DOCSLIB.ORG

Mirror Neurons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mirror Neurons CORE CONCEPTS CORE CONCEPTS Mirror neurons Jessica Marshall Science Writer Just over 20 years ago, an Italian team re- authorsofthepaperthatfirstreportedthe ported findings on macaques showing the neurons’ existence (1), but he believes it is existence of a “surprising new class” of neu- only for lack of looking. rons in a particular region of the premotor Although there may be little doubt that cortex of the macaque brain (1). These neu- these neurons exist, researchers differ con- rons were active not only when the ma- siderably in their interpretation of what they caque performed an action—like grabbing an do (6). Some say that the neurons are neces- object—but also when the macaque watched sary to understand the meaning of others’ thesameactionbeingperformedbyaperson behaviors. Others believe that they instead or another monkey. The researchers named play a more straightforward role, helping us these neurons “mirror neurons” and pro- to learn motor tasks or to choose our own posed that they provide the basis for what actions, or that we use mirror neurons to help became known as “action understanding” in predict the actions we are observing, without macaques, allowing them to interpret the assigning a goal to them. For example, when intentions or goals of the person or monkey others’ actions don’t jibe with what we expect, whose actions they are observing. we take particular notice and engage other The findings launched a new field of study areas to try to explain them. An example of a mirror neuron. Image within neuroscience. Researchers were quick to Nobody disagrees that our brains have a courtesy of Richard Cole, Wadsworth look for mirror neurons in humans. The direct, way of simulating what others are doing or Center, New York State Department of ’ invasive methods used to observe them in predicting others actions and intentions, says Health, Advanced Light Microscopy and macaques cannot be used for studying the James Kilner of University College London. Image Analysis Core. human brain, but other evidence supports their The question is, how much of this ability is existence. “Although the function of mirror embodied in mirror neurons in the motor neurons is highly debatable, I would be very system versus in other areas of the brain? If neurons play a role in disorders like autism surprised if something like mirror neurons indeed mirror neurons are important for un- and schizophrenia. If autism, one hallmark of didn’texistinhumans,” says Greg Hickok derstanding others’ behavior, that raises the which is a difficulty in relating to others, is of the University of California, Irvine. Indeed, question of whether people with motor prob- related to malfunctioning mirror neurons in researchers have since published papers argu- lems therefore interpret the social world dif- the motor system that lead to impairments in ing that mirror-like systems in humans un- ferently,orevenwhetherthereisabasisinthe understanding the meanings of others’ ac- derlie experiences from speech to emotions to motor system for social disorders, Kilner says. tions, then perhaps motor therapies could pain to music (2–5). For example, the same Indeed, one area of great interest—and of be helpful in improving the social skills of brain regions that fired when people smelled additional controversy—is whether mirror individuals on the autism spectrum (7). something disgusting also were active when people saw someone else making a disgusted face (3). The implication of this system is that, 1 di Pellegrino G, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G (1992) 4 Singer T, et al. (2004) Empathy for pain involves the affective but Understanding motor events: A neurophysiological study. Exp Brain not sensory components of pain. Science 303(5661):1157–1162. cognitively speaking, we are putting ourselves Res 91(1):176–180. 5 Molnar-Szakacs I, Overy K (2006) Music and mirror neurons: From in another’s shoes as we observe an action. 2 Watkins KE, Strafella AP, Paus T (2003) Seeing and hearing speech motion to ‘e’motion. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 1(3):235–241. The only other animal besides macaques excites the motor system involved in speech production. 6 Gallese V, et al. (2011) Mirror neuron forum. Perspect Psychol Sci and humans where mirror neurons have been Neuropsychologia 41(8):989–994. 6(4):369–407. 3 Wicker B, et al. (2003) Both of us disgusted in My insula: The 7 Cattaneo L, et al. (2007) Impairment of actions chains in autism found is in songbirds, says Vittorio Gallese of common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron 40(3): and its possible role in intention understanding. Proc Natl Acad the University of Parma, Italy, one of the 655–664. Sci USA 104(45):17825–17830. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1404652111 PNAS | May 6, 2014 | vol. 111 | no. 18 | 6531 Downloaded by guest on September 29, 2021.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Embodied Simulation Theory and Intersubjectivity1. Vittorio Gallese - [email protected] Dept
    Embodied simulation theory and intersubjectivity1. Vittorio Gallese - [email protected] Dept. of Neuroscience – Section of Physiology, University of Parma, Italy Abstract Primates and human beings are social animals whose cognitive development capitalizes upon the interaction with other conspe- cifics. Fundamental among social abilities is the capacity to accurately detect and understand the intentional conduct of others, to anticipate their upcoming actions, and to appropriately adjust one’s own behavior. From an evolutionary perspective, the traditional view claims the existence of a sharp cognitive discontinuity between humans and nonhuman primates. However, recent findings in cognitive neuroscience shed light on the existence of a common neural mechanism that could account for action and intention under- standing abilities both in humans and nonhuman primates. The discovery of mirror neurons and