Au Temps Des Expositions Impressionnistes (1874-1886)

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Au Temps Des Expositions Impressionnistes (1874-1886) Musée d’Orsay Service culturel texte : Laurence Madeline Au temps des expositions graphisme et impression : Musée d’Orsay 2002 impressionnistes (1874-1886) • Présentation • Préparation et prolongement de la visite • La visite : liste des œuvres • Bibliographie fiche de visite Cédérom 1. Définition les peuples ont eu leur beauté, nous avons Bibliographie Présentation inévitablement la nôtre.” Si le regard des impressionnistes s’affranchit, à partir de la fin des • John Rewald, Histoire de l’impressionnisme, Albin • Claire Barbillon (dirigé par), Les L’impressionnisme constitue sans doute le L’impressionnisme peut se définir selon un années 1880, des stricts enjeux du réalisme, ceux- Michel, 1946, rééd. 1986 Impressionnistes, Réunion des musées mouvement pictural le plus populaire de l’histoire ensemble de critères qui s’additionnent sans pour ci dominent leur production artistique de 1874 à nationaux/Musée d’Orsay, 1997 de la peinture. Il semble en effet, par la vivacité de autant créer de lois ou de dogmes. • Sophie Monneret, L’impressionnisme et son 1886. C’est durant ces douze années qu’ils rendent ses couleurs et la simplicité de ses sujets, époque. Dictionnaire international, 2 vol., R. compte d’une époque qui subit des mutations particulièrement accessible. Pourtant, c’est un L’impression Laffont, “Bouquins”, 1987 profondes : industrialisation, urbanisation, mouvement complexe, tant du point de vue Le mot impressionnisme est né d’une boutade mutations sociales, avènement des loisirs… • Henri Loyrette et Gary Tinterow, historique que du point de vue de ses ambitions d’Eugène Leroy, un journaliste chargé du compte Impressionnisme. Les origines (1859-1869), formelles. Il est d’autant plus difficile à cerner rendu de la première exposition impressionniste L’indépendance catalogue d’exposition, Réunion des musées qu’il rassemble des artistes aux personnalités dans Le Charivari, un journal satirique. Il reprend nationaux, 1994 fortes, parfois antagonistes, qui développent des le titre d’un des tableaux envoyés par Monet Les peintres impressionnistes exposent ensemble styles si différents que l’on peut parfois trouver afin de dénoncer et de contourner tout à la fois • Paul Smith, L’artiste impressionniste, Impression, soleil levant (1872, Paris, musée excessif de leur imposer une étiquette commune. l’organisation des Beaux-Arts en France qui s’est Flammarion, 1995 Marmottan). Le peintre, conscient de l’aspect C’est la raison pour laquelle la visite se concentre allusif de son style, l’a justifié en affirmant la longtemps montrée hostile à leur égard. Depuis le • Ruth Berson, The New Painting. Impressionism sur les douze années durant lesquelles se sont transposition de sa vision, ou de son impression, milieu des années 1860, Monet, Pissarro, Renoir, 1874-1886, San Francisco Museum of Fine Arts, tenues les huit expositions du groupe, période où plus importante que l’était la fidélité illusionniste Sisley, Degas, Cézanne ainsi que Bazille, tentent University of Washington Press, 1996 les échanges entre les peintres ont été les plus au sujet. Monet revendique ainsi la primauté de de franchir les portes du Salon sévèrement denses. Avant 1874, les futurs membres du groupe, gardées par un Jury qui n’entend pas laisser entrer • Laurence Madeline, Cent chefs-d’œuvre son regard, ce qu’Émile Zola appelait le non officiellement créé, exposent peu et ils ne sont ces jeunes artistes trop novateurs. En outre, être impressionnistes au musée d’Orsay, Scala, 1999 tempérament de l’artiste : “Une œuvre d’art est un guère reconnus par la critique. Après 1886, les coin de la création vu à travers un tempérament”. reçu signifierait le plus souvent voir son tableau • Dominique Lobstein et Laurence Madeline, artistes s’éloignent les uns des autres, Le qualificatif, moqueur, est repris par les perdu au milieu de la masse des œuvres exposées, ABCdaire de l’impressionnisme, Flammarion, 1995 l’impressionnisme évolue vers de nouvelles intéressés eux-mêmes à partir de 1877. Au même accroché hors de portée des regards. Lassés par recherches, menées aussi par une nouvelle les refus qu’ils essuient régulièrement et qui les • Ralph E. Shikes et Paula Harper, Pissarro, moment, Zola propose cette définition du groupe : génération. empêchent de se faire connaître des critiques et Flammarion, 1981 “Je crois qu’il faut entendre par des peintres impressionnistes des peintres qui peignent la des amateurs, ils envisagent dès 1867 d’organiser • Éric Darragon, Manet, Citadelles, 1991 réalité et qui se piquent de donner l’impression une exposition commune et indépendante, comme l’avaient déjà fait auparavant Courbet et Manet, • Anne Distel, Seurat, Éditions du Chêne, 1991, même de la nature, qu’ils n’étudient pas dans ses après Greuze et David. C’est seulement en 1874, “Profils de l’art” détails mais dans son ensemble. Il est certain qu’à vingt pas on ne distingue nettement ni le nez ni les après le traumatisme de la guerre et de la • Henri Loyrette, Degas, Fayard, 1991 yeux d’un