London: A Mixed City Which Has Served As A Regional Center For Southwestern For Over 150 Years

Michael Brown 99045019 Trudi E. Bunting Geog 350 March 14, 2002 Abstract

This report focuses on the historical geographic development of London Ontario, Canada, within the context of the Canadian urban system as a whole. The argument presented is that throughout London’s lifetime it has always been classified as a regional service center. It has, for the most part been considered a mixed city as it has never been functionally specialized in one specific economic area. In order to confirm this statement, a variety of topics were examined, which include overall location and setting characteristics, historical and geographical urban developments, immigration trends, and economic basis. Geographically London is located in the heart of Southwestern Ontario. Being in this central location the city has many strong transportation and communication connections which support its regional service center nature. Throughout London’s almost 200 year history, it has continually been developing its strong service sector. Immigration has been important for its growth, but not to the same extent as in other Canadian cities such as . Economically, London has presented a very diversified employment breakdown throughout its past; however, the service sector of London’s economy has been marginally greater than the service sector of the average Canadian city. This, again, demonstrates evidence of London’s regional service center nature. Many of the statistical trends suggest that London, in the future will continue to show signs of moderate growth which will parallel that of the rest of the country. One area of possible concern with respect to London’s hinterland may come from increased expansion of the hinterlands of competing mid-sized cities, such as Windsor or Kitchener, as they try to adapt to the new service economy.

1

In the continent of North America, a unique fertile land mass exist which can be found in the middle of the collection of the great lakes. This area is known as Southwestern Ontario. On a topographical map, it distinctly forms “a natural region; on the east, it is separated from the rest of the province by a sweeping arc of the Niagara Escarpment and on the south and the west, bounded by the waters” (Armstrong, 8) of Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Huron. “This triangular land mass is one of the richest and most fertile farming areas on the North American continent,” (Miller, 6) and, as a result, in the late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century, many settlers from Europe and the United States flocked to this countryside. As a result of increased rural population, it became apparent that this geographical region would soon need some form of urban center to act as a regional city for the surrounding countryside; hence, the city of London, Ontario, was born located at the forks of the Thames River in the geographic center of Southwestern Ontario. Today, the city of London continues to act as a regional service center for Southwestern Ontario. It provides goods and service for its own population and also provides many of the higher order goods and services needed in its surrounding hinterland. From Chatham, to Simcoe, to Wingham, and all points in between, London provides many higher order goods and services such as insurance, post-secondary education, and health care. From a broader perspective, the city of Toronto tends to dominate Canada as a regional center. Evidence of this dominance can be seen from newspaper distribution (Figure E-2), and airline passenger flows (Figure E-3) in Appendix E. Nonetheless, in both these figures it is also apparent that London serves a distinct section of Ontario as a regional center. The newspaper distribution map (Figure E-2) clearly defines a vast regional hinterland boarder around the city of London. This area of Ontario forms a relatively large percentage of the landmass of ‘Main-Street’ Canada (Figure E-5) which has a major influence on the Canadian economy and also provides Canada with some of the most fertile agricultural land in the country. Although London is dominated by Toronto on a national basis, because of the two major statements mentioned above, the concept of London as a regional center cannot be overlooked and is fundamental to the understanding of the Canadian urban system as a whole. 2

