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Home , Alberto Moravia, Guide book, Incunable, Italo Calvino, Primo Levi

six centuries of Italian from the Baillieu ’s Special Collections Libri: six centuries of Italian books from the Baillieu Library’s Special Collections

An exhibition held in the Leigh Scott Gallery, Baillieu Library University of Melbourne 17 June to 15 September 2013 curated by Susan Millard with assistance from Tom Hyde.

Published 2013 by the Special Collections Level 3, Baillieu Library The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 03 8344 5380 [email protected] www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/collections/ special/

Copyright © the authors and the University of Melbourne 2013

All material appearing in this publication is copyright and cannot be reproduced without the written permission of the publisher and the relevant author.

All reasonable effort has been made to contact the copyright owners. If you are a copyright owner and have not been in correspondence with the university please contact us.

Authors: Susan Millard and Tom Hyde Design: Janet Boschen Photography: Lee McRae

ISBN 978 0 7340 4850 9

Cover: Owen Jones, The grammar of ornament, : Day and son, 1856 (details). Leon Battista Alberti, Della Statua [Pittura] di Leon Battista Alberti, 1651 (details)

Right: Marc Kopylov, Papiers dominotés italiens, 2012

Far right: Owen Jones, The grammar of ornament, 1856 FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

What could be better than an I would like to acknowledge the early input of Kylie King, who exhibition of Italian books to be threw some very interesting ideas included in Rare Week into the mix, but had to withdraw with the theme ‘A passion for from the project. A big thank you to books’? Our recent purchase of Tom Hyde, who has put time and the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, effort into the selection, installation an early printed book with and of text for the exhibition; it has been great working with exceptional , printed him. Claire Patullo has put in an by in 1499, was amazing effort to make cradles for the perfect inspiration to search the books. Thanks also to University our collections for books from or of Melbourne staff Jason Benjamin, about . Our themes emerged Susie Shears, Kylie Nickels, as books were found; these Lee McRae, Elizabeth Cashen and Kerrianne Stone. Also thanks are Politics, Arts, Humanism, to designer Janet Boschen, who , in Australia, is responsible for the beautiful and Futurism. Although artwork. I would like to acknowledge we try to give an overview of an the library executive for funding this area, our text focuses on the exhibition. books in this exhibition. There are obvious omissions, for example Susan Millard Curator, Special Collections works of science, but the focus of The University of Melbourne this exhibition is the humanities. From a medieval to a modern day artists book by an Italian Australian, this exhibition shows the range of beautiful and interesting Italian books in the Baillieu Library’s Special Collections. Owen Jones, The grammar of ornament, 1856 POLITICS

During the late fifteenth to the mid- sixteenth centuries Italy was plunged into the near constant warfare of the Italian Wars, playing host to the political ambitions and squabbles of the great powers of —, , the Holy Roman Empire, and the Papal States. Rather than the unified nation that we know today, Italy was divided into separate city-states and kingdoms. The fragmentary nature of Italy, its rulers and its armies led to the swift occupation by foreign forces that would rob Italy of its self-determination for the next 300 years. Amidst this turmoil, the people of Italy started to grapple with the ideas of self-determination and the virtues of . A crisis of identity ensued, with Italians struggling to assert their ‘Italianness’. Individuals, powerful families—of the likes of the Medicis, the Sforzas and the Borgias—and even popes, exploited opportunities created by the tumult and sought to legitimise their tenuous hold over their subjects through flamboyant, but ultimately hollow, gestures of power. Inextricably tied to these displays of power, like many aspects of Italian society, was the visual culture of the emerging Italian Cinquecento.

Left: Giovanni Battista Adriani, Istoria de’ suoi tempi di Giovambatista Adriani, 1583

Right: Niccolò Machiavelli, Opere di Niccolò Machiavelli, vol. 1, 1782–1783 Arguably the most famous personality of Italian political discourse during the Renaissance was Niccolo Machiavelli, a prominent Florentine statesman and political figure who fiercely opposed the ‘barbarous dominion’ of his country. Influenced by classical ideals, he perceived the need for strong and innovative leadership if Italy was ever to assert control of its destiny. He was a prolific author and is commonly heralded as the founder of modern western political thought. His ideas were controversial amongst his contemporaries and were the subject of both praise and criticism. Scholars have argued that his seminal work, The prince, has served as a significant influence on many prominent political thinkers and leaders like Francis Bacon, Descartes and Thomas Hobbes. His theories have also been noted as influencing political thought of the modern era, including the founding of America and ’s Italian fascism. The University of Melbourne possesses an extensive centred on Machiavelli ranging from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. These works form the Raab Political Thought Collection, bequeathed by Mr Leo Raab to commemorate his son Felix, a first-class honours graduate in history of the University of Melbourne, who died in 1962 after an accident while walking in the mountains of Calabria.

