DOCSLIB.ORG

Exotic Insects Invading Nevada's Trees!

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Exotic Insects Invading Nevada's Trees! special publication 12-06 Exotic Insects Invading Nevada’s Trees! Be a Citizen Monitor for Urban and Native Forests JoAnne Skelly, Extension Educator Carson City / Storey County Angela O’Callaghan, Social Horticulture Specialist Introduction community an identity. They may and treating them immediately If you have a landscape with a have historic value as well (USDA is critical to eradicating these tree in it, your yard is part of an Forest Service, 1993). When trees invaders before they kill our trees. urban forest. There are also natural are lost, it reduces property values We want you to join our Citizens’ forests of native trees throughout and curb appeal, eliminates shade, Monitoring Program in which we Nevada. Invasive insects coming in creates heat islands, causes hazards are encouraging the public to be on from other countries now threaten when dying limbs and dead trees the lookout for the exotic invasive both our urban and natural forests. break or fall and it destroys the insects listed in this publication. Some states have already lost beauty of our landscapes. Dead significant numbers of native and and dying trees can be significant The Insects of Greatest landscape trees due to these insect wildfire hazards. Replacing trees, Concern Include: invaders. Anyone with a tree in particularly mature trees, can be Asian longhorned beetle their yard needs to be aware of expensive and, in Nevada, trees (Anoplophora glabripennis) these potentially devastating insects take a long time to grow. Emerald ash borer (Agrilus in order to protect not only the planipennis) trees in their yard, but also the trees Purpose of this Publication Goldspotted oak borer in our forests. The USDA Forest Service, (Agrilus coxalis) Why should we worry about Nevada Division of Forestry, Honeylocust borer (Agrilus exotic invasive insects? Trees are the Nevada Department of Agriculture difficilis) backbone of a landscape. They are and University of Nevada Oak splendour beetle (Agrilus a valuable investment in a home Cooperative Extension are working biguttatus) landscape, park or as community together to raise awareness of a Redhaired pine bark beetle trees. They provide shade, cooling, number of destructive exotic insects (Hylurgus ligniperda) beauty, erosion control and that could destroy our urban and Red palm weevil wildlife habitat. They clean the air. native trees if these insects become (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) They uplift our spirits and give a established in Nevada. Sirex wood wasp (Sirex So far, few, if any, are present in noctilio) Nevada, so we want to keep them White satin moth (Leucoma out or spot them early when they salicis) arrive. Finding these pests early See Table 1 (pages 3—7) for details on these pests. Exotic insEcts invading nEvada’s trEEs What Can You Do to infestation, insect eggs can be very Conclusion Prevent These Pests? tiny and yet hatch into larvae and Each of us can play a significant Keep trees healthy. This then adults that can destroy an role in protecting our native and is the best defense. Trees need entire ecosystem. Never assume urban forests from exotic invasive water, air in the soil, nutrients, that firewood that “looks safe” is insects that can do great ecological, sunlight and proper maintenance safe to move. Buy firewood from aesthetic and economical damage to thrive. Rainfall is rarely sufficient local sources where you burn it. to our trees. moisture, so trees must be watered (www.dontmovefirewood.org). Please, be on the lookout for regularly, even through the winter. Be on the lookout for these pests in Table 1. Be aware of Keep a minimum of a 12-inch invasive insects. If you think some of the lookalike insects that area around trees free of lawn and an insect looks suspicious, or are not invaders (Figure 1). Note, weeds so there is no competition you see D-shaped holes in ash, before using pesticides, identify the for water or nutrients and so honeylocust or oak trees, call pest, read and follow the label. lawnmowers can’t damage trunks. Jeff Knight, State Entomologist Avoid damaging trunks with power with the Nevada Department of string trimmers. Most trees will Agriculture, 775.353.3767, or the need a balanced fertilizer