical spheres. feed and water them.” Not only is the doctor a person once again and asks if he can go and most of all, their personalities. This Andrew, a household robot designed to has the moral right of self-determination”. One scenario where this question can be making reference to the patients’ so called for a walk outside by himself. His request would suggest that their personhood was perform menial tasks, begins to develop Although there are some commonly held put into context is when a patient suffers a “vegetative” state, he is also implying that is denied. Leonard protests to the board, in a state of limbo or disconnect from their emotions and a personality of his own. beliefs about what constitutes personhood, persistent vegetative state (PVS). The direct the patients do little else besides continuing asking only that they treat him as he should physical bodies. Once they emerged from The family who “own” Andrew recognise we have not yet, or may never, defined medical definition of PVS is as follows: “A to exist. To the rest of the hospital staff, be: a person with rights, responsibilities and this state, their person was fully intact and his uniqueness when he carves a small unequivocally what a person is. condition in which a medical patient is the patients seem very similar to plants; freedom. Again he is denied the opportunity bound to their physical body. wooden pony in order to rectify his mistake completely unresponsive to psychological they need to be fed, given water, taken to go for a walk by himself. In defiance, of breaking a similar glass figurine. The I believe that to be a person one must: and physical stimuli and displays no sign of care of – they do nothing for themselves. Leonard attempts to exit the hospital doors In my opinion we lack sufficient evidence family realise that Andrew is unlike other experience neocortical function, be higher brain function, being kept alive only To the staff, these patients are not people, but is immediately pulled back by multiple and are unable to directly detect AI, showing compassion and empathy and conscious, have the ability to reason, by medical intervention.” but organisms that continue to consume security guards and watches as his fight for personhood or identity in order to make also exhibiting traits of unique creativity. have self-motivated activity, make moral resources and occupy space. In their eyes, freedom slips away. Now, ask yourself again ethical decisions regarding whether or not From then on, Andrew is accepted as part judgements, be able to communicate and In cases where patients show no cognitive, the patients do not think or experience whether Leonard is a person. Based on the these patients are people. of the family. The father, Martin, takes be self aware. The term “person” has always responsive or physical abilities, can they anything, and are not at all conscious. At criteria formulated earlier, then yes, Leonard Andrew in to the manufacturer to inquire been ambiguous and its meaning is still up still be considered people, or are their this point, most would conclude that these should without a doubt be considered a Could an advanced Artificial Intelligence if other robots have displayed this level for debate, and so naturally there have been bodies just empty shells of what used to patients should not be considered people. person. This contrasts starkly with the be considered a person? of complexity and creativity. When the many theories proposed regarding exactly contain a person? Identity is a key factor blatant “no” that one would answer only a Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly improving CEO of the company suggests that they what personhood is. The “Gradient Theory of when it comes to defining a person, and it Dr Sayer, however, chooses to look deeper day before Leonard received the medication. and in future may even begin to act and repair this “issue” by scrapping the robot personhood” suggests that beings can have seems that PVS patients lack all the basic and actually begins to try to figure out a way Leonard should now be considered a behave like real people. Presently AI is and supplying a replacement, Martin is different levels of personhood, depending functions to display any form of identity. This to help. After gaining insight into the severity person. His once-motionless, unresponsive extremely intelligent, can learn by itself astounded by this absurd notion and leaves on how many of these concepts apply to introduces the concept of whether identity of the patients’ conditions, Sayer sets out to and thoughtless body has been transformed and can communicate – it seems that the building with Andrew. them. lies within our psychological selves or our find a medicine that may help the seemingly into one which possesses thoughts, ideas its capabilities are virtually limitless.

32 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 33 Andrew develops a woodcarving hobby, and as a way to express during his lifetime. Since Andrew ultimately meets all the criteria for his creative nature, he begins to carve clocks. When the family personhood previously discussed he could be considered a person. begins to sell the clocks, the youngest daughter questions why the By the end of the film, Andrew, now two hundred years old, is money is going to her parents and not Andrew himself. Not having recognised by the World Congress as the longest living “non-biblical considered this beforehand, Martin creates a bank account for human”. This is somewhat of an odd term, though it does convey Andrew and the robot begins to earn his own income. After years that society widely accepted him as a person. Andrew dies in his of living with the family, reading history novels and learning much bed next to his human wife, Portia. about the world, Andrew accrues abilities and attributes that most would consider equivalent to those of a person. Andrew In my opinion, though there is a commonplace reluctance to believe markedly evolves towards becoming a person, culminating in the that a non-human entity can possess personhood and even be moment he requests freedom. Freedom is a right reserved only a person, Bicentennial Man has convinced me that this may be for people, suggesting that Andrew considers himself worthy of possible. personhood. In summary, I have explored two situations in which some elements Andrew without a doubt has an identity, but does Andrew meet all of personhood are absent. Patients in persistent vegetative states the criteria previously mentioned to endow personhood? Andrew experienced true personhood at some point, but lacked nearly all appears to be conscious and has the ability to reason ethically of the attributes that we consider make us people both prior to and make justifiable decisions of his own accord. Andrew definitely their recovery and once relapse occurred. I believe that despite acts upon his self motivations and is constantly requesting more their fluctuating ability to display personhood, these patients experiences and modifications in order to emulate personhood. were people. The film Awakenings has enabled me to reach this Andrew can communicate his emotions, ideas and thoughts and conclusion. Artificial Intelligence is rapidly progressing towards is self aware. According to the “Gradient Theory of personhood” a future in which it could eventually acquire personhood and be individuals may experience varying degrees of personhood based thought of as a person. Bicentennial Man depicts a reality where on the sum of their various traits. The Gradient Theory describes AI has evolved to this point. Both of these stories provoked thought a spectrum of personhood. At the lower end one might consider and encouraged further personal inquiry. These concepts have a foetus, for example, and at the other, a law abiding, empathic, profoundly influenced my perception of what it means to be a mature adult. Andrew has become progressively more person-like person.

Abrahim Ali | Peaceful Chaos

34 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 35 “Class 2 / ‘The Spirit of Internationalism’” Luke Canter | Year 8