The life and times of Garibaldi, the Italian hero and patriot, [1880] Niccolò Machiavelli, Il principe, 1928 ARTS

The arts in Italy go back to ancient Sandro Botticelli and Michelangelo times and include exquisite medieval Buonarroti, all great artists of the time. , but the Renaissance Bartolomeo Scappi, a Renaissance was an obvious high point, with the chef who worked in the Vatican, wrote resurgence of enthusiasm and an a in 1570, Opera dell’ outpouring of creativity. The social and del cucinare, containing around 1000 political atmosphere is crucial to any recipes and notes on cooking, which art movement and was the propelled him to fame. It is thought perfect setting for a cultural revival, to contain the first representation of a particularly when Lorenzo de’ Medici fork. Many attractive buildings in the came to power. He commissioned old Venetian Republic of the works from Leonardo da Vinci, were designed by architect Andrea Palladio. One of the most important figures in western architecture, he was inspired by Ancient Roman and Greek building design. His text The four books of architecture gained him substantial recognition. Lives of the most excellent painters, sculptors, and architects by Giorgio Vasari is a very early example of an of biographies. Vasari, an artist and architect mixing with Andrea del Sarto, Michelangelo and the Medicis, produced this text, filled with information about artists, some hearsay and gossip. It is believed that he was the first to use the term Renaissance.

Bartolomeo Scappi, Opera, 1610 Left: Bartolomeo Scappi, Opera, 1610

Above and top: Leonardo, da Vinci, Trattato della pittura di Lionardo da Vinci, 1651

Right: Leon Battista Alberti, Della Statua [Pittura] di Leon Battista Alberti, 1651 See also details on cover. Left: Giorgio Vasari, Le vite de piv eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scvltori ..., 1550

Below and opposite: Pietro Ferrerio, Palazzi di Roma de piu celebri, [n.d.]

Next page: Andrea Palladio, The architecture of A. Palladio: in four books, 1721–1722

Opposite: Giovanni Pietro Bellori, Descrizzione delle imagini dipinte da Rafaelle d’, 1695

Below: Leonardo, da Vinci, A treatise of painting, 1721 HUMANISM

This collection represents the literary medieval aspects of Italian culture tradition of the studia humanitatis, or were also embellished with influences the humanities, in early modern Italian harking back to the Golden Age of the culture. The rebirth of classical ideas, Mediterranean. During this exciting period philosophy and art accompanied of intellectualism, subjects that had been the humanist tradition that emerged held in high esteem in classical times, in Europe during the fourteenth and such as grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry fifteenth centuries. But it was Italy, with and moral philosophy were popularised its claim to a rich Roman ancestry, and given new importance in Italian which became the intellectual hub of culture. Figures such as Leonardo humanist thought and education among da Vinci, Leon Battista Alberti, Dante its European neighbours. Studies in Alighieri, Francesco Petrarch, Giovanni Greek and Roman saw a revival Boccaccio and Niccolo Machiavelli are with the study of such luminaries as but a few of the many humanists that Cicero, Sallust and Virgil. Many older, Italy produced, authors that are still revered to this day. Classical works were translated from and Greek and printed in new, ‘pocket’ editions, often by Aldus Manutius, which could be easily transported and read. This tradition has survived and remains relevant to this day, with classics being translated into a range of different languages and editions. Even e-book versions of these works are available for the casual reader.