of other mirroring mechanisms in the human brain shows that the very same neural substrates are activated when these expressive acts are both executed and perceived. I summarize here recent neuroscientific evidence shedding light on the neural mechanisms likely underpinning important aspects of intersubjectivity and social cognition. I discuss this evidence in relation to empathy and introduce my theory of embodied simulation, a crucial functional mechanism of intersubjectivity by means of which the actions, emotions, and sensations of others are mapped by the same neural mechanisms that are normally activated when we act or experience similar emotions and sensations. Keywords Social cognition, mirror neurons, intersubjectivity, embodied simulation, empathy The discovery of mirror neurons and of other mirroring me- Introduction chanisms in the human brain shows that the very same neural Primates, and particularly human beings, are social animals substrates are activated when these expressive acts are both whose cognitive development capitalizes upon the interaction executed and perceived.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring Debate About Mirror Neurons in the Humanities and Social Sciences
    The extent of engagement, the means of invention: measuring debate about mirror neurons in the humanities and social sciences David R. Gruber Abstract Mirror neurons (MN) — or neurons said to be able to “mirror” the sensed environment — have been widely popularized and referenced across many academic fields. Yet, MNs have also been the subject of considerable debate in the neurosciences. Using a criterion based sampling method and a citation analysis, this paper examines the extent of engagement with the neuroscience literature about MNs, looking specifically at the frequency of “MN debate sources” within articles published in the JSTOR and Communication and Mass Media (CMMC) databases. After reporting the results, the paper reviews characteristic examples in context and, ultimately, shows that MN debates remain largely absent from peer-reviewed articles published in JSTOR and CMMC. However, the paper suggests that this happens for good reason and that MNs retain the potential for inventive animations even though debates have gone largely unrecognized. Keywords Popularization of science and technology; Representations of science and technology; Scholarly communication In a now famous accidental finding from 1992, cognitive neuroscientists from Italy observed neurons firing in the F5 motor area of a macaque monkey’s brain both when the monkey saw an action as well as when the monkey performed that same action [di Pellegrino et al., 1992]. These special neurons were named “mirror neurons,” suggesting the idea that the monkey might be internally “mirroring” its visual environment. Ever since, mirror neurons (MNs) have been touted as central to imitation [Caggiano et al., 2009; Rizzolatti et al., 1999], to predicting other people’s actions [Gallese and Goldman, 1998; Gallese and Keysers, 2001; Goldman, 2006], and to expressing complex emotions [Damasio, 2003; Gallese, Keysers and Rizzolatti, 2004; Wicker et al., 2003].
    [Show full text]
  • Brain, Body, Habit and the Performative Quality of Aesthetics
    In: I. Testa & F. Caurana (editors), Habits: Pragmatist Approaches from Cognitive Neuroscience to Social Science. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2021, in press. Brain, Body, Habit and the Performative Quality of Aesthetics Vittorio Gallese* Abstract: If cognitive neuroscience is meant to investigate what makes us human, cultural artifacts and artistic expressions should be at the top of the list of its explananda. Cognitive neuroscience, in tight cooperation and dialogue with the humanities, can shed new light on several theoretical issues related to aesthetics, traditionally dealt with exclusively within the camp of the humanities. A succinct description of embodied simulation theory in relation to aesthetic experience is proposed, and some accomplishments of this bottom-up approach to the experience of visual art and film are illustrated. The notion of ‘habit’ is introduced, it is connected to its potential underlying neural mechanisms, and to the production and reception of human cultural artifacts. Capitalizing upon Pragmatism, Pierre Bourdieu and practice theory, the relationship between body, habit, practice, rituals and its bearing on the creation of symbolic objects and cultural artifacts is analyzed from a neuro-pragmatist approach, which emphasizes the procedural and implicit forms of human cognition. The suggested gradual transition from tool-making to symbol-making, grants the following: 1) It shows that utilitarian and symbolic behavior are both chapters of the same cognitive technology trajectory; 2) It doesn’t require one to assume that symbol-making is the late externalization of a previously existing inner symbolic thought, because symbolic thought and symbol- making are the co-constructive outcome of the development of shared performative practices and habits; 3) It is fully compatible with the neurobiological characterization of human relational potentialities as instantiated by embodied simulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Vittorio Gallese - Selected References