The goal of this paper is to clarify that throughout London’s lifetime it has always been classified as a regional service center. It has, for the most part, been considered a mixed city; as it has never been functionally specialized in one specific area, unlike neighbouring cities such as Windsor, Kitchener, and Hamilton, which in the past, have been predominately specialized in manufacturing. In order to confirm this statement, a variety of topics must be looked at which include overall location and setting characteristics, historical and geographical urban developments, immigration trends, and the economic basis of London, Ontario. A small section of this report will also suggest possible future trends in the above areas with respect to the city of London and the nation of Canada as a whole. Overall Location & Setting As mentioned earlier, the city of London is located at the geographic center of Southwestern Ontario; however, when considering the location of London from a world perspective, it is important to distinguish London, England, from London, Canada. London, Canada, is located in the western hemisphere, and from the perspective of North America (figure 1), it is located just east of the geographic center. The next map (figure A) goes to a larger scale, showing the location of London relative to the rest of Canada. With respect to Canada, the city of London is located in one of the most southern portions of the country and is slightly east of the geographic center of Canada. With respect to the economic center of the country (Toronto), London is located very close to the center, as it can be found along the Windsor to Quebec City corridor in Canada, otherwise known as ‘Main-Street’. Traveling west along Main-Street, Windsor is only a two hour drive to the east, and Toronto, Ottawa, and Montreal are all within a driving range of two, six, and eight hours respectively traveling eastward (figure A-1, figure A- 2). Within the limits of Canada, London is “within a two hour drive of a population in excess of 5.6 million” (The 2000 London Chamber of Commerce Directory, 22). Of course the majority of the 5.6 million are found in the Toronto area, but other urban places which are included in this count are Windsor, Chatham, Sarnia, St. Thomas, Woodstock, Kitchener-Waterloo, Branford, Guelph, Cambridge, Hamilton, and St. Catherines. The census metropolitan area of London covers a large land area, which extends all the way to the north shore of Lake Erie, resulting in the encompassment of the city of 3

St. Thomas and many other small villages (Figure A-3). Unlike the situation of Kitchener-Waterloo, “St. Thomas cannot be classed as a twin city, however, because it is not contiguous with the City of London; … that is, the population of St. Thomas is considerably less than the 50,000 required by the definition to make it an adjacent city in a continuous metropolitan area” (Saunders, 65). For the purpose of this paper the focus will be primarily on the actual city of London and not the census metropolitan area. Today the city physically covers a land area of “42,300 hectares, has a maximum east- west distance of 24 km, and has a maximum north-south distance of 23 km” (London Economic Development Corporation). In order to truly understand the major advantages of London’s setting, one must disregard the American-Canadian border. When looking at the spatial location of London this way, it is apparent that “London’s strategic location between the eastern and mid-western urban regions of Canada and the United States (with over 150 million people within one day’s drive) is recognized as an excellent location for business and industry” (London, Canada Calling, 1-1). Some of the major US markets incorporated in this calculation include Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Washington, New York, Buffalo and Boston. These 150 million people represent a large part of the North American economy, and as “trade grows with NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), London’s strategic position will become increasingly important” (London, Canada Calling, 1-1). Also, a fundamental aspect of regional service centers is the development and sustainability of a solid transportation infrastructure. When consider the major components of transportation air, rail, water, roads, and communications, the city of London shows strength in four of these five areas. With respect to air, the London International Airport provides both domestic and international flights and is located within the city limits unlike other airports, such as the one found in Halifax. For many years both passenger and freight rail service is available in London, being provided by Via Rail and Canadian National respectively. In the communications field, fiber optic service is available in parts of the city, along with scalable transmission speeds and many local call centers. Water access is disadvantage in London as the Thames River is not sufficiently deep enough for major freight travel; however, a major port facility is located only 35 kilometers to the south in Port Stanley. When considering that London is only a 4