Above and opposite: , Dante col sito, et forma dell’Inferno, 1515

Left: , La geneologia de gli dei de gentili, 1569 Hypnerotomachia Poliphili

Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, an early There are also passages about printed book, was produced in mosaics, fabrics, painting, food, music by the venerated printer, Aldus and other subjects. Essentially written Manutius. It was begun in 1467 and in Tuscan dialect, there is also Latin, revised until its publication in 1499. The Greek, Aramaic and Colonna’s own book comes out of the Italian humanist created language. The story itself, a movement of the early Renaissance, love story in which Poliphilo is looking probably written by Dominican monk for his beloved, is allegorical. Dreams Francesco Colonna. The woodcuts, were taken much more seriously at that over 160, are beautiful and, surprisingly, time and were also used as a vehicle unattributed. The masterful for expounding ideas. Part of the and also make this work fascination with this book is the mystery a standout . The influence surrounding it. There is still a great of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili is deal of interest in the Hypnerotomachia extraordinary. Although a slow seller Poliphili and much work is being originally, it became a benchmark in the undertaken on the many facets areas of architecture and landscape contained within its pages. gardening over the following 300 years.

Francesco Colonna, Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, 1499 LITERATURE

The earliest literary tradition in Italy Giuseppe Parini, an example of an was lyric poetry in Occitan, a language Enlightenment poet, penned satirical spoken in parts of north-west Italy. verse, being an influence in the use The troubadour tradition was strong, of blank verse. In the nineteenth with many poets fleeing religious century Alessandro Manzoni was persecution in Languedoc. Eventually an instigator of romantic, but realist a native Italian emerged. literature, writing The betrothed, an Dante Alighieri produced the Divine immensely popular historical comedy in the 1300s, considered one set in the time of plague. The early of the greatest works of . twentieth century saw Italo Svevo, a Its journey into an allegorical paradise, friend and inspiration to , hell and purgatory has fascinated produce Confessions of Zeno, a readers through the centuries to the novel of psychoanalysis that became present day. Petrarch, a humanist, popular after Joyce promoted it. delved into the classics of Greece and , the Nobel prize- as his inspiration, but his poetry winning poet, and Giuseppe Tomasi was a precursor of modern aspirations. di Lampedusa, who wrote his one and only novel, The leopard, that was published posthumously, add to the canon of the time. was writing at a similar time, however his work was far more hard-hitting and full of existentialist angst, often also anti-fascist. recalls the horror of a Nazi concentration camp in , and film director and challenges us with gritty realism and his flouting of sexual mores. Unfortunately, after a life of controversy he was murdered by being run over with his own car. More recent authors, , famed for the medieval thriller The name of the rose, and have produced intellectual but engaging work.

Alessandro Manzoni, The betrothed, 1951 Italo Svevo, Confessions of Zeno, 1962 Alberto Moravia, Roman tales, 1956

Opposite: , [Leaf from a gradual (St Peter and St Paul)], [14th century?] Left: Tommaso Durante and Chris Wallace-Crabbe, Limes, 2011 Photography: Tommaso Durante

Right top: Bruno Leti and Alan Loney, Imago Mundi, 2002

Right middle: Bianca Lentini, Madrelingua (Mother tongue), 2013 Photography: Bianca Lentini

Right below: Angela Cavalieri, Inri, 2005 Photography: Tim Gresham

ITALIANS IN AUSTRALIA

Italian Australians make up around food and great coffee. Pellegrini’s café 25% of the population (46% in Victoria) in Melbourne reputedly imported the first according to the 2006 census. Although coffee machine in 1954. Lygon Street in Italians have been in Australia since Carlton is lined with Italian the 1840s and 1850s (particularly and is a Melbourne institution. Many first during the gold rush), large numbers and second generation Italians have did not arrive until after World War II. contributed to Australia in all walks of life. The internment of Italians during the Artists, inspired by their heritage, have war revealed a hardworking people, as produced artists books. Angela Cavalieri they worked on farms across Australia. uses and buildings as a Attitudes softened towards Italian basis for her linocuts, Tommaso Durante immigrants after this and the value of has used Dante as inspiration for photos Italians in the economic development of bubbling lava, Bruno Leti has been of Australia was recognised. Huge inspired by the Italian countryside and numbers came in the1950s and 1960s, old buildings, and Bianca Lentini has often with an eye to a permanent new been moved by her nonna’s cooking. home, often people sponsored by Australia is a much richer place due to families already in Australia. Italian the Italian presence and Italian culture is culture soon infused Australia with new now part of the Australian psyche. TRAVEL

