System Administration Guide: Basic Administration

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System Administration Guide: Basic Administration System Administration Guide: Basic Administration Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. Part No: 817–2874 December 2003 Copyright 2003 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, docs.sun.com, AnswerBook, AnswerBook2, AutoClient, JumpStart, Sun Ray, Sun Blade, PatchPro, Sun Cobalt, SunOS, Solstice, Solstice AdminSuite, Solstice DiskSuite, Solaris Solve, Java, JavaStation, OpenWindows, NFS, iPlanet, Netra and Solaris are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. DLT is claimed as a trademark of Quantum Corporation in the United States and other countries. The OPEN LOOK and Sun™ Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry. Sun holds a non-exclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface, which license also covers Sun’s licensees who implement OPEN LOOK GUIs and otherwise comply with Sun’s written license agreements. Federal Acquisitions: Commercial Software–Government Users Subject to Standard License Terms and Conditions. DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED “AS IS” AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT, ARE DISCLAIMED, EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH DISCLAIMERS ARE HELD TO BE LEGALLY INVALID. Copyright 2003 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. Tous droits réservés. Ce produit ou document est protégé par un copyright et distribué avec des licences qui en restreignent l’utilisation, la copie, la distribution, et la décompilation. Aucune partie de ce produit ou document ne peut être reproduite sous aucune forme, par quelque moyen que ce soit, sans l’autorisation préalable et écrite de Sun et de ses bailleurs de licence, s’il y en a. Le logiciel détenu par des tiers, et qui comprend la technologie relative aux polices de caractères, est protégé par un copyright et licencié par des fournisseurs de Sun. Des parties de ce produit pourront être dérivées du système Berkeley BSD licenciés par l’Université de Californie. UNIX est une marque déposée aux Etats-Unis et dans d’autres pays et licenciée exclusivement par X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, le logo Sun, docs.sun.com, AnswerBook, AnswerBook2, AutoClient, JumpStart, Sun Ray, Sun Blade, PatchPro, Sun Cobalt, SunOS, Solstice, Solstice AdminSuite, Solstice DiskSuite, Solaris Solve, Java, JavaStation, DeskSet, OpenWindows, NFS et Solaris sont des marquesde fabrique ou des marques déposées, ou marques de service, de Sun Microsystems, Inc. aux Etats-Unis et dans d’autres pays. Toutes les marques SPARC sont utilisées sous licence et sont des marques de fabrique ou des marques déposées de SPARC International, Inc. aux Etats-Unis et dans d’autres pays. Les produits portant les marques SPARC sont basés sur une architecture développée par Sun Microsystems, Inc. Quantum Corporation riclame DLT comme sa marque de fabrique aux Etats-Unis et dans d’autres pays. L’interface d’utilisation graphique OPEN LOOK et Sun™ a été développée par Sun Microsystems, Inc. pour ses utilisateurs et licenciés. Sun reconnaît les efforts de pionniers de Xerox pour la recherche et le développement du concept des interfaces d’utilisation visuelle ou graphique pour l’industrie de l’informatique. Sun détient une licence non exclusive de Xerox sur l’interface d’utilisation graphique Xerox, cette licence couvrant également les licenciés de Sun qui mettent en place l’interface d’utilisation graphique OPEN LOOK et qui en outre se conforment aux licences écrites de Sun. CETTE PUBLICATION EST FOURNIE “EN L’ETAT” ET AUCUNE GARANTIE, EXPRESSE OU IMPLICITE, N’EST ACCORDEE, Y COMPRIS DES GARANTIES CONCERNANT LA VALEUR MARCHANDE, L’APTITUDE DE LA PUBLICATION A REPONDRE A UNE UTILISATION PARTICULIERE, OU LE FAIT QU’ELLE NE SOIT PAS CONTREFAISANTE DE PRODUIT DE TIERS. CE DENI DE GARANTIE NE S’APPLIQUERAIT PAS, DANS LA MESURE OU IL SERAIT TENU JURIDIQUEMENT NUL ET NON AVENU. 030826@6671 Contents Preface 27 1 Solaris Management Tools (Roadmap) 31 What’s New in Solaris Management Tools? 