at least Forest Health Specialist with Be a Citizen Monitor once per year. Prune at the time Nevada Division of Forestry, for insects of year appropriate for the type 775.849.2500, ext 241. invading trees. of tree using proper pruning cuts. Be aware of which trees Your local University of Nevada could be victims. Learn to Extension office can help with this identify the ornamental and information or go to www.unr.edu native trees in your yard, your for publications on tree care. neighborhood and your area. If Don’t move or import they look like they are suffering, firewood. Firewood often carries find out why. invasive insects and diseases that For more information in the kill native and ornamental trees. northern part of Nevada, contact New infestations of these insects JoAnne Skelly, Extension destroy our native and urban Educator, 775.887.2252, forests, reduce property values [email protected]. For the and cost a great deal to monitor, southern area, contact Angela manage and control. Even if you O’Callaghan, Social Horticulture don’t see any visible signs of Specialist, 702.257.5581, [email protected]. 2 Exotic insEcts invading nEvada’s trEEs Table 1: Exotic Invasive Insects to Look Out For Symptoms In In Name of Insect Trees Invaded & Signs Control USA NV Comments Asian longhorned Partial list: Dying branches or Remove infested IL No Probably arrived whole trees trees and destroy MA in U.S. in wood beetle (ALB) Ash by chipping or NJ packing material Birch Large black beetles ALB adult ¾" to 1¼" with white spots burning NY from China. Elm and long antennae OH To prevent Horsechestnut 1½ to 2½ times further the body length. spread avoid Maple, Feet have bluish transporting including tinge infested wood boxelder, ALB exit hole from area. Norway, red Oval to round pits and silver in the bark Could cause more damage Mountain Oozing sap in than Dutch elm ash summer Photo: K.r. Law, usda aPhis PPQ, disease, chestnut Bugwood.org Sycamore Accumulation of blight and gypsy coarse sawdust Mimosa moth combined ALB larva around the base (USDA APHIS Poplar of tree or where 2001). Willows branches join trunk Photo: d.a.haugEn, usda ForEst sErvicE, Bugwood.org Round holes on Complete host trunks 3/8 inch or list not yet larger in diameter determined Occasional to Photo: K.r. Law, usda aPhis PPQ, Bugwood.org rare hosts Emerald ash borer Ash only, Amount of leaves Insecticides IL No Often moved in (EAB) particularly may thin by 30% containing IN firewood green ash to 50%, gradually the ingredient KY Strong fliers imidacloprid MD EAB adult ¼" - ½" Dense shoots on may work if tree MI trunk EAB D-shaped is still relatively MN exit hole D-shaped holes healthy (Herms MO on trunks and et al. 2009). NY branches Remove trees OH Dead branches at with more than PA top 50% of their TN VA Woodpecker tops dying WV damage or dead and WI destroy wood S-shaped tunnels hoto ussELL ichigan tatE by chipping or P : h. r , M s under the bark univErsity, Bugwood.org burning Photo: ny statE dEPt oF ag and MarKEts, Bugwood.org 3 Exotic insEcts invading nEvada’s trEEs Table 1: Exotic Invasive Insects to Look Out For Symptoms In In Name of Insect Trees Invaded & Signs Control USA NV Comments Goldspotted oak borer Oak Six golden yellow Insecticides AZ No Readily moved (GSOB) spots on dark containing CA in firewood and green back of the ingredient wood packing GSOB adult, 13/16" beetle imidacloprid material Extensive black or may work if tree Related to EAB red staining with is still relatively and HB sap oozing from healthy (Herms under the bark et al. 2009) Top of tree thins Remove dead or GSOB bark and branches die dying trees and staining back handle infested materials D-shaped holes on carefully trunks, branches Tarp the wood Photo: M. LEwis, cEntEr For invasivE sPEciEs Woodpecker with thick clear rEsEarch, Bugwood.org damage plastic; expose cut wood to direct sunlight Photo: t.w. coLEMan, usda after removing ForEst sErvicE bark; or chip- infested material Honeylocust Borer Honeylocust Yellowish-white Keep the tree AL Yes, (HB) bands on sides healthy and AR in CO Reno Notches along leaf watered well to HB adult female ½" margins prevent attacks: GA and avoid drought IA Las Weeping at stress, wounds to IL Vegas wounds the tree, prune IN Top and branches at the proper KS HB exit hole, die back time of year KY D-shaped LA D-shaped holes MI Tree may die MO NC NE NJ Photo: J.P. BashaM, NM tEnnEssEE statE univErsity, otis L. FLoyd nursEry rEsEarch cEntEr OH OK SC Photo: J. Knight, nEvada SD dEPartMEnt oF agricuLturE TN UT 4 Exotic insEcts invading nEvada’s trEEs Table 1: Exotic Invasive Insects to Look Out For Symptoms In In Name of Insect Trees Invaded & Signs Control USA NV Comments Oak splendor beetle Oak Adults metallic Insecticides No No Strong fliers (OSB) Chestnut green with white containing Related to EAB, spots on sides the ingredient GSOB, HB Beech OSB adult, 1/3" to ½" imidacloprid Branches die back, Readily moved top thins, tree dies may work if tree is still relatively in firewood and D-shaped holes wood packing healthy (Herms et al. 2009). material Zig-zag galleries under the bark Poses substantial risk to natural and urban environments http://www.vermontagri ulture.c om/ if it were to be ARM ES/plantindustry/ca s/fores Pests/ introduced Photo: g.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biology and Ecology of Sirex, Deladenus and Amylostereum in North America
    BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF SIREX, DELADENUS AND AMYLOSTEREUM IN NORTH AMERICA A thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science By Isis Andréia Lima Caetano January, 2017 i © 2017 Isis Andréia Lima Caetano iii Abstract Sirex noctilio is a woodwasp that attacks stressed or dying pine trees. It is native to Eurasia and North Africa but has been invasive in the southern hemisphere since the early 1900s. It was found for the first time in the United States in New York State in September 2004 and in Ontario in 2005. Since then it has spread to a total of seven northeastern US states. S. noctilio is more aggressive than the native pine specialist Sirex nigricornis and it is able to kill living pines by injecting a phytotoxic venom and its symbiotic fungus Amylostereum areolatum into tree trunks. The Kamona strain of the nematode Deladenus siricidicola has been extensively used as a biological control agent against invasive S. noctilio in the Southern Hemisphere, where it sterilizes female hosts by entering the eggs and making them inviable. In North America, a non- sterilizing (NS) strain of D. siricidicola, thought to have been introduced with S. noctilio, is commonly found parasitizing this invasive woodwasp. Species of Deladenus that parasitize Sirex have a parasitic form as well as a mycophagous form. Studies were conducted to understand 1. Sirex mating behavior and sexual receptivity, 2. the growth of two strains of D. siricidicola, Kamona and NS, with different strains and species of Amylostereum spp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sirex Woodwasp, Sirex Noctilio: Pest in North America May Be the Ecology, Potential Impact, and Management in the Southeastern U.S
    SREF-FH-003 June 2016 woodwasp has not become a major The Sirex woodwasp, Sirex noctilio: pest in North America may be the Ecology, Potential Impact, and Management in the Southeastern U.S. many insects that are competitors or natural enemies. Some of these insects compete for resources AUTHORED BY: LAUREL J. HAAVIK AND DAVID R. COYLE (e.g. native woodwasps, bark and ambrosia beetles, and longhorned beetles) while others (e.g.parasitoids) are natural enemies and use Sirex woodwasp larvae as hosts. However, should the Sirex woodwasp arrive in the southeastern U.S., with its abundant pine plantations and areas of natural pine, this insect could easily be a major pest for the region. Researchers have monitored and tracked Sirex woodwasp populations since its discovery in North America. The most common detection tool is a flight intercept trap (Fig. 2a) baited with a synthetic chemical lure that consists of pine scents (70% α-pinene, 30% β-pinene) or actual pine branches (Fig. 2b). Woodwasps are attracted to the odors given off by the lure or cut pine branches, and as they fly toward the scent they collide with the sides of the trap and drop Figure 1. The high density of likely or confirmed pine (Pinus spp.) hosts of the Sirex woodwasp suggests the southeastern U.S. may be heavily impacted should this non-native insect become into the collection cup at the bottom. established in this region. The collection cup is usually filled with a liquid (e.g. propylene glycol) that acts as both a killing agent and Overview and Detection preservative that holds the insects until they are collected.