    Vittorio Gallese - selected references 1 Gallese, V. (2014). Bodily selves in relation: embodied simulation as second-person perspective on intersubjectivity. Philos.Trans.R.Soc.Lond B Biol.Sci., 369, 20130177. Notes: This article addresses basic aspects of social cognition focusing on the pivotal role played by the lived body in the constitution of our experience of others. It is suggested that before studying intersubjectivity we should better qualify the notion of the self. A minimal notion of the self, the bodily self, defined in terms of its motor potentialities, is proposed. The discovery of mirror mechanisms for action, emotions and sensations led to the proposal of an embodied approach to intersubjectivity-embodied simulation (ES) theory. ES and the related notion of neural reuse provide a new empirically based perspective on intersubjectivity, viewed first and foremost as intercorporeality. ES challenges the notion that folk psychology is the sole account of interpersonal understanding. ES is discussed within a second-person perspective on mindreading 2 Heimann, K., Umilta, M. A., & Gallese, V. (2013). How the motor-cortex distinguishes among letters, unknown symbols and scribbles. A high density EEG study. Neuropsychologia, 51, 2833-2840. Notes: Previous research has reported that the perception of written language symbols activates the cortical motor hand representation of the dominant hemisphere also found to be activated during the writing of these symbols. It has been suggested that such motor activation supports reading. Nevertheless, the precise circumstances leading to such activation are still unknown. For instance, several studies suggested that motor activation necessarily depends on specific sensory-motor experience with the stimuli.
    [Show full text]
  • Embodied Simulation. Its Bearing on Aesthetic Experience and the Dialogue Between Neuroscience and the Humanities
    GESTALT THEORY, DOI 10.2478/gth-2019-0013 © 2019 (ISSN 2519-5808); Vol. 41, No. 2, 113–128 Original Contributions - Originalbeiträge Vittorio Gallese Embodied Simulation. Its Bearing on Aesthetic Experience and the Dialogue Between Neuroscience and the Humanities 1. Introduction The artist is he who arrests the spectacle in which most men take part without really seeing it and who makes it visible to the most ‘human’ among them. (Merleau-Ponty, 1945/1964, p. 18) Is there something invisible about reality that art reveals to all human beings? What is the ‘invisible’ Merleau-Ponty is talking about? ‘Già non attendere’ io tua dimanda, s’io m’intuassi, come tu t’inmii’. This is what Dante wrote in the IX Canto of Paradiso, addressing the blessed soul of Folco da Marsiglia. In these splendid verses that bear witness to the wonderful linguistic creativity of great poetry, we can find an illuminating anticipation of the notion of empathy. To empathize means understanding the other from within, as also suggested by the German term for empathy – Einfühlung, to feel inside, which interestingly enough was first used within the debate on aesthetics. This ‘intuition’ implies for the ego the possibility of connecting to the You without losing itself in it, attrib- uting to the other actions, emotions and sensations that, however, what the ego knows as part of its own vital experience. Empathizing means understanding what the other is doing and experiencing, without necessarily feeling compassion or being motivated to help. These latter characteristics refer to the notion of sympathy, which is often confused with that of empathy.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroaesthetics, Lecture 1, 18.01.13: Introduction to the Course
    Neuroaesthetics, lecture 1, 18.01.13: Introduction to the course. First of all, my name is Per Olav Folgerø. I am Associate professor at the University of Bergen Norway. I have the strange background of being neurobiologist and art historian, but this has led to the reason why I am here, namely to teach neuroaesthetics. I am very happy and grateful to be here in Saint Petersburg to present my lectures. They are a mini-version of the course that I have presented the last four years at the University of Bergen. The lectures are intended to provide insights into recent scientific works and methods in neuroaesthetics. (next) The conception of ´Neuroaesthetics` was coded in 1999 by the neuroscientist Semir Zeki, who is a professor at the Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, University College, London. Hence, it is a relatively new discipline, (next) and lies at the intersection between cognitive psychology, neurobiology and art. (next) In neuroaesthetics, models mostly deriving from cognitive psychology and modern brain scanning techniques are used in studies on how the brain responds to aesthetic stimuli. (next) Zeki’s main interest is the primate visual brain system. From 1994 onwards, his studies also included the neural basis of aesthetic appreciation of art, and in 2001 he founded the Institute of Neuroesthetics, the first of its kind in the world, at University College London. The aims of this institute are: to study the creative process as a manifestation of the functions of the brain; (next) to study the biological foundations of aesthetics; (next) to provide a scientific forum for artists; (next) to instill among neurobiologists the virtues of using the products of art to study the organization of the brain; (next) to promote the importance of learning more about the brain when approaching topics such as art, morality, religion etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Interview with Vittorio Gallese
    Interview with Vittorio Gallese Hannah Chapelle Wojciehowski Hannah Wojciehowski [HCW]. The discovery of Mirror Neurons has broadened our understanding of human and animal cognition, and has also shed light on our affective lives—including our capacity for empathy and intersubjectivity. Many believe that this discovery has revolutionized the theory of mind. For example, in 2000, the renowned neuroscientist V. S. Ramachandran predicted that “mirror neurons will do for psychology what DNA did for biology” (Ramachandran 2000). How would you describe in the simplest possible terms the Mirror Neuron Mechanism (MNM) in humans and in non-human primates? And also tell us how this set of discoveries came about. Vittorio Gallese [VG]. Mirror neurons were originally discovered in the macaque monkey brain premotor cortex. They are motor neurons, which means that by definition they activate when the monkey performs purposeful goal-related motor acts with the hand or the mouth or both—for example grasping and holding a piece of food. We didn’t start out looking for mirror neurons. The discovery happened by chance. But what I always say is that it was not completely by chance that we discovered mirror neurons, because we were ready to see them. At that time [the summer of 2001] we were looking for a more quantitative way of testing visual properties within the motor system, which in those days was still considered to be something pretty odd. And therefore we [the Parma group] had a lot of trouble in getting papers published, because people wouldn’t accept the idea that motor neurons also showed visual properties.