31 Matrix of Solaris Management Tools Support 32 Feature Descriptions for Solaris 9 Management Tools 33 Feature Descriptions for Solaris 8 Management Tools 34 Feature Descriptions for Previous Solaris Management Tools 36 Availability Solaris Management Commands 36 Solaris 9 System Management Commands 37 Solaris 8 System Management Commands 38 Descriptions for Previous Solaris Management Commands 38 For More Information About Solaris Management Tools 39 2 Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks) 41 Solaris Management Console (Overview) 41 What Is the Solaris Management Console? 41 Solaris Management Console Tools 42 Why Use the Solaris Management Console? 44 Organization of the Solaris Management Console 45 Changing the Solaris Management Console Window 46 Solaris Management Console Documentation 46 How Much Role-Based Access Control? 46 Becoming Superuser (root) or Assuming a Role 48 M How to Become Superuser (root) or Assume a Role 48 3 Using the Solaris Management Tools With RBAC (Task Map) 50 If You Are the First to Log In to the Console 51 Creating the Primary Administrator Role 51 M How to Create the First Role (Primary Administrator) 53 M How to Assume the Primary Administrator Role 53 Starting the Solaris Management Console 54 M How to Start the Console as Superuser or as a Role 54 Using the Solaris Management Tools in a Name Service Environment (Task Map) 56 RBAC Security Files 56 Prerequisites for Using the Solaris Management Console in a Name Service Environment 58 Management Scope 58 The /etc/nsswitch.conf File 58 M How to Create a Toolbox for a Specific Environment 59 M How to Add a Tool to a Toolbox 60 M How to Start the Solaris Management Console in a Name Service Environment 61 Adding Tools to the Solaris Management Console 62 M How to Add a Legacy Tool to a Toolbox 62 M How to Install an Unbundled Tool 62 Troubleshooting the Solaris Management Console 63 M How to Troubleshoot the Solaris Management Console 63 3 Managing Users and Groups Topics 65 4 Managing User Accounts and Groups (Overview) 67 What’s New in Managing Users and Groups? 67 Solaris Management Console Tools Suite 68 Solaris Directory Services 68 Managing Users and Resources With Projects 68 What Are User Accounts and Groups? 69 Guidelines for Managing User Accounts 70 Name Services 70 User (Login) Names 70 User ID Numbers 71 Passwords 73 Password Aging 74 4 System Administration Guide: Basic Administration • December 2003 Home Directories 75 User’s Work Environment 75 Guidelines for Managing Groups 76 Tools for Managing User Accounts and Groups 77 What You Can Do With Solaris User Management Tools 78 Managing Home Directories With the Solaris Management Console 81 Modify User Accounts 81 Delete User Accounts 82 Add Customized User Initialization Files 82 Administer Passwords 82 Disable User Accounts 83 Where User Account and Group Information Is Stored 83 Fields in the passwd File 83 Fields in the shadow File 85 Fields in the group File 86 Customizing a User’s Work Environment 88 Using Site Initialization Files 90 Avoid Local System References 90 Shell Features 91 Shell Environment 91 The PATH Variable 94 Locale Variables 95 Default File Permissions (umask)96 Examples of User and Site Initialization Files 97 Example—Site Initialization File 98 5 Managing User Accounts and Groups (Tasks) 101 Setting Up User Accounts (Task Map) 101 How to Gather User Information 102 M How to Customize User Initialization Files 103 M How to Add a Group with the Solaris Management Console’s Groups Tool 105 M How to Add a User With the Solaris Management Console’s Users Tool 106 Example—Adding a User With the Solaris Management Console’s Groups Tool 106 How to Add Groups and Users With CLI Tools 107 M How to Share a User’s Home Directory 107 M How to Mount a User’s Home Directory 109 Contents 5 Maintaining User Accounts (Task Map) 110 Solaris User Registration 111 Accessing Solaris Solve 111 Troubleshooting Solaris User Registration Problems 112 M How to Restart Solaris User Registration 113 M How To Disable User Registration 113 6 Managing Server and Client Support Topics 115 7 Managing Server and Client Support (Overview) 117 What’s New in Server and Client Management? 117 Diskless Client Support 117 Where to Find Server and Client Tasks 118 What Are Servers,
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