    [Show full text]
  • The New York Forest Owner a Publication of the New York Forest Owners Association for People Who Care About New York’S Trees and Forests May/June 2010
    The New York Forest Owner A PublicAtion of the new York forest owners AssociAtion For people who care about New York’s trees and forests May/June 2010 Member Profile: Larry Becker Volume 48 Number 3 www.nyfoa.org The New York In This Issue . ForesT owNers from the President Mike Seager ................................................................................................. 3 AssociATioN whY cAn’t i move firewood? Officers & Directors Justin A. PerrY .......................................................................................... 5 Mike Seager, President PO Box 1281 forest science becomes forest PrActice Pittsford, NY 14535; (585) 414-6511 Peter smAllidge ......................................................................................... 6 Fred Thurnherr, Vice-President 7885 Center Road new York stAte tree fArm news Holland, NY 14080; (716) 941-5736 Erin o’neill ............................................................................................. 8 Rich Taber, Secretary 1703 Fisk Rd kid’s corner Eaton, NY 13334; (315) 837-4265 RebeccA hArgrAve .................................................................................... 9 Mike Birmingham, Treasurer wild things in Your woodlAnds PO Box 601 Kristi sullivAn ........................................................................................... 10 Kinderhook, NY 12106; (518)758-2621 Otis Barber, Sinclairville, (716) 962-8175. 2012 nYfoA sAfetY tiP ..................................................................................... 11 René Germain,
    [Show full text]
  • Sequence Data Reflect the Introduction Pathways of the Sirex Woodwasp Parasitoid, Ibalia Leucospoides (Ibaliidae, Hymenoptera)
    Sequence data reflect the introduction pathways of the Sirex woodwasp parasitoid, Ibalia leucospoides (Ibaliidae, Hymenoptera) Brett P. Hurley1,*, Katrin N.E. Fitza2, Michael J. Wingfield2, Bernard Slippers2 1Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa 2Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa *Correspondence: Brett P. Hurley. Tel.: +27 12 4205822; fax: +27 12 4203960. e-mail: [email protected] Abstract 1. The parasitoid wasp Ibalia leucospoides is native to the northern hemisphere and has been introduced to the southern hemisphere as a biological control agent for the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio. Two sub-species of the parasitoid, I. leucospoides leucospoides (Palearctic distribution) and I. leucospoides ensiger (Nearctic distribution), were introduced and are reported to have hybridized. 2. Despite extensive records of the numbers and origins of the wasps imported into the southern hemisphere, nothing is known regarding their current population diversity. We investigated the genetic variation of I. leucospoides in its native and introduced ranges using mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (ITS) markers. 3. Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the introduced range was limited, with only five haplotypes, but sequence divergence between these haplotypes was high. Similarly, the ITS rDNA sequences revealed multiple clades present in the introduced range. 4. These results reflect introductions from a wide geographical range, but where genetic bottlenecks have possibly reduced the genetic diversity. The data further reflect the origin of the I. leucospoides populations in South America and South Africa from New Zealand or Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • SIREX NOCTILIO HOST CHOICE and NO-CHOICE BIOASSAYS: WOODWASP PREFERENCES for SOUTHEASTERN U.S. PINES by JAMIE ELLEN DINKINS (Und