    [Show full text]
  • [This Letter Is Closed Now, Accepting No More Signatures]
    March 31st, 2017 To: H.E. Réka Szemerkényi, Ambassador of Hungary to the United States of America Zoltán Balog, Minister of Human Capacities, Ministry of Human Capacities, Hungary László Palkovics, Minister of State for Education, Ministry of Human Capacities, Hungary Dear Ambassador Szemerkényi, Minister Balog, and Minister Palkovics, We are writing to express our dismay about the proposed legislation that would effectively end a 25-year history of scientific excellence in Budapest. As an international body of psychologists, neuroscientists, and cognitive scientists, we can tell you that our colleagues at Central European University are among the most respected in the world. Their intellectual legacy has had a global impact. We believe any city should count itself fortunate to have such a renowned center of academic excellence in its midst. The proposed legislation will make it effectively impossible for CEU to continue to occupy its current position as one of the foremost scientific institutions internationally. We respectfully ask that you preserve CEU’s ability to act as a center of leadership and innovation in Hungary and the world by withdrawing this legislation. [This letter is closed now, accepting no more signatures] Sincerely, 1. Laura Schulz, Professor of Cognitive Science, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT 2. Rebecca Saxe, Professor of Cognitive Science, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT 3. John E. Richards, Carolina Distinguished Professor, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina. 4. Michael Tomasello, Duke University, Durham, NC, and Max Planck for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. 5. Philippe G. Schyns, Professor of Visual Cognition, Director of the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, university of Glasgow, UK 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Presentation Vittorio Gallese
    Creating Connections II EFTeling, 19 April 2013 Bodily Selves in Relation: From mirror neurons to Embodied Simulation. Vittorio Gallese Dept. of Neuroscience University of Parma Italy “It is not logical, however, to oppose the mental and the physical as these are not of the same stuff. Mental phenomena are complicaons of variable importance in psyche- soma con<nuity of being, in that which adds up to the individual's self” Donald Winnicott (1975, p. 254). However…. • This explanatory process is referred to as Theory of Mind (ToM). • ToM, according to many, is the attribution to others of mental states, mapped in the mind of the observer as internal representations in propositional format. • If one believes that a gap separates individual human beings, conceived of as mentalizing monads, whose only meaningful connections consist of their theoretically-driven mentalizing skills, an obvious consequence will be that of looking for the neural correlates of beliefs and desires as such. • The reification of propositional attitudes inevitably led many cognitive neuroscientists to look for the brain areas/circuits housing desires and beliefs. The mindreading brain (?) The mindreading brain (?) Problems with this view… We do not have a clear neuroscientific model of how humans can understand the mental states of others. Problems with this view… • What we have is a series of brain imaging studies showing the activation of a set of cortical regions, (mesial frontal areas, the temporo-parietal junction etc.), during explicit mentalizing tasks. Problems with this view… No one to date was able to provide a convincing explanantion about why those specific areas do activate during mentalization, beside the tautological statement that mind reading is implemented in those brain areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Mirror Neurons and the Simulation Theory of Mind-Reading Vittorio Gallese and Alvin Goldman
    Gallese and Goldman – Mirror neurons and mind-reading Opinion Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading Vittorio Gallese and Alvin Goldman A new class of visuomotor neuron has been recently discovered in the monkey’s premotor cortex: mirror neurons. These neurons respond both when a particular action is performed by the recorded monkey and when the same action, performed by another individual, is observed. Mirror neurons appear to form a cortical system matching observation and execution of goal-related motor actions. Experimental evidence suggests that a similar matching system also exists in humans. What might be the functional role of this matching system? One possible function is to enable an organism to detect certain mental states of observed conspecifics. This function might be part of, or a precursor to, a more general mind-reading ability. Two different accounts of mind- reading have been suggested. According to ‘theory theory’, mental states are represented as inferred posits of a naive theory. According to ‘simulation theory’, other people’s mental states are represented by adopting their perspective: by tracking or matching their states with resonant states of one’s own. The activity of mirror neurons, and the fact that observers undergo motor facilitation in the same muscular groups as those utilized by target agents, are findings that accord well with simulation theory but would not be predicted by theory theory. How do we understand other people’s behavior? How cortex (referred to also as inferior area 6) is composed of two can we assign goals, intentions, or beliefs to the inhabitants distinct areas, designated as F4 and F5 (Ref.