regional service center, not a nation center such as Toronto, this aspect of access to water becomes less important for London’s local hinterland connectivity. The final aspect of transportation is road networks, and with respect to London today this form of transportation has been a very important part of its ability to service its surrounding hinterland. At the local level, the construction and maintenance of roads has been strong throughout London’s history, and with the introduction freeways such as the 401 and 402, people throughout the countryside have easily been able to travel the city. Also, when considering the mixed economic makeup of London, other aspects of the city’s economy, such as manufacturing, have benefited immensely from the close proximity of these freeways. Along with taking into consideration the specific locational aspects of the city, it is also important to consider the historical growth trends, in order to better explain the nature of the specific city in question. Stages of Urban Growth: Early Period (1792-1890) The initial site of London, Ontario was first visited by Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe in the year 1793. On a cold March day, “Simcoe enthusiastically confirmed that the Forks [of the Thames] met his expectations and would be the ideal spot for a safe, inland capital” (Armstrong, 21). At the time, Simcoe’s expectations were that this site “would be protected from American attacks, strategically located to help hold and defend the western territories, guard the Indians against American influence, and encourage the development of the fur trade” (Armstrong,17). This proclamation was easier stated than fulfilled. Simcoe set up much of the ground work for the city, purchasing land from the natives and buildings roads, but the initial spark of urban growth was still missing. The settlement did not start to show substantial increases in population until well into the nineteenth century. In the early nineteenth century it was becoming increasingly apparent that the “little village of Vittoria in Norfolk County which had served as the district town for some years, by 1825 was becoming too remote from many of the little clusters of settlement which were spreading north from Lake Erie” (Brock ,8). At this time in Vittoria, the regional courthouse was damaged in a fire; thus a new courthouse was built at the forks of the Thames. This was the spark that London needed, and it instantly became a regional center due to the presence of this courthouse (Figure E-9). “Settlers soon began to make their appearance, particularly as the government was offering free 5

[housing] lots, subject only to the payment of an eight-pound fee for a patent giving land title and the erection of a twenty-four-foot by eighteen-foot cabin” (Armstrong, 35) and as result, Simcoe’s original site location showed its first signs of population increase (Figure B-2). The early boundary expansions of London can be seen in figure A-5 in Appendix A. With this increased population came more spending on infrastructure, and the rise of the local London business community, which was predominately based around the general store, real estate office, and post office located at corner of Dundas and Ridout streets. Along with this commercial activity, industry soon emerged, and this new manufacturing “quickly demonstrated the importance of the town’s location by increasingly selling their products beyond the settlement’s boundaries” (Armstrong, 46). Some of this early industry included a grist mill in 1833, the Mayor Simeon Marrill tannery in 1829, and the oldest surviving London firm, Labatt’s Brewery in 1828. By having this essential variety of residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, London showed all the signs of increased growth for the future. By 1840, London was granted the status of town by the provincial government with a population of 1,816. During the next fifteen years, the town grew in leaps and bounds. At this time, other administrative centers were started in Goderich, Woodstock and Simcoe, “yet the reduction in its administrative territory little affected the growth of London, for by the early 1840’s the town was already beginning to establish a firm economic control over what is still today its hinterland” (Brock, 9). “In 1855 London was [considered an] outstanding trading centre of a rapidly developing agricultural section of Upper Canada” (100 Years Around London, London Centennial, 22), and with a population in excess of 10,000, people it was given city status. In 1849, the London Free Press, one of Canada’s oldest newspapers, was established; this paper, in the future went on to be a key source for determining the hinterland to which the city of London would service (Figure E-2). Also, during this period, the railway found its way to London, connecting the city with Hamilton, Windsor, and a water port in Port Stanley. The introduction of rail was fundamental in strengthening London’s presence as a regional service center. At this point in time, the hinterland of London was considered the “wheat-producing center of Canada, and … the railway meant that the agricultural products of its hinterland could be shipped to eastern Canada, Europe, or the United States” (Armstrong, 84). The railway also caused a change in the industrial pattern as 6

before its introduction “rather inefficient local industries could survive because of high cost of shipping in goods; with the completion of the railway network these industries were wiped out by more efficient ones in larger centers” (Armstrong, 84). The economic boom times after the initial introduction of the railway were soon to come to an end, as by “late 1856, a depression had begun in Britain, and soon overextended businessmen were feeling the pinch across North America” (Armstrong 86). During this brief time period, London’s population actually decreased, but soon the local economy was able climb back out of the depression because of two major factors. Locally, oil had been discovered in nearby Petrolia, resulting in London reaping benefits of being a refining center for this new resource. Also, just across the border the America was in a state of a civil war. London and its hinterland flourished from this war by providing much of the supplies to the Northern armies. These two factors, soon lead to speculation that a new metropolis was in the midst of forming in Southwestern Ontario. Stages of Urban Growth: Great Transformation (1891-1940) As London progressed toward the turn of the century, “new settlements were spreading well past the boundaries of 1840 in every direction except to the north” (Armstrong, 125). London-East was the first suburb to be annexed into the city, as “London looked [forward] to the taxes which could be raised and London-East badly needed the services” (Armstrong, 128) that only the city could provide. Annexation also occurred on the west and south sides of the Thames River (Figure A-4). The results of this expansion of city boundaries can be clearly seen in the first major peak on the population percentage growth graph (Figure B-1). Overall, London was ranked as the ninth largest urban center in Canada with a population of 38 million in 1901 (Figure B-5). Many current-day landmarks were also constructed during this time period, such as St. Peter’s Cathedral and the military base at Wolseley Barracks (Figure E-8). At this time, the University of Western Ontario was also established, due to an increasing demand for post-secondary education. When considering London as a regional city, the development of this university was essential as this higher order service could not be obtained in other parts of London’s hinterland. This period was also a time of remarkable invention across the world, including such discoveries as electricity, the telephone, and the automobile. London embraced the introduction of all of these new creations, which further stimulated urban growth throughout the city. 7

In 1912, the city of London was annexed again (Figure A-4). World War I broke out in Europe and London soon “became one of the most important recruiting centers in Canada, … with 45 000 troops being raised in the military district” (Armstrong, 169) of Wolseley Barracks and Carling Height. As the overall North American economy boomed in the roaring twenties, London’s population increased from 46 300 to 71 148, explaining the second major peak in the population percentage growth graph (Figure B- 1). In the last few years of this time period, the depression and World War II lead to relatively small increases in city population, although London “was marked by much less hardship than most Ontario industrial cities” (Armstrong, 185) because of its diversified service center nature. Stages of Urban Growth: Consolidation (1940-1975) With the onslaught of World War II, London again became a major recruiting center in Canada, however; to a lesser extent than in World War I as “by the end of the war, [only] 30 000 men had been recruited from London’s Military District No.1” (Armstrong, 192). As was the scene in the rest of the country, with an increasing number of men away at war in Europe, the number of women working in local industry dramatically increased during this time period. As the war years came to an end, London was about to enter an exceptional period with respect to population increases and annexation. From the time period of 1950 to 1965, all of Canada was affect by the demographic concept known as the ‘baby boom’. The city of London was no exception, population increased dramatically during this time period (Figure A-6). When looking strictly at population change during these years it may appear that the affect of the ‘baby boom’ was felt even more heavily in the city of London relative to the rest of Canada (Figure B-1). This is not true; these numbers are skewed by the fact that during this era London went through another land annexation in which the city expanded in all directions, more then doubling the original land area (Figure A-4). The thousands of people who lived in this newly annexed area, found themselves being called Londoners overnight. This explains why, from the period of 1951 to 1961, London’s population increase (43%) was almost double that of the rest of Canada (23%) (Figure B-1). During this time of rapid growth, many other key aspects which relate to London’s service center nature were established. A local broadcast television station, 8

