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Archaeological Perspectives of the Lumber Industry in Northern Lower Michigan, 1865-1920

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Archaeological Perspectives of the Lumber Industry in Northern Lower Michigan, 1865-1920 Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-1984 Archaeological Perspectives of the Lumber Industry in Northern Lower Michigan, 1865-1920 Rebecca Ellen Dinsmore Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Dinsmore, Rebecca Ellen, "Archaeological Perspectives of the Lumber Industry in Northern Lower Michigan, 1865-1920" (1984). Master's Theses. 1505. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1505 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY IN NORTHERN LOWER MICHIGAN, 1865-1920 by Rebecca Ellen Dinsmore A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan April 1985 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY IN NORTHERN LOWER MICHIGAN, 1865-1920 Rebecca Ellen Dinsmore, M.A. Western Michigan University, 1985 In an attempt to generate predictive statements about site structure and location, the nature of lumber industry development is examined through historical and environmental relationships between logging sites, early logging methods, transportation technology, and the presettlement forest as reconstructed from the original General Land Office surveyor field notes and plats. Eighteen historic logging sites recorded on the Huron National Forest and within the Au Sable River watershed comprise the data set. The purpose of this study is two-fold: (a) to reconstruct the lumber industry history along the Au Sable River, and (b) to develop a means of locating, identifying, and assessing the physical remains of logging activities. Analytical results suggest that logging site distribution may be correlated with technological developments and historical trends in timber demand. By presenting a more timely picture of the vast forests the nineteenth-century lumbermen knew, presettlement forest reconstructions may be invaluable to future archaeological studies of the lumber industry. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The scope of this study has emerged circuitously from methodological challenges inherent to conducting cost-effective archaeological surveys in dense forests. A number of individuals has contributed to the final product. For introducing me to the problem while I worked as an archaeological technician on the Huron-Manistee National Forests, I must first thank Janet G. Brashler, Ph.D., then Forest Archaeologist. John R. Davis, the current Forest Archaeologist, and I have since spent many hours discussing this project. I am pleased to have had the opportunity to meet with Robert A. Reames and Charles 0. Lilley on the Harrisville District, whose knowledge of the Huron National Forest and the lumber industry continually refreshed my ideas. Within the Department of Anthropology at Western Michigan University, I wish to thank Dr. Robert Jack Smith, Chairman; Dr. William M. Cremin, my major advisor; Dr. Elizabeth 3. Garland; and Dr. Robert I. Sundick for presenting to me the broader theoretical and methodological frameworks. I also thank The Graduate College for awarding me a grant from the Graduate Student Research Fund which enabled me to assemble historical data from several archival locations across northern Lower Michigan. I am most grateful to my friends and associates with whom I have discussed this topic at great length. Thanks to Fel V. Brunett for his continual support and for generously lending me original copies ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. of Scribner's Monthly and the Saginaw Daily Courier; and to John G. Franzen, Forest Archaeologist on the Hiawatha National Forest, for sharing a number of cultural resource management reports. My special regards are given to Caven P. Clark, Susan S. Branstner, and particularly to Dean L. Anderson, all of Michigan State University, for their support and constructive deliberation. Dean Anderson and John Davis have also taken time out to read and comment on earlier drafts. Finally, I thank my parents, Jack and Elizabeth, for helping me to complete this endeavor, and my mother especially, for painstakingly typing and proofreading the early drafts. While acknowledging the invaluable participation of each person, I alone am responsible for the final presentation. Rebecca Ellen Dinsmore iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. University MicrOTlms International 300 N. Zee'o Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1324859 DINSMORE, REBECCA ELLEN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY IN NORTHERN LOWER MICHIGAN, 1865-1920 WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY M.A, 1985 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M I 48106 Copyright 1935 by DINSMORE, REBECCA ELLEN All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Rebecca Ellen Dinsmore 1985 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I remember on January 19th, 1887, a tramp I had from ^ig Creek, on the head waters of the Au Sable River. .1 did not mind the cold so much, but rather dreaded the journey of eighteen miles, six of which were across the 'plains,' divested of even a jack pine, and with only the woods in the distant horizon to guide me. John W. Fitzmaurice, The Shanty Boy (1979:234). Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES..................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES................................................... vii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION................................................ 1 Problem Statement.......................................... 1 Research Objectives........................................ 3 II. RESEARCH FOCUS.............................................. 6 Previous Research................... 6 Organization of Study............... 13 III. HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY AND EXPECTATIONS FOR LUMBER INDUSTRY SITES....................17 The Nature of the Lumber Industry......................... 17 "How the Woods Was Won"................................... 19 Logging Along the Au Sable... ...... ...24 Building Logging Camps.............. .33 Woods Work and Log Transportation................. ........42 Hypotheses.................................................53 IV. PRESENTATION OF DATA....................................... 57 Physiographic Characteristics of the Study Area........... .57 Presettlement
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