Lubomir Ivashko donned the trench-coat, were there. He stuck to the shadows to encryption keys he had access to at the avoidable fall. Before he could respond, the With a displeased expression, the officer minute. The noise of the city completely its hardy fabric worn to olive-drab hues. avoid their lenses. Complex. He had yet to follow through. stranger went on his path. Only a few steps pressed a virtual key on the display. A buzz drained in the moment. The imposing presence of a cumbersome on, the stranger was abruptly halted by an of motors and a sleek precision-strike drone wireless radio, a replica of the iconic In the poorly-ventilated expanse of winding Morning peak-hour crowds inexorably out-stretched arm; she was as tall as he descended, its body a rounded crimson Thank God for the State. Worker and Kolkhoz Woman, adorned the corridors, the musk of cooking from bygone advanced to the parting exit doors of was, with broad shoulders, hair pinned back dome the size of a man’s chest. A volley of cabinet. He looked to the digital mirror months permanently stained the walls. As the train car, spilling out onto the station and mirrored shades. KGB. micro-flechettes struck the Class-2’s back, A slow clap percolated from the surrounds, on the wall, scrutinising the coat for folds he approached the elevator, the skin on the platform. Under the polygonal reinforced- followed by an arc of electricity and a hail gradually gaining cadence to a full applause. and faults. In his peripheral vision, he inside of his wrist glowed, his movements glass roof of the station, innumerable She held a standard-issue mobile to his of taser confetti. The faint smell of burning Shouts of “Ura!” and “Za rodinu!” consumed caught a glimpse of a pinhead-sized lens successfully registered, as was the law commuters ejected from the station’s face. On the display, fluorescent points were permeated the air. He dropped. Ribs him, tears streaming from his eyes. He, too, affixed to the uppermost quadrant of the for all Class-2 citizens. As a migrant from massive bulkhead door, as those heading superimposed over the imaging. The implant cracked. joined in the applause. He couldn’t believe mirror. The discerning eyes of the state a troubled, revisionist region, constant in the opposite direction waded through repeatedly flashes in the stranger’s wrist. A his foolish doubt from earlier in the day. watched him in all his endeavours; but for surveillance was a price the state forced the outgoing current of humanity. The match registered. The officer turned to the witnesses. Thank God for the State. the record, he noticed nothing. He stayed him to pay for his new life. The miasma stratospheric art exhibition – a golden indifferent, yet purposeful and austere. of tobacco fumes engulfed the elevator hammer and sickle on a vermillion “Class-2 identification card, please,” she “Comrades, be on your way. Under the State Wiping tears from his eyes, newly reconciled With contrived enthusiasm, he strode as he was shuttled up to the designated background – projected a menacing calmly requested. Duma Extrajudicial Defence Act Section 17, with his adopted homeland, he made his across the claustrophobic confines of the egress point from the so-called “Ulyanov atmosphere outside the station. this suspected violent non-state actor has way to work, drones watching him from state-afforded dwelling, trying to prevent Rehabilitation Lodgings.” The doors parted The stranger urgently searched his pockets been pacified. Please be on your way.” above. He had no intention of going to the his anarchic thoughts from materialising; and the elevator chamber was flooded with Pain seared through his back. He fell to the for the card. He couldn’t produce it; his medical check-up. his ponderings of late sympathised with natural light and bracing cold. He made pavement, wincing at the burning cold of visage became sunken. Ivashko’s mind was blank. The massed the vragi narody – enemies of the people. his way to his job at the non-descript office black ice against his cheekbone. A paper bystanders encircled the body. As he reached out to the door, the grating building in the Ostankinsky district, near the cup, “Pobeda Beverages” embossed, “Officer, please. I am late for work. I cannot vibraphone callsign of the Neo-Soviet All-Union Economic Achievement Complex, narrowly missed his face. A stranger, tanned afford another citation. I must have left it at Shock. government radio consumed the room in where he toiled to bring the horror of digital and thick-boned, grabbed hold of his wrist in home.” an inescapable wall of sound. A monotone warfare to bear on those who would resist. a firm monkey grip. Ivashko caught a glance Violence. announcer delivered vocal and animated of the opposite wrist, which glowed with the “Under the orders of the Committee for news about actions in the Caucasus. A soft vibration swept the inside of his head. artificial light of a subcutaneous diode. A State Security, you must show your Class-2 Bloodshed. He touched the haptic interface behind his fellow Class-2. Hauling him up with unusual ID on request,” she insisted. “In foreign contingency operations against ear to accept the message. strength, the stranger profusely apologised. A “violent non-state actor” – a terrorist! the Pan-Turkic Front, Soviet agents…” Was he from the Front? He looked familiar, In the corner of his eye, Ivashko saw the I would have lost my life; I had no idea. “Comrade Ivashko; your medical check-up is but Ivashko couldn’t be sure. officer’s similarly-imposing support team He looked like he was from the Front. Yet another manipulated narrative of scheduled. Please bring your x-rays.” converging, weaving through the crowd with Ivashko realised that he wasn’t ready to Russian guns successfully toppling the “I am so sorry. I am so sorry. I am late lethally graceful gait. The stranger’s size die for the cause. Not now. Not in this way. foreign reactionaries in a tundra far The call ended. He felt the pulse of blood for work, you understand. I cannot afford diminished, hope draining from him. His grievances seemed minor and petty removed from the comfort of Moscow. in his jugular. Outwardly, he showed no another citation, or I will be relocated.” compared to this. emotion. The Front had always tried to “Please,” he implored, “Tovarishch officer, I He walked towards the elevator, under the enlist him. A “medical check-up” – code Ivashko brushed off the trench-coat and have children.” The smoke dissipated from the street. gaze of myriad hidden cameras he knew for a meeting; the “x-rays” meaning private stood up, mildly embarrassed at the Onlookers watched on in silent awe for a

36 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 37 The Journey (2017) The Leap Nikolas Diamataris | Year 12 Ryan Goldschmidt | Year 8

The harsh wind whipped across the jagged over his actions – he was useless, but was silent now, holding their breaths as they cliff face as the late sun sunk behind the privileged enough to re-live the moment watched him complete the course with horizon. A repetitive act of sheer skill and that played a pivotal role in deciding the confidence, especially considering his state concentration was the only thing keeping path that his life took. It was Year 5 camp, moments earlier. A large smile from ear to him from plummeting to his death. Extreme the rock climbing activity. The young boy ear overpowered the sadness from only a sportsman – that’s what people called him. had a phobia – he couldn’t bear heights. few seconds ago and his muscles relaxed Crazy, insane but nonetheless incredibly The faces below mocked him in disbelief once again. The faces beneath him were skillful. His sweaty hands kept a firm grip on of his childishness as he gripped the rope, now expressionless and began morphing the rope as he navigated his way through petrified. His muscles and lungs froze and into rocks as the man’s essence traveled the lumps and bumps of the cliff. The link refused to function as the mere ten metre back to the life-threatening situation on the on his belt tugged against the roots of the drop endlessly pumped fear into his veins. cliff face. tree above him, itching to break free. All The comforting voice of the instructor was sense of calm and tranquility he might have drowned out by the hysterical laughs of his He surged with a new sense of purpose, summoned was now replaced with instinct classmates. which he now channeled into the descent, and fear. His heart began pumping wildly as rapidly abseiling to the safety of solid earth. he doubled his pace down the cliff hanger Tears streamed down his face as he Another jolt signalled the tree’s groaning with the hope of reaching the floor before it attempted to muster one final effort to weakness, injecting adrenaline straight into was too late. Time was of the essence and prove his bullies wrong. He focused all of his body. Apprehension hung in the air like he began to rocket towards safety at an his power into stretching out to reach one a dusty chandelier as he bounded down extreme angle. Doubt seeped into his veins of the crevices and pull himself another the cliff face. The tree was now crying out as the tree shrieked in protest against the metre or so closer to the bright red button in pain as the rope’s bindings dug into its rope’s bindings. It was clear that he didn’t that signalled success. If he could just get bark and gradually ripped the roots from the have much time left. his foot onto the handhold diagonally right earth. He hung there, suspended by only of his foot he would finish the course and a strand of a root – death was imminent. He looked up at the sky but instead of the silence the kids below. However he was A thunderous silence filled the air as the ominous grey mass that was supposed fatigued both physically and mentally due final root was pulled from the soil. His limbs ARTIST’S COMMENT: to be there, a light blue shade enveloped to the trauma. With the meagre amount of flailed aimlessly as he dropped like a stone the horizon. Sounds of joyful laughs his remaining energy, he threw everything to the ground, just as the familiar sharp The Journey is a three-canvas series of a pigment gradually intensified until he was completely on the line and leapt skyward. Time froze sound of the clapperboard accompanied powder, texture paste and egg shells. Within the piece, transformed into his younger self. In a as his right foot flew through the air towards by the director’s scream cut through the air the eggs are representative of human life. In the corner, trance, he glanced down to the ground the foothold and redemption. Triumphantly, and signalled the end of the scene. you see a whole egg cracked; that egg depicts the and was shocked to see a group of kids he pulled himself up and threw his hand beginning of a life. The egg shells with colour inside staring up at him. He now had no control at the red button. The kids below were represent the people in my family who are still living; the cracked eggs with no colour are those who have “spent” all the colour, meaning their lives have ended; and finally, the uncracked eggs represent the lives which haven’t commenced yet. The name, The Journey, was chosen as the artworks are representative of the journey of life, constantly influenced by those who have passed and those who are still living.