Italy is an amazing country to visit. It is Left: Kathleen Speight, Teach yourself recognised, along with Greece, as the Italian, 1955 birthplace of western culture, and is filled Below: How to visit Florence and its with art, monuments and a large number neighbourhood, 1955. How to visit Venice of UNESCO World Heritage listed and its neighbourhood, 1957 sites. One can experience Etruscan Opposite: H.V. Morton, A traveller in and Ancient Roman civilisation with its Rome, 1957 incredible ruins and buildings, such as Next page: A.S., Italy photographic the Pantheon and the extraordinary city album, [189–?] of Pompeii, buried under ash in 79AD, through to the beautiful Renaissance cities of Florence and Venice. The idyllic countryside of , the stunning coastal towns on the Italian Riviera and the excitement of the large city of Rome are all memorable destinations. Travel to Italy has been an important part of the ‘’, particularly for the English in the nineteenth century, and is still a must see destination for Australians heading off for their big overseas trip.

FUTURISM

Emerging in the early twentieth century, Italian futurism was an artistic and social movement aiming to break with the past. Taking its cue from the modern machine age, where speed, energy, technology and industry created excitement and a feeling of power, artists across the spectrum began creating work that reflected these changes in society. Filippo Tommaso Marinetti is considered the founder of Italian futurism, his Futurist manifesto in 1909. Another aspect of this movement was fervent nationalism and militarism. The striking feature of much of this work is the bold typographical style, influencing many subsequent art movements. Bruno Munari was part of the second futurist movement in the 1920s, but distanced himself as it took on fascist sympathies, as did many other artists.

F.T. Marinetti, Les mots en liberté futurists, 1919 Dino Barratin, et al, Parole in libertà, 1992 LIST OF WORKS

POLITICS iudicium de Nicolai Machiavelli Palazzo Apostolico Vaticano & Ioannis Bodini scriptis Roma: Nella stamparia di Gio: Calvino, Italo Lugduni Batavorum: Officina H. Giacomo Komarek Boëmo ..., 1695 Il Cavaliere inesistente / di Italo de Vogel, 1648 Calvino; & la Collezione di armature Vasari, Giorgio, 1511–1574 di Ferdinando d’Asburgo a cura di ARTS Le vite de piv eccellenti architetti, Christian Beaufort-Spontin; fotografie pittori, et scvltori italiani, da Cimabve di Robert lle o Bigano Scappi, Bartolomeo insino a’ tempi nostri / descritte in Milano: , 1994 Opera / di Bartolomeo Scappi M. lingua toscana, da Giorgio Vasari dell’arte del cucinare, con laquale ...; Con vna sua vtile & necessaria Machiavelli, Niccolò si può ammaestrare qual si voglia introduzzione a le arti loro Il principe / Machiavelli; con Il preludio cuoco, scalco, trinciante, o mastro Firenze: Stampato in Fiorenza al Machiavelli di Benito Mussolini, et il di casa ; divisa in sei libri ...; con le appresso Lorenzo Torrentino ..., saggio di Francesco Sanctis figure che fanno di bisogno nella 1550 Milano: Società Anonima Notari, 1928 cucina ; aggiontoui nuovamente Il trinciante, & Il mastro di casa ... Palladio, Andrea Machiavelli, Niccolò Venetia: Presso Alessandro Vecchi, The architecture of A. Palladio: Opere di Niccolò Machiavelli, vol. 1 1610 in four books; containing a short [Florence]: A spese di Gaetano treatise of the five orders, and Cambiagi libraio in Firenze, Leonardo, da Vinci the most necessary observations 1782–1783 Trattato della pittura di Lionardo da concerning all sorts of building, Vinci / nouamente dato in luce, con as also the different construction The life and times of Garibaldi, the la vita dell’istesso autore, scritta da of private and publick houses, Italian hero and patriot Rafaelle du Fresne: si sono giunti i high-ways, bridges, market-places, Melbourne [Vic.]: Thomson and tre libri della pittura, & il trattato della xystes, and temples, with their plans, Niven, [1880] statua di Leon Battista Alberti, con la sections, and uprights / revis’d, vita del medesimo design’d, and publish’d by Giacomo Frederick II, King of Prussia, Parigi: Appresso Giacomo Langlois, Leoni ...; translated from the Italian 1712–1786 1651 original Examen du Prince de Machiavel: avec London: Printed by John Darby for des notes historiques & politiques Catholic Church the author, and all the plates by A la Haye: Chez Jean van Duren, [Leaf from a gradual (St Peter John Vantack, 1721–1722 1741 and St Paul)] [music] Leaf has an historiated initial ‘N’ depicting Salmi, Mario Machiavelli, Niccolò, 1469–1527 Saints Peter and Paul, attributed L’abbazia di Pomposa Nicolai Machiavelli Florentini Princeps to a follower of the Perugian Roma: Libreria dello stato, 1936 / ex Sylvestri Telii Fulginatis traductione artist Matteo di Ser Cambio; also diligenter emendatus; adjecta marginal image of ants [14th Ferrerio, Pietro sunt ejusdem argumenti aliorum century?] Palazzi di Roma de piu celebri quorundam contra Machiavellum architetti / disegnati da Pietro scripta, de potestate & officio Bellori, Giovanni Pietro Ferrerio, pittore et architetto principum contra tyrannos; quibus Descrizzione delle imagini dipinte da [Rome]: Si vendeno per Gio Iacomo denuo accessit Antonii Possevini Rafaelle d’Urbino nelle Camere del Rossi ..., [n.d.]