“CFPL-TV, went on the air for the first time on November 28, 1953” (Armstrong, 205). As the popularity of personal televisions increased across Canada throughout the 1950’s, many rural households in London’s hinterland found themselves associating with London as a regional center to an even greater extent than before because of this local television channel. Also during this time period, the Macdonald-Cartier Freeway was developed, passing just south of London. At the time of its completion, in “1963 there [existed] a clear 515-mile four-lane highway stretching from Windsor to Montreal” (Armstrong, 199). This freeway was fundamental in the future economic development of London and also clearly linked the city to the rest of the Canadian heartland. Stages of Urban Growth: De-industrialization & Globalization (1976-Present) Along with the substantial growth which was experienced throughout the 1950’s and 1960’s came the expansion of past services and the development many new services. “London’s expansion as a center of education and medical research” (Armstrong, 228), have been fundamental towards its continued ability to act as a regional city. Many new high schools and public schools were also built, along with specialty schools such as “Robarts school, a regional [education] center for the hearing handicapped” (Armstrong, 228). In 1966 Fanshawe College was established, addressing the growing demand for different levels of post-secondary education within the city. In the medical community today, there exists variety of both public and private medical facilities (Figure E-9). The largest of these facilities which serves the general public is Victoria Hospital, which is located on the Westminster Campus of the London Health Science Association. After Victoria Hospital’s final expansionary construction was completed in the late 1980’s, it was considered “the larges health care facility on one site in Canada” (Armstrong, 253). Within Ontario, only Ottawa and Toronto have medical communities which can compete with those of London. When looking at population increases throughout this time period, one can again see a large increase around the year 1991 (Figure B-1). At this interval, London’s population growth percentage was 13.63%, compared with the Canadian average of 8.00%. The explanation of this difference is the same as the one given previously regarding the population increase in the 1960’s: annexation. In 1991, the city of London annexed land in all directions, primarily towards the south (Figure A-4). Similar to the previous annexation, the land area of the city was almost doubled; however, the number 9

