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Epidemiology and Its Progress

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Epidemiology and Its Progress © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC CHAPTERNOT FOR SALE 1 OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © JonesEpidemiology & Bartlett Learning, LLC and Its Progress© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION “What we think, we become.” —Gautama Buddha Kiran Macha © Jones & Bartlett Learning,John P. McDonough LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION OBJECTIVES ______________________________________________________________________________ • Describe epidemiology and the role played by nurses in this field of health care. • Discuss© Jonesepidemiological & Bartlett studies thatLearning, have led to LLCthe discovery of various microorganisms.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • ExplainNOT the importanceFOR SALE of statistics OR DISTRIBUTION in epidemiology. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Compare and contrast the terms “endemic,” “epidemic,” and “pandemic.” • Evaluate the types of prevention that are most cost-effective for the community. • Integrate the components of epidemiological research. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOREPIDEMI SALEOL OORGY DISTRIBUTIONAND ITS CHANGING DEFINITIONSNOT ____________________ FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Scholars have defined epidemiology in various ways. Morris (2007) refers to epidemi- ology as the “study of health and populations in relation to their environment and ways of living.” (p. 1165). Frost (1936) considers epidemiology to be “something more © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC than the total of its established facts . .” and to include the “. orderly arrangement NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of facts into chains of inference which extend more or less beyond the bounds of di- rect observation.” The most acceptable definition is “the study of the distribution and determinants of health related status or events in specified populations” (Last, 1988, p. 159). Epidemiology© Jones is & a branchBartlett of Learning,science that investigatesLLC the risk factors ©responsible Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC for the causationNOT FOR of diseases SALE throughOR DISTRIBUTION retrospective and prospective observations,NOT FOR a SALE OR DISTRIBUTION complete history of disease, and the frequency of occurrence or transmission mecha- nisms of disease in populations and explores preventive and therapeutic control mea- sures. A responsible public health approach does not end at the level of investigation © Jonesand & planning Bartlett for Learning, the solution LLC of a particular disease. Public© Jones health professionals& Bartlett Learning,ad- LLC NOT FORvance SALE study conclusions OR DISTRIBUTION and use these data to formulate publicNOT healthFOR SALEpolicy and OR law. DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 CHAPTER 1 / Epidemiology and Its Progress © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC SpecificNOT public FOR health SALE organizations OR DISTRIBUTION in the United States implementNOT public FOR health SALE OR DISTRIBUTION regulations and policies in focused areas of expertise for the protection and benefit of the public. For example, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates drug and medical equipment safety and usage. The ultimate goal of epidemiology is to elimi- nate or reduce the influence of risk factors that cause disease and promote health in © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the community. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION In the 19th century most scientists believed the cause of disease was infection (Germ Theory). We now know that diseases are caused not only by infection, but also through other factors related to nutrition, environment, and trauma. Most of the epi- demiological studies in the past were observational. Our current ability to integrate © Jones & Bartlett Learning,technology LLC into studies for the investigation© Jones of disease & Bartlett causation Learning, has proved LLC to be ad- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONvantageous in preventing the spread ofNOT disease. FOR The SALE availability OR DISTRIBUTION of advanced microbi- ological, chemical, and drug testing devices as well as our ability to communicate instantaneously have had a tremendous positive effect on our efforts toward preven- tion and planning. Both scientific and technological advances have permitted conclu- sions© to Jones be reached & Bartlett in less time Learning, while conserving LLC resources and operating© Jones in a fully& Bartlett Learning, LLC ethicalNOT manner. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ROLE OF ADVANCED PrACTICE NURSING IN PUBLIC HEALTH ___________ © Jones &The Bartlett concept Learning, of public health LLC has a long and distinguished© Jones history & withinBartlett the Learning,nursing LLC NOT FORprofession. SALE OR In DISTRIBUTION1893 Lillian Wald coined the term “publicNOT health FOR nursing” SALE ORto describe DISTRIBUTION the teams of nurses who worked outside the hospital (Reverby, 1993). The main idea behind public health nursing was prevention of diseases for those who did not have access to medical care. Florence Nightingale (Figure 1-1) was instrumental in the creation of the position of “district nurse” whose primary responsibility was to pro- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC mote health and prevent diseases through nursing care and education (Monteiro, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1985). According to the Association of Community Health Nursing Educators (1991), the goals of public health nursing are to promote, protect, and restore the health of populations as well as to prevent disease and disability. Advanced practice nurses must be familiar with epidemiology, statistics, health promotion,© Jones disease & Bartlett surveillance, Learning, community LLC health assessment, and© current Jones health & Bartlett Learning, LLC policyNOT to effectively FOR SALE deal ORwith DISTRIBUTIONillness that transcends individuals. NursesNOT have FOR been SALE OR DISTRIBUTION participating in providing health education, vaccination programs, and screening pro- cedures in the community as part of primary prevention practices. Specialized educa- tional programs have been encouraged by public health departments and universities © Jones &across Bartlett the country Learning, to enable LLC nurses to become public© Joneshealth nurses. & Bartlett Although Learning, it is LLC NOT FORclear SALE that OR all advanced DISTRIBUTION practice nurses do not specializeNOT in public FOR health, SALE it OR is essential DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Role of Advanced Practice Nursing in Public Health 3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FIGURE 1-1 Florence Nightingale. Source: National Library of Medicine; URL: http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/view/search?q= B020487; Accessed April 5, 2010. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION that all nurses engaged in advanced practice regardless of specialty have a working © Jonesknowledge & Bartlett of the Learning, concepts of LLC the wellness–illness continuum© Jones from &a communityBartlett Learning, or LLC NOT FORpopulation SALE perspective. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Nurses have taken a leading role in public health administrative activities and also in responding to public health emergencies. To counter acts of biological terrorism, there is a great need to understand and report the unexplained illness to the respon- sible agencies (Mondy, Cardenas, & Avila, 2003). Nurses are often the first health © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC professional contacts in such emergencies, when critical information needs to be iden- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tified and reported promptly. They have clinical expertise and are also capable of functioning within the community and influencing and evaluating health policy changes. Nurses continue to face challenges as they work to educate the community on specific health needs, mobilize resources, and effectively implement public health policy guidelines.© Jones Because & Bartlett nurses Learning, have access toLLC families, they often have ©opportuni Jones- & Bartlett Learning, LLC ties to establishNOT FOR beneficial SALE relationships OR DISTRIBUTION with
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