38 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 39 Why Film Photography is Making a Comeback Ben Higgins | Year 11

Photography is an extremely attractive art spending $20 to get a roll of film developed, frame on a photograph of Times Square “We get four or five customers daily who me and my friend dropped it off and then “edgy”. But this niche community is much form, as one singular photo, shot perfectly then finding out two days later the photos when you can get one off the internet? You want film processed and lots of phone calls went to get lunch. We were reminiscing on more complex than that. As Phil Gresham at the right time and place, tells a timeless came out fuzzy. only get 24 opportunities on one roll of film, asking us if we do it.” all the photos we took, and then when I points out, “It's all ages that are doing it — story. It captures a moment in one still so each photo has to be perfect. This means went to collect it the roll was blank, but the they want to shoot traditional film.” frame, so anyone can re-live the same I asked Kate King, the editor of Maiden a lot more effort must go into framing Phil Gresham, a film processor in Brisbane, anticipation made up for it.” moment. And it is this aspect of sharing Hairpress Magazine and a regular user of every photo perfectly, so the process is has seen an increasing demand in film So is it fair to say film is well and truly back? experiences that draws people to pick up a film photography why she still uses the old worthwhile. processing and says its mostly new With digital there is no doubt and no risk. Well, we will have to see if film continues camera for the first time. medium. photographers picking up cameras and You see the photo, and you take it and you to grow in the future, but one thing is for “I just sit and look through them and I can’t having a go. instantly have it. With film, you never know sure: film is thriving in the photography Most pick up a digital camera that has “Film definitely tells more of a story because stop smiling, it’s pretty unreal.” if the picture you’re seeing in the viewfinder community, and many are embracing those many attractions to it. The old medium of you have to frame the shot and you don't “There’s that excitement of getting photos is going to be the picture you get back from images that digital technology simply can’t film photography has well and truly been on want to waste film… You really capture the The photos shot on film are more printed, and for many it's the first lot of the lab. With film, you never know how many replace. the decline since the introduction of digital moment in time” sentimental, so it’s also partly a matter of prints they've ever had,” photos you get towards the end of a roll of photography, and you certainly don’t see nostalgia. It is so easy to fall in love with film. Every crank of the film lever is fraught “I will definitely be using film well into the that many film cameras going around these People young and old are falling in love with this art form, and the enjoyment is found This is great for the film processing industry, with the danger of stopping halfway and future, no matter the price point” – Kate days. film photography due to this sense of taking in the process of taking the photo just as with shop owners often being overwhelmed. reaching the end of a roll of film. With film King. a timeless image that captures a precise much as seeing the result. Film photography This has led to longer wait times to get film you never know if you are actually taking “The film market peaked in 2003 with 960 memory. involves you in every step, whether through developed, but Kate believes it's a good thing. photos until you get the roll back. Will you million rolls of film – today it represents the manual loading of the film, the cranking get a roll of photos or a roll of blanks? roughly 2 per cent of that,” says Manny A photo shot on a film camera has a unique of the film lever, the changing of aperture, “I get so excited when I go to get my film Almeida, the president of Fujifilm’s North quality to it – ageless. This is due to the the adjusting of the focus and exposure, developed” It’s strange: the drawbacks of film American division. fact that only having a limited amount the taking of the photo, the unloading of the photography are now the reasons people of photos you can take changes the way film, or getting the roll developed. “The excitement of not being able to look are using film cameras. However, there is an increasing trend of photographers shoot. at your photos once you've take them, then photographers picking up film cameras Hearing the clicks, clacks, clunks and looking back and being like, “Oh yeah, I This high-risk, high-reward situation instead of digital cameras. In fact, film is “I find that a lot of photos that I take on my cranks makes for a more individual and remember taking that one.” film photographers put themselves in is really making a comeback. film camera are of people like my friends manual experience. It brings back the true nerve-wracking but also exciting. So much and at events – that sort of thing” nature of photography: the enjoyment of the Once you take the photo there is no expense goes on a single roll of film, and “We’re seeing film growth of 5 per cent photographer. guarantee what it is going to look like until there’s always the possibility of leaving year-on-year globally,” observes Giles “I usually take landscape photos and photos you get the photos developed, so it’s the disappointed or empty-handed. Branthwaite, the sales and marketing when I go travelling (with a digital camera)” Developing film is a long and expensive anticipation of getting the photos back that director at Harman. process, and it is not surprising that most film photographers like Kate seem to enjoy. So who are these gambler-photographers? Film makes people take photos in different film photographers go to processing labs to A common stereotype is that they are But why? There is nothing worse than ways, and it’s not surprising. Why waste a get their film developed. “When I got a roll of film developed recently millennial hipsters who are trying to be

40 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 41 Die Hydrogen Monoxide (2018) Dear Arms Anton Fichtenmaier | Year 12 Addison Eastway | Year 9

My fingers snake around the column Like a grapevine on a wicker frame. I have to remind myself: Not too early, not too late.

The flickering lights far below Are distant, otherworldly. Flesh encased in a warm shell of metal, The prey of armed severance.

My body curls up against the cool, hard, Leathery scoop of the chair, I tickle the rubbery switches: Not too early, not too late.

My feet play with the stirrups. I ride through the air. My fingers scurry over the little red button. Not too early, not too late.

In my mind I caress The candy curves of the cold craft The carrier of fearful beauty. Now.

The dense bomb is birthed ARTIST’S COMMENT: From the womb of the aircraft. Spiralling into darkness, These sculptural forms are the captured negative space Like a blooming sunflower. of the internal vascular network of certain fruits. They are formed from 600-degree molten aluminium poured into these fruits, whereby a unique capturing of the internal structure of these fruits is revealed. The significance of these forms capturing the frequently ignored internal composition of matter is that they are intended to force audience recognition of their own internal composition – specifically, that approximately 60 per cent of a human body is water. This notion causes great internal conflict for someone bearing a fear of water. The title encapsulates this, with Die Hydrogen Monoxide being an epigram alluding to the molecular composition of water.

42 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 43 5th Ashes Test: Match Review Lachie Bird | Year 9