of people encompassed in this new annexation was far less, relative to the annexation of the 1960’s. As many of the developed country economies switch from an industrial base to a knowledge base, London, too, has shown signs of growth in these newly emerging sectors, such as advanced telecommunication, agrifoods, life sciences, and FIRE (finance, insurance, and real estate). Overall, modern-day statistics of London, in comparison with other major census metropolitan areas, can be found in Figure B-3. Immigration The overall trend in Canada is that natural increase is becoming a less significant aspect of overall population increases, while net immigration has become more important (Figure D-1). With the exception of the years associated with World War II, for the most part, net migration in Canada has been increasing throughout the twentieth century. When looking specifically at London from 1991-1996, the city showed a net immigration increase of 8830 people (Figure D-2). When comparing London with other major cities across Canada, London showed high net international migration, relatively high natural increase, but negative internal migration (Figure D-3). This negative internal migration means that for the years of 1991-1996 more people from London moved to other parts of Canada relative to people from other parts of Canada moving to London. During the early part of London’s lifetime, immigration had been an important part of its population growth. This was also true for the city of Toronto, which had a comparable population size and immigrant origins (primarily from the United Kingdom) in the ninetieth century (Figure D-5). Throughout the twentieth century, Toronto’s rate of immigration continued to soar and became much more diverse; however, London’s remained relatively stable and did not diversify (Figure D-6). This is just one of many factors relating to why Toronto developed into a much large urban center than London. Economic Basis & Role in the Canadian Urban System When looking at employment in the three basic sectors of the economy -- agriculture, manufacturing, and tertiary -- it is clear that the city of London possesses more employment in the service industry, when compared with both the Ontario and Canada (Figure C). This has been the case in London for its entire lifetime as the surrounding hinterland has always been in need of the higher order goods and services that the city provided. Evidence of this larger-than-average employment in the service industry was seen throughout the previous historical discussion. Even when looking at 10 labour force statistics from a year in the height of the Fordism era, such as 1961 (Figure C-1), it is clear that the service industry still dominated the city, accounting for 74% of the labour force. A more specific breakdown of the current labour force can be seen in figures C-2, C-3, C-4, and C-5. When looking at the actual number of employees working in each industry sub-section, it is important to note that manufacturing is the largest. “London, with its strong services and well-established university, is much less an industrial city than Windsor, but its manufacturing workforce is only a few thousand fewer” (Walker, 157). This may appear somewhat contradictory, but, in reality, this statistic truly demonstrates the mixed nature of the city of London. Even though London’s predominate role is a regional service center, by having a sufficient manufacturing sector, it has been able to maintain many strong economic multiplier effects over the years. Today, seven of the sixteen major employers within London or its immediate hinterland would be considered manufacturing firms (Figure E-6). The employment sector of manufacturing containing the largest absolute number of employees is also skewed to an extent as the service industry presented, in figure C-3 is broken down into many different sub-sections. Each of these sub-sections provides a very unique product or service which is needed by the city and more, importantly, the surrounding hinterland. In 2000, the services of trade, health care, education, and ‘FIRE’ totaled more than 45% of the total labour force. That is almost a majority, and that is only considering four of the eleven service industry sub-sections. An important trend to note is that of all the sub-sections in recent years, the most growth as been predominantly in the service industries such as health care, education, and ‘FIRE’ (Figure C-3). Evidence of London’s above average distribution in these areas can also be clearly seen when making comparison to Ontario as a whole (Figure C-5). The large growth seen in these three services in recent years also suggests that the regional nature of the city of London with respect to its hinterland may grow even stronger in the years to come. Another economic factor which demonstrates the mixed nature of London Ontario is the total available labour force versus the total employed labour force (Figure C-6). When looking at the graph one can see that in economic down times, the unemployment gap increases, but in economic boom times, unemployment decreases. The underlying point behind this graph that demonstrates the mixed nature of London’s economy can be 11 seen from the relative evenness of the two lines; that is, the overall employment rate does not fluctuate drastically in either economic down or boom times. This stability can be attributed to the diversified economic nature of the city, as it is not overly dependant on one sector of the economy. Other functionally specialized cities, such as Windsor or Sudbury, would not have produced same stability. In this sense, London is similar to other mixed cities in Canada, such as Guelph, Toronto, or Montreal (Figure C-8). In order to obtain an understanding of what kind of role London, Ontario, plays in the Canadian urban system, one can look at figure C-7. London exists within the Canadian core and when compared with other Canadian cities, is relatively fast growing. London is not a major destination of foreign immigrants into the country, yet it still has a positive net migration rate. Economically, the city’s focus is in producer services, and because of its comparative advantages and overall healthy economic growth, it has negative equalization payments. Its mixed economic nature has been important in its ability to act as a regional service center for Southwestern Ontario; however, both London’s regional and national influence is currently being overshadowed because of its close proximity to Canada’s most dominate city, Toronto. London and its Future From the detailed analysis above, it is apparent that London is a mixed city which has been a regional service center throughout its lifetime. London conforms to the generic model of a regional city (Figure E-1) rather well. Today, London has a definite urban core and also both an inner urban fringe (1960’s annexation) and outer urban fringe (1990’s annexation). Much of the urban shadow can be conceptualized as the area covered by the London Census Metropolitan Area (Figure A-3). Villages, towns, and other small cities which are incorporated in London’s urban shadow include Belmont, Lambeth, and St. Thomas, respectively. London’s rural hinterland covers much of Southwestern Ontario and includes urban centers such as Aylmer, Strathroy, Woodstock, and Tillsonburg. One of the major problems facing the city of London in the future is the decaying central city core. This is an effect which is being felt by many of the industrialized cities which are located in Canada’s heartland as older industries are failing to adapt to the new information economy. Resultantly, a great deal of ‘brown space’ is appearing in these cities, including London. In London, the commercial aspects of the downtown have been 12