    [Show full text]
  • Empathic Response in Office Space. the Notion of Embodied Simulation in 2
    ACADEMY OF NEUROSCIENCE FOR ARCHITECTURE ANFA 2016 CONFERENCE E M Empathic response in office space. The notion of embodied simulation in 2. REFERENCES PAT Duffy, F. (1974). Office Interiors and Organizations. A Comparative Study of the Relation Between Organizational Structures and the use of Interior Space HI C corporate interiors in Sixteen Office Organizations. (Princeton University, Doctoral dissertation). RESPONSE ALESSANDRO GATTARA, M.ARCH, PH.D., VITTORIO GALLESE, M.D., PH.D. Duffy, F. (1997). The New Office. (London: Conran Octopus Limited). Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., and Gallese, V. (1997). The Space Around Us. Science 277: 5323, 190–191. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5323.190 I N Alessandro Gattara, M.Arch, Ph.D., Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambiente, Territorio e Architettura, Parma, Italy Gallese, V. (2000). The Inner Sense of Action: Agency and Motor Representations, J. Consciousness Stud. 7; 2000, 23-40. OFF I [email protected] CE Gallese, V. (2007). The “Conscious” Dorsal Stream: Embodied Simulation and its Role in Space and Action Conscious Awareness. Psyche 13: 1-20. SPACE Vittorio Gallese, M.D., Ph.D., Università di Parma, Dipartimanto di Neuroscienze, Unità di Fisiologia, Parma, Italy Gallese, V. and Di Dio, C. (2012). ‘‘Neuroesthetics. The body in aesthetic experience,’’ in Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, ed V. Ramachandran. (San . University of London, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, London, United Kingdom Diego: Academic Press). T H [email protected] E Mallgrave, H. F. (2013). Architecture and Embodiment: The Implications of the New Sciences and Humanities for Design. (Abingdon, UK and New York, NOT I NY: Routledge).
    [Show full text]
  • Flyer Gallese
    MONDAY, 24TH MAY 2021 H. 6PM-8PM (CET) Habits, social practice and symbol-making. A just-so story. Abstract: Capitalizing upon Pragmatism, Pierre Bourdieu and Practice Theory, the relationship between body, habit, practice, rituals and its bearing on the creation of symbolic objects and cultural artifacts is analyzed from a neuro-pragmatist approach, which emphasizes the procedural and implicit forms of human cognition. The suggested gradual transition from tool-making to symbol-making, grants the following: 1) It shows that utilitarian and symbolic behavior are both chapters of the same cognitive technology trajectory; 2) It doesn’t require one to assume that symbol- making is the late externalization of a previously existing inner symbolic thought, because symbolic thought and symbol-making are the co-constructive outcome of the development of shared performative practices and habits; 3) It is fully compatible with the neurobiological characterization of human relational potentialities as instantiated by embodied simulation. It is proposed that through the repetition, combination and memorization of particular shared behaviors and actions, and their mimetic ritualization, the social group infuses new cultural meanings into reused bodily performances. Click the Platypus to join the meeting Vittorio Gallese University of Parma https://personale.unipr.it/en/ugovdocenti/person/18110 Full Professor of Psychobiology, Department of Medicine & Surgery, Unit of Neuroscience at University of Parma (Parma, Italy), Adjunct Senior Research Scholar, Dept. of Art History and Archeology at Columbia University (New York, USA), and Honorary Fellow, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study at University of London (London, UK). He is the Principal Investigator of Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience at University of Parma.
    [Show full text]