On the 4th of January 2018, Australia and were they left off, adding an extra 70 runs openers went cheaply, Stoneman going for 60th minute at 21–10, Australia know they speed outrunning David Pocock to put the that they have been banned from cricket England met for the last test at the Sydney before Steve Smith fell for 83. Out came a duck after only 24 in the first innings and are in this game. The script is written for the ball on the toe once again and shatter the for a year, but that is just a rumour at this Cricket Ground in the Magellan Ashes Series the in-form Shaun Marsh and he was there Cook going for 10. Vince and Root then tried Aussies after their heartbreaking losses to Aussie fans once more. stage. 2017–18. Australia came into this game just in time for Khawaja to pass 150. Shaun to play out for a draw after managing only New Zealand in the past. The atmosphere with an unbeatable 3–0 series lead after Marsh then raced to 50 before Khawaja 28 off 20 overs between them before Vince here at Twickenham is deafening as the sea Congratulations to New Zealand, deserved I personally believe that the punishments Australia were able to salvage a draw in the was brought undone by the debutant Mason departed for 18. of black really gets behind their side to hold winners of the 2015 RWC, making it back that they have received are far too lenient, fourth test. At 10:00am on Day 1 England Crane. He fell for a world-class 171. The off the rampaging Aussies. to back. although I think a one-year ban is far too won the toss and elected to bat. Marsh brothers were now at the crease and Malan didn’t last long, only managing 5, harsh. I believe that Steve Smith and it looked like a game of backyard cricket. although now it really was time to watch But, against all odds, the Wallabies strike Why Should Steve Smith be Stripped of David Warner should be stood down from They started steady before Cummins They took it so easily, blasting boundaries grass grow. With Root and Bairstow at the back after the Ben Smith yellow card with the Captaincy? their roles as captain and vice-captain found the edge of Mark Stoneman and he all over the field, that the English bowlers crease there was only one way they were Tevita Kuridrani being set up by a very clever The news has shocked the nation and and suspended from the final test, but was dismissed for a run-a-ball 24. James had no answer. Mitch passed fifty but going to play and that was to somehow try Genia kick putting the Aussies within 4 taken the headlines of every news station then resume Australian Cricket after that. Vince was out to the crease and he and unfortunately Shaun’s celebrations had to and salvage a draw and bat as slow as they points and keeping their dream alive. across not only Australia but the world. The For Bancroft, I think that he should be Alistair Cook put on 60 before Australia be delayed when he was left stranded on 98 could. It worked for them for a while but as Australian cricket team were caught ball suspended for the final test in Johannesburg took 2 quick wickets and they were back overnight. Root batted for longer he became sicker and At the time, it seemed as though that sin tampering. They were captured on camera but resume cricket after that. in the sheds for 25 and 39 respectively. It sicker and eventually retired ill on 58. bin was a real turning point in the game, using tape and the pitch granules, where was then Joe Root and Dawid Malan who Shaun admitted that he had no sleep that however the real turning point was yet to they were attempting to rough up one side steadied the ship and fell just short of a evening, but it didn’t seem that way on Moeen Ali then had a short life at the come: the all-class Dan Carter nails a 40m of the ball even further to increase the 150 run partnership. Starc and Hazlewood Day 4 as he passed 100 in the first over. crease, scoring 13, and from there on in it field goal out of the blue to extend the amount of reverse swing. Steven Smith took 3 quick wickets and the game swung His brother Mitch followed suit soon after, just crumbled. Broad fell for 2, Crane fell for margin to 7. addressed the media, saying that it was the back to Australia. With a few starts from although not without a hiccup. Almost run 2, followed by Anderson falling for 2 with leadership team that suggested the idea to England’s tail order they got to 346 after out for 99, he breathed a sigh of relief when Tom Curran stranded on 23. If you thought that was good enough from tamper with the condition of the ball and losing 4 quick wickets early on Day 2. he reached triple figures. Ironically, he was the legendary Carter, you were wrong. that Bancroft overheard and said he could dismissed next ball for 101. Finally Australia can crack open the The All Blacks were awarded a penalty assist. Australia didn’t get off to a great start as refreshments and look back on a great 52 metres from the posts. Captain Richie Cameron Bancroft was knocked over by Shaun passed 150 before also being Australian Ashes summer. McCaw backed his star fly-half to nail it and The repercussions following this act of Stuart Broad without scoring. David Warner dismissed a short time later for 156. Starc didn’t he what, making the game all but cheating were that Smith was fined 100 per was looking good before he was knocked came and went after hitting a six then over for the Wallabies. cent of his match fee and was suspended off and caught behind for 56. With Australia skying one. Paine and Cummins then put Real Time Writing: RWC Final 2015 for the fourth and final test while Bancroft already in a dominant lead at 2-86, they Australia in an unlovable position with Smith Match: Australia vs New Zealand In the dying stages, the world-class defence was fined 75 per cent of his match fee but were in a very good position after Usman declaring at 7-649. of the All Blacks held off a desperate last escaped a suspension. Cricket legends Khawaja passed 100 and Steve Smith With New Zealand unbeaten in the lead to ditch effort from the Aussies but it was too around the world have reacted, saying that passed 50 at the end of Day 2. Australia knew the scenario on the last day this RWC Final, it was all New Zealand in the little too late. The Wallabies winger coughed it is a disgrace, it’s cheating and they should – bowl England out for less than 293 – and lead, but as always the Wallabies defiant it up, and with Ben Smith putting on the cop much heavier penalties. I agree with Early on Day 3 Australia picked up exactly boy did they get off to a good start. Both and refuse to give in. With the score in the boot, Beauden Barret shows his class and them. There are also rumours going around

44 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 45 Super Bowl 51: Match Review Recovery Flynn Mooney | Year 10 Cameron Brown | Year 12

Down by eight points, the Patriots went into the final two minutes With 57 seconds on the clock and one play to even the game, what of Super Bowl 51 looking to complete the miracle comeback, and a do you do? Belichick and Brady threw the wide receiver screen to magic Julian Edelman play set them up for what would be the game Ammendola and almost completed the most historic comeback tying drive. in Super Bowl history. With the scores locked at 28-28, overtime looked certain, for the first time ever in a Super Bowl. With 2:28 on the clock and New England on their own 35, Brady needed to provide a game-changing play. He looked to his most The Falcons started the final drive of normal time inside their own reliable wide out to keep the Pats in range. After the pass was fifteen and picked up the first down. However, the MVP-led Falcons deflected off Falcons defensive back Robert Alford, Edelman looked lacked time outs and needed to boost into the ‘no huddle’ tempo. like he had no chance to catch the ball. The three Falcons defenders were not enough to stop the determined receiver, who grasped the After one more quick first down pick up, the Falcons got forced into leather after it bounced off the foot of one of the coverage men. 4th down with 11 seconds left. A good punt from Bosher trapped Edelman at the 35, and left New England with 3 seconds to work Instant parallels were drawn to David Tyree’s helmet catch in SB with. Some trickery on the kneel nearly worked out but eventually 42 against the Patriots, and now, nearly a decade later, the Patriots Dion Lewis fell out of bounds, injuring himself in the process, to end had made a play to rival it. regular time.

After the failed Atlanta challenge, the red-hot Brady-led offence The Patriots won the ever-important coin toss and received the ball was ready to continue their roll down the field. The catch put them to begin overtime. This coin toss would ultimately lead to the final over half way, and was followed up by a big gainer from Danny drive of Super Bowl 51. Ammendola on the two-minute warning. Ammendola worked his team down into the Atlanta redzone and set them up for the After a few short plays up the field, New England found themselves levelling touchdown. inside the opposition half. A risky pass to the reliable Edelman put the Pats inside the 25, looking like they were going to take the prize. The Patriots’ X-factor James White caught a middle-of-the-field pass Some quick passes and a screen later, the Patriots were inside the and backed it up with another catch on the very next play. A diving 10 and a fade to Martellus Bennett could’ve won the game, but the catch from the running back put the Boston boys within one yard of tight end dropped it in the end zone. pay dirt. The biggest impact player of the game, James White, was given the ARTIST’S COMMENT: Why not give White three straight touches? The Patriots’ most toss, and as he had all game, he provided the goods. The toss to explosive player burst his way through the middle of the previously the right and a few broken tackles led to the running back diving The personal experience of injury has been expressed untouchable Atlanta defence. Yet they were still down by two points over the line and completing the greatest comeback of all time, for through a series of prints. The three aspects of injury and needed a successful conversion to even the score at 28-all. one of the greatest Super Bowl finales of all time. I have chosen to represent are physical (Boot), mental (Brain) and emotional (Eye). Recovery acts as an insight for those wishing to rehabilitate and realise that it is possible to overcome difficult circumstances. The purpose of my artwork is to embody the feelings that I felt when my injuries were having a major impact on my life, allowing the audience to reflect on challenges they too may have endured, therefore being able contemplate their own journey to recovery.

46 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 47 Choices Make a Man Toby Goldschmidt | Year 10