Owen Jones, The grammar of ornament, 1856 HUMANISM Sallust, 86–34 BC Eco, Umberto, 1932– C. Crispi Sallvstii De conivratione Foucault’s pendulum / translated Colonna, Francesco Catilinae. Eivsdem De bello from the Italian by Poliphili hypnerotomachia: ubi Ivgvrthino. Eiusdem oratio contra London: Secker & Warburg, [1989] humana omnia non nisi somnium M.T. Ciceronem. M.T. Ciceronis esse docet oratio contra C. Crispu[m] Tomasi di Lampedusa, Giuseppe, Venetiis: in aedibus Aldi Manuti, Sallustium. Eiusdem orationes 1896–1957 1499 quatuor co[n]tra Lucium The leopard / translated from the Catilina[m]. Porcii Latronis Italian by Archibald Colquhoun Valerius Maximus Declamatio contra Lucium London: Collins and Harvill Press, Valerii Maximi Dictorvm et Catilina[m] 1960 factorvm memorabilvm libri novem Venetiis: Aldus Manutius, 1560 [Venice, 1503] Moravia, Alberto, 1907–1990 Petrarca, Francesco, 1304–1374 Roman tales / selected and Boccaccio, Giovanni Il codice Orsini-da Costa delle translated by Angus Davidson La geneologia de gli dei de gentili Rime e dei Trionfi London: Secker & Warburg, 1956 / di M. Giovanni Boccaccio; con Roma: Danesi Editore, 1904 la spositione de sensi allegorici Parini, Giuseppe, 1729–1799 delle favole, & con la dichiaratione Sallust, 86–34 BC Opere di Giuseppe Parini / pubblicate dell’historie appartenenti a detta C. Crispi Sallvstii De conivratione ed illustrate da Francesco Reina materia; tradotta per M. Gioseppe Catilinae. Eivsdem De bello Milano: Stamperia e fonderia del Betussi da Bassano Ivgvrthino. Eiusdem oratio contra Genio tipografico, anno X. 1801- Venetia: Appresso Giacomo M.T. Ciceronem. M.T. Ciceronis anno III. 1804 Sansovino, 1569 oratio contra C. Crispu[m] Sallustium. Eiusdem orationes Levi, Primo, 1919–1987 Boccaccio, Giovanni quatuor co[n]tra Lucium If this is a man / translated from the Decameron Catilina[m]. Porcii Latronis Italian by Broadhurst, Sydney: Angus and Declamatio contra Lucium London: Orion Press, [1959] Robertson, 1941 Catilina[m] Venetiis: Aldus Manutius, 1509 Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 1922–1975 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, Mamma Roma c. 4 BC–65 AD LITERATURE [Milano]: Rizzoli, [1962] Trag[o]edi[a]e Senec[a]e cum commento Svevo, Italo, 1861–1928 Manzoni, Alessandro, 1785–1873 Venetiis: per Lazarum Isoarda de Confessions of Zeno / from the The betrothed (I promessi sposi): Saviliano, 1492 Italian by Beryl de Zoete A tale of XVII century / translated London: Secker & Warburg, 1962, by Archibald Colquhoun Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321 [1923] London: J.M. Dent & sons; New York: Dante col sito, et forma E.P. Dutton & Co., [1951] dell’Inferno Montale, Eugenio, 1896–1981 Vinegia [Italy]: Nelle casa d’Aldo Per conoscere Montale / a cura Kay, George R. (ed.) et d’Andrea di Asola [Aldus di Marco Forti The Penguin book of Italian verse Manutius], 1515 Milano: Mondadori, 1982 Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1958