personnage. Pour le rendre tel qu’on le Commune (1870-1871) que ce dessein est mis à exécution. • Raymond Cogniat, Sisley, Flammarion, 1992 voit, il ne faut pas le peindre avec les rides de la peau, mais dans la vie de son attitude, avec l’air À l’origine de l’exposition fondatrice ouverte le 15 • William R. Johnston, Christopher Lloyd, Sylvie vibrant qui l’entoure.” (Le Sémaphore de Marseille, avril 1874 à l’ancienne adresse du photographe Patin et Mary Anne Stevens, Sisley, catalogue 1877). Nadar, boulevard des Capucines, se trouve la d’exposition, Réunion des musées nationaux, 1992 Société anonyme des artistes-peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs créée en 1873. Ses statuts prévoient • Anne Distel et allii, Gustave Caillebotte, La matérialité de la peinture l’organisation d’expositions sans jurys ni catalogue d’exposition, Réunion des musées L’impressionnisme se définit aussi par récompenses et l’édition d’un journal. Les peintres nationaux, 1994 l’affirmation de ses procédés picturaux (touche, veulent prendre complètement en main la mise en • Philippe Dagen, Cézanne, Flammarion, “Tout traces, empâtements, toile non enduite en réserve vente et la promotion de leurs œuvres. De fait, si l’art”, 1995 parfois...) qui choque encore les partisans d’une les expositions impressionnistes déchaînent peinture lisse, finie, léchée. C’est précisément ce longtemps la réaction parfois violente du public et • Henri Loyrette, Degas. “Je voudrais être illustre et qu’analyse Mallarmé, lorsqu’il se réjouit de voir des critiques, elles permettent enfin aux peintres inconnu”, Gallimard, “Découvertes”, 1988 Manet et ses amis renoncer à “voiler l’origine de d’être vus et de faire parler d’eux. Le modèle • Michel Hoog, Cézanne. “Puissant et solitaire”, cet art fait d’onguents et de couleurs” (1874). d’association d’artistes et d’expositions Gallimard, “Découvertes”, 1989 Ainsi, à l’existence du sujet, à la force du indépendantes de l’administration des Beaux-Arts tempérament de l’artiste, s’ajoute la valeur expérimenté par les impressionnistes, rapidement • Françoise Cachin, Seurat. Le rêve de l’art-science, essentielle du médium peinture lui-même. aidés par le marchand Paul Durand-Ruel, s’impose Gallimard, “Découvertes”, 1991 peu à peu à l’État et à la plupart des artistes à • Anne Distel, Renoir. “Il faut embellir”, Gallimard, Le réalisme partir de 1881 en permettant l’expansion de tous “Découvertes”, 1993 Ainsi que l’écrit Zola, les peintres impressionnistes les mouvements qui ont suivi. Mais Manet, considéré comme le chef de file du mouvement, • Sylvie Patin, Monet. “Un œil… mais, bon Dieu, sont des “peintres qui peignent la réalité” et ce qui ne s’est jamais associé aux manifestations de ses quel œil !”, Gallimard, “Découvertes”, 1991 les rassemble, c’est le goût unanimement partagé pour la représentation de leur temps. Exceptés amis. Cézanne par ailleurs n’expose que deux fois • Anne Distel, Signac au temps d’harmonie, Degas et Cézanne qui conservent une inclination (1874 et 1877) avec les impressionnistes et se Gallimard, “Découvertes”, 2001 pour les sujets littéraires, bibliques ou classiques, détache très tôt du groupe. Renoir (en 1879) et Monet (en 1880) préfèrent eux aussi rejoindre, • Isabelle Cahn, ABCdaire de Cézanne, tous s’intéressent dès leurs débuts au monde qui pour un temps, les cimaises du Salon. Flammarion, 1995 les entoure. Ils suivent, dans leur exploration du quotidien, le chemin tracé par Courbet puis par • Stéphane Guégan et Loïc Stavridès, ABCdaire de Manet et dont le critique Baudelaire avait fait Après avoir vu ce qui rapproche les Monet, Flammarion, 1999 l’enjeu de la peinture moderne. En 1846, il avait impressionnistes, il faut également considérer ce déjà invité les artistes à peindre leur époque qui qui les sépare. Des attitudes divergentes au sujet “n’est pas moins féconde que les anciennes en du Salon, par exemple, suscitent des tensions. motifs sublimes, on peut affirmer que puisque tous La brochure du critique Edmond Duranty, La Nouvelle Peinture, publiée à l’occasion de la partagé avec Bazille les mêmes escapades autour humaine ; couleur/dessin constituent deux points Quatrième exposition seconde exposition du groupe en 1876, met en de Paris avant 1870. Ce sont d’ailleurs Monet et de divorce mais aussi d’ancrage à partir desquels Préparation La visite : liste des œuvres lumière l’existence de deux courants principaux Renoir qui, travaillant ensemble aux Bains de la vont s’élaborer à la fois le parcours futur des impressionniste (Paris, 1879) et prolongement Cette visite se limite volontairement aux œuvres dans l’impressionnisme : le plein air d’une part, la Grenouillère à Bougival, ont donné naissance à la impressionnistes et celui de leurs suiveurs. L’un • Gustave Caillebotte : Vue de toits (Effet de neige), présentées lors des expositions impressionnistes vie moderne d’autre part, qui se recoupent et se facture “impressionniste” : une touche divisée qui, des buts de Seurat, dans son Dimanche à l’île de la de la visite dit Toits sous la neige, 1878 (1874-1886), sans chercher à tirer de cet superposent.
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