    SIREX NOCTILIO HOST CHOICE AND NO-CHOICE BIOASSAYS: WOODWASP PREFERENCES FOR SOUTHEASTERN U.S. PINES by JAMIE ELLEN DINKINS (Under the Direction of Kamal J.K. Gandhi) ABSTRACT Sirex noctilio F., the European woodwasp, is an exotic invasive pest newly introduced to the northeastern U.S. This woodwasp kills trees in the Pinus genus and could potentially cause millions of dollars of damage in the southeastern U.S., where pine plantations are extensive. At present, little is known about the preferences of this wasp for southeastern pine species, and further, little methodology exists as related to conducting host choice or no-choice bioassays with this species. My thesis developed methodology to successfully perform S. noctilio host choice and no-choice bioassays (both colonization and emergence from bolts), examined S. noctilio behavioral and developmental responses to southeastern U.S. pine species using bolts, and investigated possible mechanisms to explain these behavioral responses. Results indicated larger bolts were preferred to smaller bolts by S. noctilio, and P. strobus and P. virginiana were preferred out of six southeastern species in host choice bioassays. KEYWORDS: choice and no-choice bioassay, southeastern pines, European woodwasp, host preference, mechanisms, Sirex noctilio, Pinus SIREX NOCTILIO HOST CHOICE AND NO-CHOICE BIOASSAYS: WOODWASP PREFERENCES FOR SOUTHEASTERN U.S. PINES by JAMIE ELLEN DINKINS B.S. The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 2009 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Athens, GA 2011 © 2011 Jamie Ellen Dinkins All Rights Reserved SIREX NOCTILIO HOST CHOICE AND NO-CHOICE BIOASSAYS: WOODWASP PREFERENCES FOR SOUTHEASTERN U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Health Manual
    FOREST HEALTH THREATS TO SOUTH CAROLINA’S FORESTS 1 Photo by Southern Forest Insect Work CONTENTS Conference (Bugwood.org) 3STEM, BRANCH & TRUNK DISEASES 9 ROOT DISEASES 13 VASCULAR DISEASES Forest Health: Threats to South Carolina’s Forests, published by the South Carolina Forestry Commission, August 2016 This forest health manual highlights some of the insect pests and diseases you are likely to encounter BARK-BORING INSECTS in South Carolina’s forests, as well as some threats 18 that are on the horizon. The South Carolina Forestry Commission plans to expand on the manual, as well as adapt it into a portable manual that can be consulted in the field. The SCFC insect and disease staff hopes you find this manual helpful and welcomes any suggestions to improve it. 23 WOOD-BORING INSECTS SCFC Insect & Disease staff David Jenkins Forest Health Program Coordinator Office: (803) 896-8838 Cell: (803) 667-1002 [email protected] 27 DEFOLIATING INSECTS Tyler Greiner Southern Pine Beetle Program Coordinator Office: (803) 896-8830 Cell: (803) 542-0171 [email protected] PIERCING INSECTS Kevin Douglas 34 Forest Technician Office: (803) 896-8862 Cell: (803) 667-1087 [email protected] SEEDLING & TWIG INSECTS 2 35 Photo by Robert L. Anderson (USDA Forest DISEASES Service, Bugwood.org) OF STEMS, BRANCHES & TRUNKS and N. ditissima) invade the wounds and create cankers. BEECH BARK DISEASE Spores are produced in orange-red fruiting bodies that form clusters on the bark. The fruiting bodies mature in the fall Overview and release their spores in moist weather to be dispersed by This disease was first reported in Europe in 1849.
