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Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty from Buffer Zones

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2. The justification for excluding guardian mountains, and especially one of those associated with Heolleung Cluster, Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty from buffer zones. (Republic of Korea) 3. The need to provide further information on the restoration of the topography and landscape of No 1319 Seosamreung Cluster, together with a timetable of the works. 4. The need to provide assurances concerning: Official name as proposed - The removal of the Shooting Range and Sports by the State Party: Royal Tombs of the Training Center at Taereung Cluster (in, respectively, 2008 Joseon Dynasty and 2014); - The removal of the Korean National University Location: Seoul Metropolitan City, of Art at Uireung Cluster (in 2012); and Gyeonggi-do and - The improvement of the environment for the Gangwon-do buildings west of Seooreung Cluster (in 2012). Republic of Korea ICOMOS received a response (20 pages) from the State Brief description: Party on 27 February 2009, in which all the matters raised in the letter of 6 January 2009 were satisfactorily The Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910), addressed. The responses are included in the report below. located in the Republic of Korea, are comprised of 40 tombs. The tombs, some of which are single mounds and Date of ICOMOS approval of this report: 10 March 2009 some of which form tomb clusters, are spread among 18 different sites. Constructed over five centuries, they convey the monarchy’s world view and understanding of 2. THE PROPERTY topography, and demonstrate Confucian principles, especially those associated with ancestral rites. Description Category of property: During the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) 119 tombs were constructed within the Republic of Korea. Each tomb is In terms of categories of cultural properties set out in designated neung, won or myo depending on the royal Article 1 of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a status. Of these, 40 were royal tombs for Joseon Dynasty serial nomination of 40 monuments. kings and their consorts (and there are a further 2 located in DPR Korea). These occur as single mounds or in 1. BASIC DATA clusters. The earliest royal tomb was constructed in 1408 and the last royal tomb was constructed in 1966. A list of Included in the Tentative List: 16 January 2006 the 18 royal tomb sites in the Republic of Korea, including the names of the royal tombs contained within each site, is International Assistance from the World Heritage Fund for as follows (all tombs listed in order of burial): preparing the Nomination: None Region: Gyeonggi-do: Date received by the World Heritage Centre: 31 January 2008 Donggureung Cluster (E1): 9 royal tombs - Geonwolleung, Hyeolleung, Mongneung, Background: This is a new nomination. Hwireung, Sungneung, Sureung, Hyereung, Wolleung and Gyeongneung Literature consulted (selection): Hongyureung Cluster (E2): 2 royal tombs - Hongneung and Yureung Lee, Chang-Hwan, “Preservation and Maintenance for Cultural Sareung Cluster (E3): 1 royal tomb - Sareung Landscape of Royal Tombs Area Pivoting on Seoul in the Joseon Gwangneung Cluster (E4): 1 royal tomb - Dynasty”, 2007 ICOMOS Asia and the Pacific Regional Meeting: Gwangneung Heritage and metropolis in Asia and the Pacific, p. 97-11, Seoul, Yeongneung Cluster (E5): 2 royal tombs - ICOMOS-Korea, 2007. Yeongneung and Yeongneung National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, Royal Tombs of Jangneung Cluster (E6): 1 royal tomb - the Joseon Dynasty: Legacies of Elegance. Jangneung Technical Evaluation Mission: 21-29 September 2008 Region: Seoul: Additional information requested and received from the Seolleung Cluster (M1): 2 royal tombs - State Party: ICOMOS sent a letter to the State Party on 6 Seolleung and Jeongneung January 2009 on the following: Heolleung Cluster (M2): 2 royal tombs - Heolleung and Illeung 1. The rationale for the inclusion of certain elements in the Taereung Cluster (M3): 2 royal tombs - buffer zone, rather than in the property area. Taereung and Gangneung 71 Jeongneung Cluster (M4): 1 royal tomb - worship road, links the main gate to the shrine and is Jeongneung shared by the living and the dead, while the sindo, the Uireung Cluster (M5): 1 royal tomb - Uireung spirit road, links the shrine to the burial mound and is used solely by the dead. Region: Gangwon-do: The layout described above generally follows the layout Seooreung Cluster (W1): 5 royal tombs - prescribed as part of the Confucian ritual system. However, Changneung, Myeongneung, Inreung, variation is found in the number and placement of burial Hongneung and Gyeongneung mounds within a site, and this is categorised as follows: Seosamreung Cluster (W2): 3 royal tombs - Huireung, Hyoreung and Yereung Tombs with a single mound Olleung Cluster (W3): 1 royal tomb - Olleung Tombs with twin mounds Paju Samreung Cluster (W4): 3 royal tombs - Tombs with three parallel mounds Gongneung, Sulleung