Marc Kopylov, Papiers dominotés italiens, 2012 SPECIAL COLLECTIONS

ITALIANS IN AUSTRALIA Carboni, Raffaello, 1817–1875 , 1783–1842 Special Collections holds over The Eureka Stockade: The A Roman journal / edited and 220,000 volumes of books, journals Tedeschi, Alberto consequence of some pirates translated by Haakon Chevalier Mondadori’s pocket Italian-English, wanting on quarter-deck a rebellion London: Orion Press, [1959] and pamphlets, as well as archival English-Italian dictionary Melbourne: Printed for the author by material, that have been placed on New York: Washington Square, 1961 J.P. Atkinson, 1855 FUTURISM Barratin, Dino, et al ‘closed access’ by reason of their Speight, Kathleen TRAVEL Parole in libertà: libri e rivisti del age, value or uniqueness in order Teach yourself Italian futurismo nelle Tre Venezie / [a cura London: English Universities Press, Morton, H.V. (Henry Vollam), di] Dino Barattin, Marino De Grassi, to ensure their long-term care and 1955 1892–1979 Maurizio Scudiero preservation for future generations of A traveller in Rome Monfalcone, GO: Edizioni della Lentini, Bianca London: Methuen & Co., [1957] laguna, [1992] scholars and researchers. Collections Madrelingua (Mother tongue) range from the 1300s to the present Upwey: Bianca Lentini, 2013 Varè, Daniele, 1880–1956 Marinetti, F.T. (Filippo Tommaso), Laughing diplomat 1876–1944 day. The large international collection Leti, Bruno and Loney, Alan London: John Murray, [1940], 1953 Les mots en liberté futuristes holds treasures such as a leaf of the Imago Mundi reprint Milano: Edizioni Futuriste de ‘Poesia’, Melbourne: [B. Leti and A. Loney], 1919 , early printed books 2002 Hayward, A.L. (Arthur Lawrence), such as the Chronicle, 1885–1967 Munari, Bruno, 1907–1998 Menu The traveller in Italy: Useful phrases The circus in the mist , modern limited Dinner to celebrate the arrival in and words in Italian New York: World Pub. Co., 1969 editions, high quality facsimiles of Australia of Mrs A. Bellomarino, London: Cassell, [1957] representing the 250,000th post Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, medieval manuscripts, fine bindings, war migrant from Italy. Melbourne, Fanfani, Guido 1876–1944 medical rare books and many other January 25th, 1963 Highlights of Rome: A practical Teoria e invenzione futurista guide-book. With 250 illustrations [Milano]: A. Mondadori, 1968 smaller collections of important Commonwealth Office of and a map of the town items. The Australiana collection, Education for the Department of [Florence]: Ramella [1958] Soffici, Ardengo, 1879–1964 Immigration BÏF & ZF + 18: simultaneità e including the McLaren, Grimwade, English for newcomers to Australia How to visit Venice and its chimismi lirici Joyce Thorpe Nicholson and Chris [Canberra: The Department], 1956 neighbourhood: An artistic [Firenze?: s.n., 1980], [1915] illustrated guide Wallace-Crabbe collections, has Durante, Tommaso, and Chris Milan: Capello, [1957?] strong holdings in the areas of Wallace-Crabbe Limes How to visit Florence and its voyages, exploration, natural history, [North Warrandyte, Vic.]: Tommaso neighbourhood: An artistic literature and Australian history. Durante, 2011 illustrated guide Milan: Capello, 1955 There are also a set of masters and Cavalieri, Angela PhD theses and a growing collection Inri A.S. [Melbourne: Angela Cavalieri], 2005 Italy photographic album, [189–?] of material relating to Book Arts.

Owen Jones, The grammar of ornament, 1856