hurt by this effect as well; however, to a large extent, downtown merchants have been hurt more by the development of large commercial malls and ‘big box stores’ in the outer fringes of the city. In London, examples of this include White Oaks Mall and its collection of ‘big box stores’ along Wellington Street in the south, and Masonville Mall in the north of the city. The one aspect of the downtown which is flourishing is the FIRE found in large office buildings, but even this is limited “because of sub-surface geology; London will never be able to support large skyscrapers as there is not sufficient bedrock for foundational support of building much higher than forty stories” (Carter). As a result, London must develop other strategies to attract people back to the downtown. Current projects underway to help with this downtown restoration include renovations to the Covent Garden Market Place, the construction of a new train station, and the development of a new state of the art entertainment complex. Another source for finding an answer to this problem is to keep in touch with the emerging sectors of the economy. According to Human Resources Development of Canada, there are eight major emerging sectors of the Canadian economy (Figure E-7). London is relatively strong in four of these sectors: Biotechnology, Call Centers, Tele-health, and Tele-learning. This suggests that London’s economy is adapting to the transition to a knowledge based economy; however, there is still room for improvement. The notion that London is keeping pace with the rest of the Canadian economy is vital to the surrounding hinterland as it will continue to rely on London as a regional service center well into the future. One other consideration is that other competing cities on the edge of London’s hinterland, such as Windsor or Kitchener, have, in the past, been functionally specialized in manufacturing. With the changing economy, these cities must adapt, and one solution maybe an extension of these cities own personal hinterlands. These encroachments on London’s hinterland would definitely have ripple effects on the actual city of London. In conclusion, over the years, the growth trends for the city of London have tended to parallel that of the country as a whole. London has continuously been considered to be within the top ten cities in Canada with respect to population (Figure B- 4, Figure B-5), and in the latter half of the twentieth century, London has been considered to be a level III city, in terms of central place hierarchy in Canada (Figure E-4). For the most part, these trends will continue in the future, as London will continue to be economically diversified and act as regional service center for Southwestern Ontario. 13

Appendix Material Appendix A (Maps)

Figure A : London’s Relative location on the Globe. Figure 1 : Overall map of the Canadian urban system 1996, with London highlighted. Figure A-1: Map showing London’s relative distance from other major cities in Canada and the United States of America. Figure A-2: Map showing the travel time by automobile from London to the other major cities in Canada and the United States of America. Figure A-3: Different scaled maps of the London Census Metropolitan Area Figure A-4: Map of London Annexations Figure A-5: Growth of the city of London by Annexation 1826 - 1958. Figure A-6: Population changes in the townships surrounding London 1871-1956 Appendix B (Population)

Figure B-1: Population Growth Figure B-2: Historical Population Statistics, according to the City of London Figure B-3: Selected Data on Canada’s Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Figure B-4: Changes in the Rank-Order of urban places in Canada, 1871, 1921, 1971, 1981, and 1991. (Top 10) Figure B-5: Population Change of Canada’s Largest Urban Places, 1871 – 1996 (Top 25) Figure B-6: Shifts in Rank Order of CMAS, 1951-91. Appendix C (Economic Information)

Figure C: Basic Economic Statistics for London, Ontario, and Canada Figure C-1: Labour Force by Industry London and Lake Erie Region – 1961 Figure C-2: London Labour Force Breakdown by Industry by percentage 1991 Figure C-3: London Employment by Industry Sector by actual job numbers Figure C-4: London Labour Force Survey (CMA) Figure C-5: Graph of Labour Force Survey, London vs. Ontario Figure C-6: Annual Labour Force vs. Employment in London, 1990-2000 Figure C-7: General Economic, Demographic, and Political statistics for major Canada’s largest urban places Figure C-8: Map of Mixed cities in Canada and the United States 14

Appendix D (Immigration)

Figure D-1: Immigration/Natural Increase Change in Canada Figure D-2: Immigration and Net Internal Migration 1991-1996 in Canadian urban places Figure D-3: Typology of Canadian Metropolitan Areas Figure D-4: London Population Movement 1956-1961 Figure D-5: 1901 Immigrant Population (London vs. Toronto) Figure D-6: 1981 Immigrant Population (London vs. Toronto)

Appendix E (Other)

Figure E-1: The Form of the Urban Field and Regional City Figure E-2: Newspaper Distribution in Canada Figure E-3: Airline Passenger Flows in Canada Figure E-4: The Canadian Central Place Hierarchy: 1971, 1981, and 1988 Figure E-5: Two maps of ‘Main-Street’ Canada Figure E-6: London Area Major Employees & Housing Price Comparisons Figure E-7: Emerging Sectors in the Canadian Economy Figure E-8: London Landmarks Figure E-9: Courthouse Figure E-10: Health Care Services in London Ontario 15

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