and Yeongneung Tombs with a joint burial mound for the king and Jangneung Cluster (W5): 1 royal tomb - queen Jangneung Tombs with double mounds on separate hills Jangneung Cluster (W6): 1 royal tomb - Tombs with vertically placed double mounds Jangneung Yungneung Cluster (W7): 2 royal tombs - In addition to the burial mounds, associated buildings are Geolleung and Yungneung an integral part of the royal tombs: the T-shaped wooden shrine (jeongjagak), where ancestral tablets are kept and The tombs were built to honour the memory of ancestors, royal ancestral rites performed; the stele shed, which to show respect for their achievements, to assert royal protects the tomb stele; the royal kitchen, where food for authority, to protect ancestral spirits from evil and to the royal ancestral rites is prepared; the guards’ house, provide protection from vandalism. A royal tomb was a located southeast of the T-shaped shrine and facing the sacred place where the deceased could “live” in the kitchen; the red-spiked gate (hongsalmun), which marks afterlife amidst dynasty-protecting ancestral spirits. the beginning of the worship road at the southern end of the tomb era, signifying entry to the sacred realm; and the There are three keys to understanding the royal tombs: the tomb keeper’s house (jaesil), where ritual equipment is topography of the site and the layout of the tomb; the types kept and overall preparations are made for royal ancestral of burial mounds, the sites’ associated structures and the rites. nature and aesthetic qualities of site-specific stone objects; and the rites associated with the burials as well as extant Royal tombs are adorned on the outside with a range of documents that verify the construction process. stone objects, including ceremonial artefacts and figures of people and animals that are placed around, and in front of, During the Joseon Dynasty, sites were chosen according to the grave mound. All serve the purpose of wishing the pungsu (fengshui in Chinese) principles. Accordingly, interred a peaceful afterlife. outstanding natural sites were chosen, which were mainly along two mountain chains stretching to the north and Around the burial mound, on the upper platform (sanggye), south of the Han River that flows through present-day a 12-angled retaining stone protects and decorates the Seoul. The burial mounds, the “heart” of a royal burial mound. A stone fence, slightly further out, encircles the ground, were usually placed in the middle of a hillside. mound, and outside of this fence pairs of stone sheep and Protected from the back, they face outward (to the south) tigers face outward, their backs to the mound. Further out, toward water and, ideally, toward layers of mountain a low wall shelters the components on three sides. At the ridges in the far distance. open side, and in front of the mound, there is a stone table on which spirits can play. And to the right and the left of The burial chamber was located at the point where the table are stone watch pillars. propitious energies are said to be concentrated and it was fortified with a dirt covering, creating the mound. With a In the middle platform (junggye), a four- or eight-sided low, curving wall and knoll at the back, energy is further stone lantern is found in the middle with two civil servants directed toward the burial chamber. and their horses, both in stone, nearby. In the lower platform (hagye), two military officials and their horses, in In addition to the burial area, royal tombs consist of a stone, are found. ceremonial area and an entrance area, and each area has a different function and symbolic meaning. The burial area is The ancestral rites associated with the royal tombs are the sacred place of the dead and it contains an open, grassy considered sacrosanct. They were practiced until the late area, the burial mound and a spirit road that descends to a Joseon period and into the short period of the Daehan T-shaped shrine. The shrine is the centre of the ceremonial Empire (late 19th-early 20th century). Under Japanese area and it is here that ancestral rites are conducted to colonial rule and during the Korean War, they were symbolise the meeting of the living and the dead. The stopped, but revived afterwards (1966) as a means to shrine is linked by a worship road to a red-spiked gate, the preserve the ritual practices associated with the Joseon main entrance to the royal graveyard. The entrance area, Dynasty. Sites were chosen for their proximity to the itself, lies beyond the gate and it contains the forbidden capital, Seoul, which reflects the need for kings to have stream with a stone bridge, the house of the tomb keeper close access to their fathers’ graves in order to pay due and additional buildings used for ceremonial preparations. respect and honour. The separation of the living and the dead is further symbolised by the nature of the roads: the chamdo, the 72 In the Joseon Dynasty there were two categories of rites: In Phase 2, Emergence of Joseon principles, the funeral rites (hyungnye) and auspicious rites (gillye).
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