    [Show full text]
  • NEMATODES for the BIOLOGICAL CONTROL of the WOODWASP, SIREX NOCTILIO Robin A
    NEMATODES FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE WOODWASP, SIREX NOCTILIO Robin A. Bedding CSIRO Entomology, PO Box 1700, ACT 2601, Australia ABSTRACT The tylenchid nematode Beddingia (Deladenus) been placed in a separate family of nematodes. siricidicola (Bedding) is by far the most important Poinar et al. [2002] have now placed both control agent of Sirex noctilio F., a major forms of Beddingia species in a new family, the pest of pine plantations. It sterilizes female Beddingiidae). sirex, is density dependent, can achieve nearly At about the time adult parasitized sirex emerge 100 percent parasitism and, as a result of its from infested trees, adult nematodes complicated biology can be readily manipulated have usually released most of the juveniles that are for sirex control. Bedding and Iede (2005) gave a within them into the insect’s blood cavity and the comprehensive account of this nematode and its juveniles have migrated to the insect’s reproductive use in Australia and South America. organs. In the male, this is a dead end but Throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, CSIRO and female sirex are effectively sterilized because, as various consultants conducted a comprehensive well as ovarial development being suppressed search, in hundreds of localities from Europe, to various degrees, each egg that is produced USA, Canada, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Morocco is fi lled with up to 200 juvenile nematodes. A and Japan, for coniferous trees infested with parasitized female sirex still oviposits readily, and any siricid species. Thousands of logs from these often in several different trees, but lays packets trees were then caged in quarantine, mainly at of nematodes instead of viable eggs.
    [Show full text]
  • Life History Traits of Sirex Noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) Can Explain Outbreaks Independently of Environmental Factors
    MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES doi:10.3934/mbe.2013.10.1265 AND ENGINEERING Volume 10, Number 5&6, October & December 2013 pp. 1265{1279 LIFE HISTORY TRAITS OF SIREX NOCTILIO F. (HYMENOPTERA: SIRICIDAE) CAN EXPLAIN OUTBREAKS INDEPENDENTLY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Juan Pablo Aparicio Instituto de Investigaci´onen Energ´ıasno Convencionales, INENCO, CONICET Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, 4400 Salta, Argentina And Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center Arizona State University, PO Box 871904 Tempe, AZ 85287-1904, USA Juan Carlos Corley Grupo de Ecolog´ıade Poblaciones de Insectos, INTA EEA Bariloche Modesta Victoria 1500, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina Jorge Eduardo Rabinovich Centro de Estudios Parasitol´ogicosy de Vectores (CEPAVE) Universidad Nacional de La Plata Calle 2 No. 584, 1900 La Plata, Argentina Abstract. The woodwasp Sirex noctilio is a major pest of pine plantations worldwide. Economically significant damage is however limited to outbreak populations. To understand what determines outbreaks dynamics in this species, we developed an individual based model for a wasp population developing within a pine plantation. We show that outbreaks may be the result of the insect's life history. Specifically we show that limited dispersal may not only increase population persistence but also create the conditions for eruptive dy- namics. When the probability of long distance dispersal is greater than zero, but relatively small (PLDD= 0.1) large outbreaks are the norm, with all of the suitable trees dead at the end of the simulation. For PLDD= 0 (only local dis- persal allowed) outbreaks are smaller in size, and in some cases not well defined and spread over longer periods.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in the United States
    United States Department of Major Forest Insect and Agriculture Forest Service Disease Conditions in FS-933 the United States September 2009 2008 Update United States Department of Major Forest Insect and Agriculture Forest Service Disease Conditions in FS-933 the United States September 2009 2008 Update Disclaimer The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Cover photo: Mountain pine beetle mortality on the Medicine Bow National Forest, WY. Photo by Brian Howell, Forest Service. Preface This report represents the 58th annual report prepared by the their own analyses, especially over time. A primary goal is to Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, of the major make the database useful and user friendly to those interested in insect and disease conditions of the Nation’s forests. This this type of information.