Dark light penetrates a northern country. collect an assortment of weapons and head The sky is still and sparkling, yet the prince and respect him. His people cheer, and a boy. The liquid, the shack, the legend. This brother stands in the doorway. directly for a lone shack which stands on is drenched in sweat and fuming in his cacophony of clapping and shouts fill his is not a girl, but instead an ancient witch Wood huts outline a small clearing of the outskirts of the clearing. anger. As much as he loathed the formality head, but it soon morphs into a looming whose spirit has been fused with the body “There you are,” he sighs, relieved. “Father thick spruce forest. Whilst it is but noon, of balls, tonight’s occasion was different. image of his older brother who laughs and of a girl. Instinct says to run, to escape, but is about to make his speech – hurry up and a blanket of sinister darkness spreads Even from afar they sense something evil He had actually been looking forward to it. jeers at him. The prince gasps and jerks the prince is engulfed by curiosity and stays. let’s go.” The prince looks back to the witch, throughout the cluster of huts and forest inhabits this place. Something sinister. After all, it was his sixteenth birthday and wide awake to see the image of a dagger but she has disappeared. All that remains in beyond. Crackling firelight. Wolves howl. Opening the door, a naked, dwarfish woman this was a celebration in his honour. But slowly fading into a group of stars in the sky. “I am not going to hurt you,” reassures the room is the cauldron and the club. His Leaves rustle. stands hunched over a bubbling cauldron. as usual, the spotlight had been stolen by the witch, reading his mind. Her voice has eyes stop, fixated on the ancient weapon. Tatters of white fabric lie scattered, his older brother. Stronger, smarter and “Come with me,” a voice whispers from changed once again and is now smooth and Reaching, he wraps his fingers around it. Weathered stones splatter the clearing discarded on the floor. At the sound, she more handsome than him. Destined to behind him, making him jolt with shock. He alluring. “I want to help you. I know how you He relishes the feel, then turns to face his and hunched figures are clumped in the turns, revealing a wrinkled, wart-covered wear the crown. Perpetually the centre of spins around and comes face to face with a feel. Your older brother...” She fails to finish brother. centre. Gentle chatter breaks out amongst face. A tempest of blows rain down on her attention, he had danced with one beautiful girl of similar age. There they stare at each the sentence and empathy fills her voice. the villagers – men, women and children. before she has time to react. Her feeble maiden after another, swirling around the other for what seems like an eternity. A The prince knows her meaning even without Nineteen of them are seated on logs around body crumbles under the force. dance floor. It seemed deliberate – a way of sudden change in the girl’s eyes snaps the words. “My older sister too dominated my a splintered wood table. At the head of the making his younger brother feel small and boy back into reality. Her eyes, which were world.” table sits a young lady, beautiful, with snow- Blows continue to rain down on her, even unworthy. previously a mesmerising pale green have white skin and perfect features. Wearing a after Death has had mercy. Spears stand rolled over, revealing a white which makes The witch is his mirror, even if he doubts he white silk dress and a gold necklace, she erect in her chest and her face is bruised The young prince continues trudging the prince squirm. would have the same courage to seize his stands out from the rest of the villagers, and dented beyond words. The job is done towards a clearing deep in the woods destiny. who are grimy and brutish. and the villagers exit. But one girl stays where he often goes to be alone. Shoulders “Come with me,” repeats the girl, but in a behind. Curiosity fills her face as she stands hunched, he sits down and stares up at the different tone. Her voice has changed from Still, an image of his brother mocking him, Lightning strikes, clouds weep. The peaceful gazing over the body. Kneeling, she pulls stars. His brother always gets the better of silky to bitter and it fills the prince with crown upon his head, passes before his aura is quickly destroyed. The villagers seek a hunting knife from its sheath and cuts a him, and always will. One day he will even unease. There is something unnatural about eyes. shelter under a hut where they wait for necklace from the limp body, pocketing it. It be king. The boy shudders at the thought. It this girl. More out of fright than curiosity, Mother Nature to have mercy. is a gold necklace. should have been him! The wind seems to the boy follows the girl through thick forest, The prince notices a wooden club to his whistle in agreement. illuminated by a brilliant full moon. Soon side. He is certain it was not there before. Eighteen villagers. One of the them is *** she comes to a halt in front of a shack The witch gestures towards it. “The weapon missing. Immediately it is apparent who – He closes his eyes and fantasises. In which seems oddly familiar. They enter. that delivered my killing blow,” says the their leader, the beautiful woman in white. A Many years later, a young prince storms his dream, he has everything. He is king, girl, nodding towards the club. “Use it and shrill cry shatters the air over the deafening outside of the palace walls, his cage, and with a beautiful queen by his side and A cauldron bubbles in the centre of a small you can have all you ever wanted. Your lies thunder and rain. Hairs on the backs of out into the night. two charming children. He has the heart room and they take up seats in a dank about this dreadful deed will never be seen villagers’ necks stand to attention. They of everyone in his kingdom. They love corner. A strange feeling descends on the through.” Her eyes drift upwards. His older

48 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 49 Creative Confliction Moon Jarrah McEvoy | Year 12 Oscar Moody | Year 10

Glimmers of the lunar radiance twinkle on the pines Concealed from the world, daunted into silence, Accustomated to the ethereal shimmer.

This is where they meet, Jack and the Moon Her dreamy fluorescent nature reveals his icy beauty. Her presence is timeless and still, suffusing the dark, silent wood.

Her gaze gives life to this frozen winter world.

Their desire enchanted With mystic flares Brings an unobtrusive warmth to this forest.

This love only seen in the darkness of night.

As the forest wakes, Jack and the moon vanish, with no trace of their magic.

As the sun sets they meet again, Each shy of the other’s thoughts They smile and shine on the darkness of the wood.

ARTIST’S COMMENT:

This work expresses my personal anxieties towards artistic expression and the creative process behind it. It is an attempt to visualise the concept of creativity, with all the wonders, struggles, judgement and praise that accompany it. Sigmund Freud’s theory of the subconscious provides the framework for the delivery of this idea, with the three elements he theorised, The Id, The Ego and The Superego being translated into three separate paintings. The lively and free-flowing nature of watercolour provided the surreal flavour that a work dealing with abstract ideas required.

50 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 51 The Alt-Right: The Resurgence of Nationalism in Male Youth Alex Malouf | Year 11

On the 20th of January, 2017, Donald J. from numerous countries celebrated online in the face of an increasingly globalised A community such as this, comprised of own societies. With this comes a complete left and centre into forming a movement of Trump was officially inaugurated to the a perceived victory for their “movement” as world and economy. International free young men from various different European rejection of established politics and parties, their own so as to counter this nationalist office of President of the United States Britain voted to leave the European Union trade, tariff reductions and an ever-more cultures and the United States, connected which these men see as having “betrayed” wave? The Alt-Right is a nigh-rootless, following what many have labelled as the in mid 2016. Since Trump took office, Italy, digital world have whittled away at these by the single largest communication hub them, as they represent the forefront of multinational, trans-continental, completely most tumultuous campaign trail in recent Austria, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, people’s economic value, and dishevelled in history, gives these men a newfound the new world. These men thus turn to the anonymous amalgamation of ideologies memory. His election heralded a geopolitical Sweden, Switzerland and Denmark have all their traditional position in society. purpose, and promises to drive a change, fringes of politics, giving rise to a far right long thought lost to politics, but they have shift, the effects and reverberations of seen the resurgence of the far right within Increasing change, demographic shifts, however, one that, this time, they will long thought buried in the US and Europe. their base of support, their mantras, their which can still be felt across the globe to their respective parliaments, and in the reshuffling of workplace gender balance welcome instead – an abandonment of They hope these populists who reflect their doctrines and their parties. If the centre this day. It served as a grim reminder to cases of some of these nations, they have and mass migration have all eroded the internationalism, and a return to tradition. concerns will enact the policies to bring and left fail to act in response to this left-wing and centrist parties across the either seized government or now form the baseline of the Western world: the white about the end of the world they loathe, nationalist resurgence, then the political democratic world that old-style nationalism second largest majority. For so many of working class. Add into this concoction the Social media and the internet have been restoring a sense of “self determination” future of both Europe and the US may look had returned to the political sphere, with a these new parties, the main support comes perceived threat of radical Islamic terrorism, paramount to the success of this move- and a resemblance of the old world. catastrophically different in a decade’s time. brand new face. from the male youth, attending rallies and fueling fear and confusion amongst this ment. Curious and brow-beaten men are protests like in Charlottesville. A plethora demographic, and you have a population enticed by the brash, provocative and The effects of this can already be seen This new, pseudo-fascist, pseudo- of global events have seen the rise of many terrified to the brink, assailed on all sides by ‘out-there’ slogans and memes of this today throughout the world. The US threat- libertarian, anti-immigrant and populist of these fringe movements to prominence unwelcome change. movement, activists and personalities on ens trade war with China, as Trump’s wave of international online support in media, where free publicity and an easy YouTube and beyond who speak to their isolationism pushes away longstanding US was branded by the Clinton campaign platform for growth is theirs for the taking. Against this backdrop of the ever-changing fears and fuel their prejudices, driving them allies with his threats of withdrawal from as the “Alt-Right”, in a speech wherein, world, the Alt-Right movement emerges ever so steadily over the edge. The result NATO. Domestically, ethnic tensions surge immediately after that comment, a member But what could be at the root of this sudden from the darker corners of the internet, is an ever-widening echo chamber wherein both in Europe and the US, as Identity of the crowd piped up with a cry of “PEPE!”, shift of the Overton Window? Nothing less where regulation is sparse at best. This rhetoric resounds and a mutual craving for Politics becomes ever more mainstream a reference to the online frog meme which than the ever-changing world we live in. To new movement offers these young men the restoration of lost “traditional values”, with groups such as the European “White the American Anti-Defamation-League analyse the causes of this sudden societal a community they believe to have lost, a violent opposition to mass migration and a Identitarians”, by far the largest such (ADL) was to later brand as a hate symbol shift, one would need to understand the sense of solidarity in a world in which they complete rejection of globalisation rebound. movement in the continent, attracting comparable to the swastika and KKK social predicament millennial white men feel neither respected nor valued, an outlet radical speakers and large marches. insignia. find themselves in. for expressing the pent up aggression and Of course, throughout all this the calls of views they hold against the harbingers nationalism resonate, harking back to a Where this flurry of geopolitical shifts Prior to November 8th, movements had For many young, particularly uneducated of this new change in a world that would simpler time, when white men didn’t need heads from here is unknowable – will the snowballed both online and in real life, both white men in both Europe and the US, their censor such notions, and a sense of hope to outperform to succeed and their base movement continue to leap from strength in the US and Europe. Young white men futures have become ever more uncertain for the future many had long since forgotten. of employment was secured within their to strength or will this shock galvanise the

