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Traditional Medicines and Practices Are in Use in Both Industrialized and Developing Countries

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Traditional Medicines and Practices Are in Use in Both Industrialized and Developing Countries The quest for traditional health knowledge began since the dawn of civilization. Currently at least 25% of all modern medicines are derived, either directly or indirectly, from medicinal plants. Traditional medicines and practices are in use in both industrialized and developing countries. More than three fourths of the populations of countries of the SEA Region use traditional medicines and practitioners for their health care. These traditional systems of medicine have the potential to improve health, wellness and people-centred health care. This is the rst ever regional publication on traditional medicine from the WHO South-East Asia Region. It enumerates the overall situation and development of traditional medicine from the perspective of health system building blocks, and analyses policies, regulations, training and education, as well as human resource development, service delivery, research and development. It highlights the key developments and progress made in recent years, and seeks to generate evidence and data that could serve as baseline for future assessments. This publication provides a detailed account of work done in the last ve years to Traditional Medicine strengthen traditional medicine in the Region by countries and WHO, and includes country proles. It is a contribution to the eorts towards the evolution of traditional medicine and the quest for evidence-based, safe and quality health care. in the WHO South-East Asia Region Review of progress 2014–2019 9 789290 228295 Traditional medicine in the WHO South-East Asia Region Review of progress 2014–2019 Traditional medicine in the WHO South-East Asia Region Review of progress 2014–2019 ISBN: 978-92-9022-829-5 © World Health Organization 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization.. Suggested citation. Traditional medicine in the WHO South-East Asia Region; Review of progress 2014–2019. New Delhi: World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia; 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http:// www.who.int/about/licensing. Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party- owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Printed in India Contents Acknowledgements iv List of abbreviations v Foreword vii PART 1 Traditional medicine in the WHO South-East Asia Region 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The mandate 2 1.3 An overview of traditional medicine in South-East Asia 6 PART 2 Progress in the WHO South-East Asia Region 10 2.1 Country progress and activities, 2014–2019 10 2.2 International cooperation and support 2014–2019 24 2.3 WHO activities 2015–2019 28 PART 3 Conclusions 46 PART 4 Country profiles 48 4.1 Bangladesh 50 4.2 Bhutan 55 4.3 Democratic People's Republic of Korea 59 4.4 India 62 4.5 Indonesia 69 4.6 Maldives 74 4.7 Myanmar 76 4.8 Nepal 80 4.9 Sri Lanka 85 4.10 Thailand 89 4.11 Timor-Leste 96 Appendix 1 99 iv Lis of figures, tables and boxes Fig. 1: Five action areas of the SEA Regional Traditional Medicine Action Plan 6 Fig. 2: Origins of some systems of traditional medicine in the WHO South-East Asia Region 7 Fig. 3: Ranking of diseases managed with T&CM 9 Table 1: Five leading health conditions/diseases managed with T&CM by Member States in the WHO SEA Region 8 Table 2: Development of T&CM in the WHO South-East Asia Region, 2005–2018 11 Table 3: Data availability for specific indicators 29 Table 4: Structure and resources of the PV systems in WHO SEA Region countries 32 Table 5: Type of products and events covered under the PV systems 33 Table 6: Individual case safety reports (ISCRs) and T&CM products 33 Table 7: Level of integration of T&CM into health-care systems, WHO SEA Region Member States 40 Table 8: WHO HQ meetings and workshops for T&CAM, 2014–2018 44 Table 4.1: Academic courses, places and certifying authorities in Bangladesh, 2018 52 Table 4.2: India: Registered practitioners and AYUSH hospitals and dispensaries, 2017 64 Table 4.3: Distribution of teaching and degree-granting institutions, by T&CM system, 2018 64 Table 4.4: Distribution of TTM practitioners in public health service facilities 91 Table 4.5: Cumulative numbers of practitioners who passed the licensing examination, registered and received the licences between 1929 and 18 April 2017, by branch of TTM 92 Table 4.6: Use of health providers by households in the last 12 months (HCSBS sample) 96 Box 1: Sources of the mandate 2 Box 2: MoUs signed between India’s Ministry of AYUSH and WHO SEA Region Member countries 26 Traditional medicine in the WHO South-East Asia Region v Acknowledgements This first-ever comprehensive report on traditional medicine in South-East Asia was prepared by a team led by Mr Manoj Jhalani, Director, Department of Health Systems Development, Dr Phyllida Travis, former Director of the Department of Health Systems Development at the WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, and Dr Kim Sung Chol, Regional Adviser for Traditional Medicine at the Regional Office. The text was drafted by Mr Chris Zielinski, Visiting Fellow, University of Winchester, United Kingdom, and is largely based on data prepared by Dr Rachel Canaway, of the Victorian primary care practice-based Research and Education Network (VicREN) and Collaboration and Network Manager for Research at the Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Australia. The text was editorially reviewed by Mr Gautam Basu, editor with the WHO Regional Office. Our sincere thanks to the contributors for their valuable contribution. Review progress 2014–2019 vi List of abbreviations ACM alternative complementary medicine (Bangladesh) ASU Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani AYUSH Ayurveda, yoga and naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and homoeopathy BCE before Common Era BTFTM BIMSTEC Task Force on Traditional Medicine BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation CE Common Era DoHS Department of Health Services (Nepal) GMP good manufacturing practice ICD-11 International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision ICSRs individual case safety reports ICTs information and communication technologies MD medical degree MIM Ministry of Indigenous Medicine (Sri Lanka) MoH Ministry of Health MoHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh) MoPH Ministry of Public Health (Thailand) OPD outpatient department PPP public–private partnership SEA (WHO) South-East Asia (Region) SEARO WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia T&CM traditional and complementary medicine TK traditional knowledge TM traditional medicine TT&CM Thai traditional and complementary medicine TTM Thai traditional medicine UHC universal health coverage WHA World Health Assembly WHO World Health Organization Traditional medicine in the WHO South-East Asia Region vii Foreword Traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) continues to be an important part of preventive and promotive health across the WHO South-East Asia Region, as across the world. Almost 90% of WHO Member States globally have developed policies, laws, regulations, programmes and offices for T&CM that are aligned with WHO’s Global Traditional and Complementary Medicine Strategy 2014–2023.
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