    [Show full text]
  • Safeguarding Against Future Invasive Forest Insects Mark Hitchcox Pest Survey Specialist, U.S
    Safeguarding Against Future Invasive Forest Insects Mark Hitchcox Pest Survey Specialist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Portland, OR Abstract Many nonnative insect species have been introduced into North American forests, sometimes with a detrimental effect on wild and cultivated plants. Prevention of new invasive spe- cies depends on improved awareness of the pest and pathway risks, and finding methods to realistically mitigate those risks. Early detection and rapid response strategies aim to prevent new pest introductions. Within the timeline of each new pest introduction is a tenuous period where a population may or may not become established. After a new pest has become es- tablished in the landscape, the ability to detect that population before it spreads beyond controllable levels is critical. This article reviews the phases of a pest invasion, the safeguards needed to prevent or contain invasions, and some of the exotic insect pests, which may affect nursery production, forest out- plantings, or mature woodlands in the future. Introduction Figure 1. Asian longhorned beetle oviposition and exit hole damage in a maple tree in a southern Ohio quarantined area. (Photo by Helmuth Rogg, Oregon Department of Agriculture) Throughout the past century, foreign insect species have estab- lished in North America, some populations of which have greatly affected forested landscapes (Pimentel et al. 2005, Krcmer human illness in communities affected by the EAB (Donovan 2008, Aukema et al. 2011). Natural and urban forests are et al. 2013). Costly Federal and State quarantines have been being attacked by exotic woodboring pests, such as emerald established to attempt to contain EAB, ALB, and EGM and ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (EAB) and Asian prevent their spread to other communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Northeast Temperate Network Early Detection Of
    National Park Service U.S. Department of Interior Northeast Temperate Network Early Detection of Invasive Species Surveillance Monitoring Field Guide Jennifer Stingelin Keefer National Park Service The Pennsylvania State University 422 Forest Resources Bldg. University Park, PA 16802 [email protected] Northeast Temperate Network Contact: Kate Miller NETN Plant Ecologist Acadia National Park Bar Harbor, ME 04605 P: 207-288-8736, F: 207-288-8709 [email protected] Suggested Citation: Keefer, Jennifer S., 2010. Early Detection of Inva- sive Species: Surveillance Monitoring Field Guide. National Park Service, Northeast Temperate Network, Woodstock, VT. Thanks to Cynthia D. Huebner, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, for use of the “Invasive Plants Field and Reference Guide: An Ecological Per- spective of Plant Invaders of Forests and Woodlands Field Guide” template, format and design. The Early Detection of Invasive Species Surveillance Monitor- ing Field Guide is designed to be used in conjunction with the Forest Service publication. Huebner, Cynthia D.; Olson, Cassandra; Smith, Heather C. 2005. Invasive Plants Field and Reference Guide: An Ecological Perspective of Plant Invaders of Forests and Woodlands. NA-TP-05-04. Morgantown, WV: U.S. De- partment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry. 86 p. All images contained in this document are copy- righted. Any commercial or other use of the images requires written permission from the photographer or contact organization. Purpose of this Field Guide: This guide was designed as part of the Eastern Rivers and Mountains (ERMN) and Northeast Temperate (NETN) Networks Early Detection of Invasive Species Surveillance Monitoring and Rapid Response monitoring protocol.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposed Program for the Control of the Woodwasp Sirex Noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in the Northeastern United States
    United States Department of Agriculture Proposed Program for Marketing and Regulatory the Control of the Programs Animal and Woodwasp Sirex noctilio Plant Health Inspection Service F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in the Northeastern United States Environmental Assessment, August 2008 Proposed Program for the Control of the Woodwasp Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in the Northeastern United States Environmental Assessment August 2008 Agency Contact: Lynn Evans-Goldner Emergency and Domestic Programs Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service U.S. Department of Agriculture 4700 River Road, Unit 137 Riverdale, MD 20737 __________________________________________________________ The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all Its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326–W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250–9410 or call (202) 720–5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. __________________________________________________________ Mention of companies or commercial products in this report does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over others not mentioned. USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of any product mentioned. Product names are mentioned solely to report factually on available data and to provide specific information.
    [Show full text]