52 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 53 Street Haunting: A Stanmore Adventure Oil Euan McKenzie | Year 11 Finn Hoegh-Guldberg | Year 11

The weather is coolish. I could wear a shirt and walk around without 10 o’clock. Coughing. Dad’s home. He’s I’m staring down at the white paper. It’s like The gravel and pebbles on the road are sweating, unlike most days that have been coming and going always home late when he works at the one of those life after death scenes from birds, soaring up into the air as I charge recently. As soon as I leave my house I can see a large shared mine. I’m at the bottom of the polished a movie, where the character wakes up onwards. I throw open the gate, and there structure on the other side of my own building. timber stairs, and there he is. Worn. He’s got surrounded by blank nothingness. That’s they are. Ten blindingly bright fluorescent that look on his face. The one where you can what I feel like right now. I switch on my desk yellow silhouettes in my top paddock staring I know that there is a young family who live there. They have a child, see the anguish and pain desperately trying lamp, and the dim yellow pierces through down at me. One’s holding a chainsaw. no more than a year old. The parents themselves can’t be more to push through the resilient outer layer of the pure untainted white, replacing it with There’s a huge truck parked outside the than thirty. I haven’t seen the baby in a while. I think about how skin and bone. I’m just glad to see him. I a warm hazy blur. The lamp illuminates house. Furious. I scream, demanding an they met. Maybe it was in a cafe. Not paying attention to their own hug him, his embrace is warm. Interrupted. the framed portrait of Mia and Jessie, my explanation. The closer one calmly hands me surroundings, they bumped into each other. Coffee and feelings He pulls away, coughing again. This time it’s everything. I think about them, how this a piece of paper. “Strip Mining. Authorised went flying, like young movie-crossed lovers, destined to meet in this bad, like nothing I’ve ever seen. I rush to find dotted line will impact them. Now Mia walks by the New South Wales government.” predicament by two middle aged screenwriters. some water but it’s already overtaken him. through my office door. She’s come to show Now Mum’s downstairs. Time stops. Mum’s me a drawing she did at school today. A Sarah is running along the water’s edge. Or was it a young mistake which tied them down together and screaming at me to call an ambulance. crayon mess, but the subject matter is clear. Only eighteen months old and already kept them together? Eyes met at a party as the music blasted out Dad’s on the ground, hysterical. He’s It’s a dead turtle, her favourite animal. She running. I grin, she’s just like her father. I of the speakers and kept the neighbours awake. Hands touching, coughing up blood. knows what I am about to do. Her eyes are snap my book shut, dust off my towel and eyes reaching into each other’s souls. Two months later the father like swords of sadness cutting through my proceed to follow her down the beach. White receives a call that they need to talk. Love can still come from that, I pull the clear mask over my face and body. She’s begging me not to sign. But sand squirms through the gaps between I hope to myself. plunge into the deep. The crystal blue is I have no choice. It’s my signature or my my toes. Sarah has stopped running now, teeming with life, more than yesterday. job. My signature or her school fees. My instead sitting in the sand as the gentle Walking around the corner of the young family’s house, I can see The crew and I are only here at the reef signature or her future. sea brushes up against her tiny limbs. She the train line. Something that interests me about trains is their for a few more days, so we need to record seems unusually fascinated by the water, cameos in films. The idea of thousands of people traveling together as much as possible. I drift down deeper Walking. The crunch of gravel beneath my which is strange seeing she’s come to this on a train. Shoulders touching each other but no words. into the bustling channels of coral. It just feet. I bend down to pick up a thick piece beach almost every Sunday since she was blows me away every time, the colours. I of bark, throwing it into the paddock to my born. The stories and sandcastles, millions Around another corner is the park. I used to go to this park when gesture to Mark and the others. We start right. Kelly bounds after it, not hesitating of memories. I watch her scoop the sea up in I was a child. There is a woman under a tree, a single cigarette to swim further east, where we haven’t to spring over the wired fence and into the her hands and drain it through her fingers as between her fingers. She is sitting alone on an old bench. Children taken samples yet. I run my hand along the tall grass. A second passes and she’s back, I approach. She looks up at me, confused, are running past her and clambering over equipment while she coarse colourful shapes. Mark jabs at my waiting patiently at my feet with the wood then back down at the water. I follow her line watches over them. She wears a flowery singlet, and looks down at shoulder and I turn to see him grin as he wedged between her pointed front teeth. I of sight and see why. The ocean is shiny, not her cigarette every couple of minutes. points to the dark silhouette of an innocent gently ruffle her scalp; she’s my only friend its usual sparkling blue, but a shiny black. reef shark hiding away under the coral. We out here. We pause at the top of the hill, I’ve never seen anything like it. Especially I wonder where the father is. I think of the young couple who have share a muted chuckle through our diving slowly breathing in the fresh country air. not on this beach. Our beach. A sinking found a purpose for themselves. Then I think of the people on the masks and continue to head out to sea. I can see the house in the distance now. feeling weights down upon my chest. The train. Forever in contact with someone but never touching. And this But something’s wrong. As we get farther It’s been a long morning walk. Kelly’s ears thin black sheen spreads out into the abyss woman. out there isn’t anywhere near as many fish. suddenly prick up, a strange sound. Now I like a disease, infecting its surroundings. Silence. Mark’s pointing. The coral seems can hear it too. It’s a sound that I haven’t As I look out further the shine begins to I want to hug her. I want to tell her that I care about her, but I know faded, like someone has sucked out the heard for a long time, not since I moved disappear, replaced by a deeper darkness. that all she would do is push me away. Push me away and never let vibrancy with a vacuum cleaner. It feels like away from the city. Heavy machinery. It’s a I turn back to Sarah. She looks up at me anyone help, even if she always feels alone. I walk away from her, a graveyard. We go further, and now there’s dragon’s roar, deep and powerful, and it’s pleadingly for an explanation, her hands hoping that love can still come from that. no colour at all. The coral is pale, bleached. coming from my property. Panic. I’m racing coated in black. “Oil,” I say. An underwater desert. Completely barren. down the hill, Kelly’s struggling to keep up.

54 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 55 Now Showing, Exodus 20:3 Hamish Johnson | Year 12

ARTIST’S COMMENT: as menacing and/or surrounding environments regarded as intolerable. It explores the collective envious mindset that is Why can’t life be like a movie? negligently misplaced in Hollywood cinema due to the distorted portrayal of a phenomenon unconstrained by any of reality’s My work, Now Showing, Exodus 20:3, named in reference to “rotten” implications beyond what is displayed in the two hours the first commandment, which forbids idolatry, is not concerned or so of viewing time. Ultimately the work challenges audiences with religion itself but rather the religious-like following of movie to break down this conventional “grass is always greener on the characters from films that pop culture has deemed to be “Cult other side” mentality towards the fourth wall, instead recognising Classics”. The work depicts the irony that fictitious characters the imperfect and humane side of cinema as a reflection of life glamorised in society would in reality have lifestyles branded rather than just a temporary escape from it.

56 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 57 War of the Words: Will fake news be our undoing? Tom Charley | Year 11

On October 31, 1938, Orson Welles dubious news stories about this or that, and a culture that profits from division and “fake news” is a societal blight. It utterly outclassing the US and Australia. How do legal obligation to correct fake news. In broadcast the War of the Worlds Halloween often personally tailored to inflame your infighting, but in other cases fake news has diminishes and undermines the legitimacy they achieve this extraordinary standard of other words, platforms like Facebook and special, and the subsequent mass panic sensibilities and profit from your subsequent been attributed to external entities with of the press, and by mere association, education? Twitter would be required legally to remove was symptomatic of a country that was outrage. How could that not hold negative malicious intent. debases mostly verifiable proponents of misleading or falsified content if such a receptive to misinformation and prone implications for social cohesion? truth like the BBC and The New York Times. Their philosophy is broadly centered desire was requested by the affected party. to gullibility. These days, misinformation The issue of the Russian bots also raises around individualism and critical thought; poses an even more existential threat – We are only now beginning to find out the the problem of potentially militarized fake This issue has already had far-reaching as such, the benefits reaped are clear as Now, I fully understand why people worry social division and the weakening of our extent of the damage. news. During the election cycle, the FBI societal implications: in a recent Knight- day – despite continuous Kremlin attempts about the dangers inherent in this approach. democratic principles. found evidence of over $100,000 that Gallop survey of more than 19,000 US to disseminate false news through social It’s true that this strategy could enable It’s been heavily argued that the rapid had been spent on ads pushing divisive citizens, it was determined that despite 84 media, they’ve maintained steadfast in infringements on our right to free speech. I think it’s safe to categorize the twenty- ascent and eventual triumph of Donald issues and which had been purchased per cent of survey participants claiming their reluctance to capitulate. In an attempt However, it’s also true that, as a result of first century citizen as being engaged in Trump is attributable to this misinformation by Russian-controlled bots. Similarly, on they considered the news to play a “critical” to limit the impact of externally devised fake news, our right to free speech is being a brutal uphill battle in their fight against epidemic. In fact, according to a recent Twitter, a substantial quantity of regularly or “significant” role in our democracy, only attempts at “information sabotage”, more undermined with every day that passes misinformation. We are in a uniquely AP poll, over 63per cent of Americans posting anti-Hillary accounts can be traced 44 per cent could actually name a reliable western countries need to follow in Finland’s marred with inaction. I say, carpe diem – vulnerable position. The stringent (more or think Trump’s victory was at least partially to Russian interests news source. Additionally, 73 per cent of footsteps. idle debate and speculation will not spare less) vetting standards to which the news- facilitated by divisive Russian bots, who Americans expressed concern about the us from this predicament. related information we consume was once allegedly used social media to muddy the Often, these bots appear to have been spread of inaccurate information, with only This means a complete education overhaul, subjected exist now only in our memories waters of the political zeitgeist with fake working in close conjunction, bombarding 50 per cent of survey participants claiming with an emphasis on encouraging open Still, the outcome of this ‘War of the – memories of a bygone era, before the news and misinformation. the electoral Twitter feed with thousands they were confident people were equipped discourse in classes, promoting debating Words’ is far from decided. In the words ubiquity of the internet. of identical messages, fired one after the to see through bias and root out the truth. and rhetoric, teaching students how to of Garry Kasparov, “The point of modern- Ironically, Trump himself accuses reputable other in close succession by individual cross-reference information they read day propaganda isn’t only to misinform In the year 2018, that kind of sweeping organizations like The New York Times of false accounts. On election day, Twitter But how do we combat such a faceless, online, and encouraging digital literacy. In or push an agenda. It’s to exhaust your regulatory standard is logistically impossible perpetuating “fake news” in an attempt staff determined that the hashtag illusory and internally self-perpetuating the words of William Beveridge, “Ignorance critical thinking, annihilate truth.” So don’t to maintain. Not only are more and more to sabotage their public image and #WarAgainstDemocrats had been posted malice? is an evil weed which dictators may cultivate succumb to the seductively easy fiction semi-legitimate and quasi-news publications delegitimize their criticisms against him. over 1,700 times by Russian bot accounts. among their dupes, but which no democracy generated by false information; reality seeking free rein in the dwellings of In fact, his recent “fake news awards” However, the issue of Russian “information I believe a two-prong strategy is required. can afford among its citizens.” is far more nuanced and complicated. cyberspace, but more and more people controversy, in which he hurled blatant terrorism” isn’t limited to the US alone. As a society, we must strive to scrutinize are, in the words of Rachel Botsman, accusation of lies at the likes of CNN, So far, evidence of Russian bots has been Firstly, it is absolutely essential we equip Secondly, and more controversially, it’s time everything we consume – online or not – to “outsourcing” their trust to social media MNSBC and The Washington Post, led to detected in 30 countries, including Finland, our citizens with the critical thinking skills to take precautionary measures to regulate seek out the sublime reality of objective entities like Facebook. As a result of this, accusations of base political opportunism, Great Britain, Germany and France. required to distinguish between real social media in order to limit its capacity to truth. Otherwise we are no better than our they have begun to incorporate substantial causing some to fundamentally question and fake news. Once this is achieved, disseminate “fake news”. In the words of forefathers, who let the completely irrational news-related components into their his position as leader of the free world. This Instead of a War of the Worlds, it looks like it becomes much harder for external The Economist, social media today functions fear of alien invasion plunge them into platforms. raises a larger question: who benefits from we should be more worried about a ‘War influences to have a potent effect on in an environment of “legal exceptionalism”. chaos. this fake news epidemic? of the Words’ in this interconnected digital domestic attitudes. Finland has been As suggested in Konrad Niklewikz’s paper This enables people to receive an age. leading the vanguard in the battle against Weeding out Fake News, a potential strategy exclusively personalized version of the The answer is highly disputed. In most fake news with their particularly feverous could be to include social media within news. Now it’s impossible to hop on cases it’s clear that fake news is a symptom Even when it is domestically produced, adoption of this strategy. Its schools are the stricter jurisdiction of news media Facebook without being bombarded with of a domestically oversaturated media however, rampant misinformation and among some of the best in the world, far regulation, subjecting them to the same

58 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 59 The Smell of the Parmesan Cheese Jeno Suh | Year 12

As the darkness dissipated into a blur, and As the bus slowed to a stop, I could hear a bothered to say it like a question when it Normally, after dinner at the hotel, I’d head carried away by some deep-sea current. throwing at me all day. It was soft, but alive, the voice of that damned tour guide droned small buzz from the kids, as they pinched was really just a command? I guess it was a up to my room and fall asleep watching and it pricked just enough that I knew it was on in the background, I fumbled at the and grabbed at their parents, waking them bit like when your boss “asks” if you could some TV. But since we were some way That was probably the only trip I’d ever there. curtains, still half asleep. The holiday crash, up. Of course, not every adult had fallen get him some coffee – it was just a way to from our hotel and I was starving – the actually really enjoyed too. Because of that’s what I called it. After all those terribly asleep, and not every kid was awake. Heck, honey the words. “free” restaurant literally only served sheep that current, I ended up spending half an Bzzz. Bzzz. long months, waking up at the break of there were more kids asleep than adults, head and I’d thrown up over my portion – I hour surrounded by a school of fish, and dawn, sprinting to the station and glugging but all the adults, save for those rare few Once you take the photo, there’s not much decided to roam the city. once I stopped panicking, it was strangely Without looking away, I reached into my down coffee at the same time, meeting who always seemed like they were running else you’re going to get out of staring at a warm and comforting, like a strange, scaly pocket and took out my phone. 11.07. I was deadline after deadline, filing case after off ten cans of Red Bull, were like me – rock. I headed over to the tree, and hunched It was my first real time exploring my blanket. late. I laughed and threw my phone into the case, it only made sense that once I started drained by all those long months of work. myself into the shade, making sure not to surroundings on this trip. I mean, I’d caught bush behind me. No tour guide was going to to relax, my body would melt away and wade As the others began to stand, I laid back, leave a single part of my body exposed to glimpses of it during my brief moments of *** ruin my trip. Heck, it could’ve been my boss in and out of sleep. I mean, it didn’t help savouring the AC before I was dragged into the death rays outside. lucidity, but all I’d really seen was a few and I’d have done the exact same thing – that the guide could go on for hours and the desert outside. people darting in and out of the shade. It After half an hour, I found myself on a bench right now, even the smell of the parmesan hours and I’d never particularly enjoyed *** was hot, so, naturally, everyone hid in their on the side of some street. And for the first cheese was more important. history in the first place. The one thing I’d After a half-hour of trudging through dust, homes during the day. time this entire tour, I could honestly say always loved about history, though, was its we finally reached our destination. A run- “Now, normally we’d be heading back to our that I was enjoying myself – just sitting here. curious obsession with rocks. I mean, who down slab of stone. I sighed again. The kids hotel for dinner, but tonight, since it is the But now, at night, it was completely didn’t find dusty, oversized white pebbles were wowing, and I’m sure that if I was a last day, I’ve gotten special permission from different, and as corny as it sounds, the city Maybe it was the smell of parmesan absolutely riveting? little boy, I’d be just as excited as they were, the branch manager to shout you all some finally felt alive. From every door, from every cheese, maybe it was the way the moonlight but it was hot, it was humid, and I wasn’t free dinner!” window of every house, every apartment, glittered on the cobblestone, maybe it was I sighed. What a waste. I’d spent, what, really in the mood to do anything but sleep. from every corner of the city, a small leak the incomprehensible chatter of the people almost seven grand on this tour, only to I quickly took out my phone, raised it to A cheer echoed off the walls of the bus. had sprung, filling every street, shop, walking by. I didn’t know. Within the air, sleep through more than half of it? At least selfie position, patted down my bed-hair, I had my doubts though. It was probably restaurant with people. within the current, there was this deep, rich, I forced myself to do something other than and smiled for the camera. something they did for every tour group pale, yellow, dancing and flowing, bouncing just sleeping at home. It’s not like I needed and it probably wasn’t even “free”. Just And it felt like I was drowning. But not and billowing like a wisp of silk. to be awake the whole time to take some The guide droned on for some time, pointing something to get us all happy and excited like a suffocating drowning. It was more, I photos. at the slab like a madman, while I just before the guides got tipped. Still, it’d better guess, that I felt surrounded, enwrapped, And wherever it grasped, it left a bit of itself. stood at the back, kicking some dust. Then, be better than the sludge at the hotel. enveloped, submerged. In that way, it was a As it seeped through my clothes and into “And now, here we are, ladies and glancing at his watch, he said, “Why don’t bit like the time I went scuba-diving and got my skin I felt a sting, but it was nothing like gentlemen.” we meet under that tree in ten minutes?” *** separated and lost because I let myself be the sting of the sand the wind had been Everyone nodded. I didn’t get it. Why’d he

60 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 61 The Bells of September, 1683 Linus Griziotis | Year 12

As the bells began to play, the soldiers had run away; When the beat began: heavy and steady, The children came out to play – Of roaring cannon, locked and ready And the adults, the adults, they cowered away. The soldiers, they form a line – And the gods, they begin to dine Those remaining cry in streets “Vienna’s bridge is Falling Down! Falling Down!” On the feast of war whose slain As the children race to find their eats Cover the mead halls and the heavenly stalls – Plundering through the town Unknowing which of those below Like Mice. Were upward to be struck too mellow – And as they pass a burning building And who lament in the digests Filled only with the royal fool, Of those above They do not stop to lend their aiding With lives lead meaningless For the gests of this old dupe; To those who feast – Can be heard Without a memory of life at the very least; No longer, no longer A life well led? Dare say it does not matter. Over his screaming and his pain – For to those above, between to love or feed Any attempt to save this man would terribly be in vain. Their insatiable greed, ~ They would most certainly choose the latter.

Abrahim Ali | No Different

62 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 63 The Tattoo Parlour Pride Linus Griziotis | Year 12 Riley Vaughan | Year 12

1 9 Your niece finishes eighth in a competition Or were you silent in your pride, in your to be proud of someone is a universally of thousands. Your son makes it to the appreciation, and in your recognition? recognised aspect of gratitude. Whereas I wonder; I say; next round of a region-wide event. Your insults bounce off the skin, pride resounds daughter recently passed her first driving Probably – and that’s perfectly normal. deeply within the soul. Why has he come to play this devil’s game? O’ Mr Man, O’ Darling Dame, test; she’s on the roads now, she’s ready The majority are. But unless you’ve been Why is it that his face looks so lame? Why must thee nay your purpose claim? to leave home. As you become aware of encompassed in a tightly wound sheet of I’m proud of him. To establish a school and I tell you I tell you – I ask you, I ask you – each of these tidbits of news, your heart bubble wrap for the last few months, with provide tuition and transport is an amazing He draws a tattoo. What is it you do? warms a little; you’re proud of them. You noise-cancelling headphones playing tunes accomplishment for him, for his community, have played a part, however small, in their from happier days, you might have noticed and is a testament to the goodwill and 8 – We tattoo – lives, and in their successes, however great, that the world is polarised. potential of humanity. you can take comfort. And as you relay your Of what does this man wrench so poor? O’ Mr Man, O’ Darling Dame, pride to them, in that brief and seemingly Once, sport, television, and cinema granted The rise of technology has connected the I’m afraid tis nay a small I can adore Now though this question may be same, insignificant gesture, their hearts, too, will us a welcome reprieve from political world in ways which were never dreamt I smell you, I smell you – Why is it that you do warm – invigorated by the appreciation tensions. Today, these retreats embody of in ancient philosophies, yet most of It smells of taboo. Upon me this tattoo? of their toils and the recognition of their the angst of politics in miniature. us still pretend as if our neighbour is labours. speaking Shakespearean. The internet is 4 6 When a prominent sportsperson promised a trans-continental highway solely used for But now consider your co-worker, your himself to a charitable cause and followed billboards and toll collection, and as politics Why doth this dame dare douse in dark, 6 friend, or an important person in your through, he was met with two responses. is still profoundly a game of money, it Of a like resembling a dreaded snark community. Consider last week, last By the commander of the world’s largest pervades it entirely. In the modern age, I see you, I see you – 6 month, last year, whenever they won army, a man possessed of incredible we are a divided people. Physical streets are Skull and needle too. that award, whenever they earnt that political power and potential for good, he parking lots for homes, and even terraces – I tell you, I tell you; Tis because you’re a Jew – promotion, or whenever they did something was called an idiot. Conversely, Michelle are spilt with an ethereal divide. 2 good, something right. You had played a and Barack Obama said they were proud part in their life, and now that they had of LeBron James. They called him a role If now is not the time to begin to mend Why am I sat on mahogany table, achieved a success, you were surely proud model. that divide, when will we? Reaching as high as the Tower of Babel of them. I pray you, I pray you – I have no doubt that he’ll be able to weather It isn’t hard to start. For that thing which you I may be going cuckoo But do they know? Does the boy you’ve the back-handed insults of a small-handed did last week, last month, last year, when known well since childhood, does the girl man. We are a resilient race, we humans, you won that award or earnt that promotion, you’d like to know better in the future, who thrive off kindness and community. for whatever you did well, for whatever you does the woman who runs the hardware And for that reason, I have no doubt that did right, even if nobody noticed, I just want store down the street you’ve frequented for the effusion of pride awarded to him by the you to know: years, does she know how proud you are Obamas affected him more than insult ever of her? could. That’s simply the way pride works; I’m so proud of you.

64 | New Enigma 2018 New Enigma 2018 | 65