I I I ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT I NORTH SYDNEY OLYMPIC POOL I I MILSONS POINT I I I I I I I I I I For Brian McDonald and Associates I On Behald ofHassell Pty Lt,! Architects I WendyThorp Cultural Resources Management I I I

! I

i I ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT I NORTH SYDNEY OLYMPIC POOL I I MILSONS POINT I I I I I I I I February 1999 I I For Brian McDonald and Associates

I On Behald ofHassell Pty Ltd Architects

I WendyThorp I Cultural Resources Management I I I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool

I CONTENTS OF THE REPORT I I

1 I 1.0 Precis of the Report . 1 I 1.1 The Investigation ... 1 1.2 Historical Framework. 1

I 1.3 The Archaeological Resource 2 I 1.4 Cultural Significance 2 1.5 Management ... 2

I 2.0 The Investigation 3 I 2.1 The Study Area and Subject 3 I 2.2 Consent Condition 3 2.3 Status of the Site 3 I 2.4 Methodology .. 4 I 2.5 Objectives and Tasks. 4 2.6 Authorship,, Client and Acknowledgements 4 I 3.0 Historical Context ...... 6 I 3.1 The Pre-Settlement Environment. 7 3.2 James Milson and Domestic Settlement 8

I 3.3 Ferries and Trains 9 I 3.4 The Harbour Bridge . 10 I 3.5 The North Sydney Olympic Pool 11 I I I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool I 4.0 The Archaeological Resource 12 I 4.1 Pre-Existing Features. 12 4.2 Conclusions...... 12 I 5.0 Cultural Significance 13, I 5.1 Evaluation Criteria .. 13 5.2 Assessment of Significance 14

I 6.0 Management ...... 15 I 6.1 The Proposal . 15 6.2 Management of the Archaeological Resource 15

I 7.0 Documentation ...... 16 I 7.1 Endnotes .. 16 7.2 Bibliography 'I I I I I I I I I I I I I ." I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool I SECTION 1.0 I IPRECIS OF THE REPORT

I 1.1 The Investigation I The sUbject of this investigation is the archaeological resource which may be contained within the area of the North Sydney Olympic Pool and Olympic Place. The report has been prepared to meetthe conditions ofNorth Sydney Council with respect I to improvements being made to this site. Its principal objectives are to determine if there are archaeological issues to be addressed in the course of the current development and, if so, the most appropriate means of managing them. No I archaeological assessment or investigation has been made of this site to date. I 1.2 Historical Framework North Sydney Pool is founded on land that, prior to European settlement, would have been characterised by exposed sandstone outcrops and thin sandy soils which I supported a landscape dominated by stands of Eucalypts giving way to a heath of banksias on the more exposed part ofthe headland. The study area was,first alienated for European purposes iri a grant made to Robert Ryan in 1800. It was again granted I as a permissive occupancy in 1806 to James Milson. Milson's home and principal improvements were located to the east of the study area which is not known to have been improved in any way up to the 1820s. A dispute brought about by Robert I Campbell in the later 1820s over Milson's legal right to the land was resolved by subdividing the original grant between Milson, who acquired the land furthest to the I north, and Campbell who gained the promontory containing the study area. The latter was subdivided in the 1830s. The study area was bisected by a road, Western Wharf Road, and to the south of this thoroughfare were two allotments and to the north five I others. The first occupants were watermen and a dairyman. At least some buildings were erected on these lots but the extent of these works is unknown. The further subdivision ofthe area up to the 1860s was accompanied by excavation and levelling I of the underlying sandstone. By the later 1860s the southern part of the study area had been further subdivided to provide for four allotments and a survey ofthis period I shows buildings on almost all the allotments. By the second half of the nineteenth century Milsons Point had become one of the most vital points in the transport network leading from the city to outlying suburbs. Its I position in this network was consolidated by the construction ofthe first tram in NSW in 1886 and a railway station in 1893. The latter was built on land resumed by the Railways Department including those allotments which encompass the study area. I The station remained in use until the site was resumed for bridge works in the 1920s. After extensive quarrying and levelling part of the study area became the site of one I of the fabrication shops and the rest remained vacant. Work on the bridge was completed in 1932 and the workshops then lay vacant. The site was selected as the I venue for a modern Olympic Pool and was then subject to massive excavation of Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 1 I I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool

I both the ground and cliff face to accommodate the new work. The pool was opened in 1936.

I 1.3 The Archaeological Resource

The study area has been alienated for European settlement from 1800 and occupied I from the 1830s, at first with domestic works and then the railway, a workshop and finally the pool. The most outstanding feature of this long period of development is the extreme amount of disturbance and excavation which has characterised each I phase. Excavation in almost all cases has been into the underlying bedrock. It is highly likely that the extent of this work has removed all traces of each preceding phase. It is considered that this site has little or no likelihood of retaining any I archaeological material. I 1.4 Cultural Significance The study area has historical associations with the earliest settlement on the North I Shore and with seminal events in its development, particularly as a transport corridor. It also has associations with the development of the Harbour Bridge. However, the extent of the disturbance to the site which has accompanied each changing use I means that these associations will not be realised in any tangible way through an archaeological resource. The site has no scientific research value for arcaheological I pruposes. 1.5 Management

I This analysis has identified that the proposed work is unlikely to disturb any relics. It will not be necessary, therefore, for the proponents of the development to make application to the- Heritage Council for an Excavation Permit prior to the I commencement of the work. It should be noted, however, that should any deposit, feature or relic of substance and significance be exposed during the course of excavation the owners/managers of the site are required to notify the Heritage Office I of NSW. Relics are protected by the Heritage Act of NSWwhich requires responsible I management of them. It is recommended that:

I • no further archaeological work be undertaken for this site. I I I I I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 2 ~------~~~------, I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool

I SECTION 2.0 I ITHE INVESTIGATION I 2.1 The Study Area and Subject I The subject of this investigation is the site of the North Sydney Olympic Pool and Olympic Place. The study area is found within the suburb of Milsons Point and is bound by Olympic Driye and Luna Park to the west, Paul Street to the north and Alfred I Street to the east and south. The facilities of the pool are to be extended by the construction of a lap pool, wading pool, several buildings and landscaping.

I The investigation broadly encompasses the European "heritage" values of this site with respect to a possible archaeological resource. Heritage values are understood to mean the appreciation of and value placed upon the resource by contemporary I society in terms of the criteria expressed in the Surra Charter and formalised by the Heritage Office of NSW. Archaeological evidence, or relics, is defined by the Heritage Act of NSWto be physical evidence (structures, features, soils, deposits and portable I artefacts) that provide evidence ofthe development of NSW, of non-Aboriginal origin I and fifty or more years in age. 2.2 Consent Condition I The work has been initiated by a condition of consent for the development required by North Sydney Council. This condition is that,

I "A historical archaeologist shall be engaged to carry out an archaeological assessment ofthe likelihood offinding archaeological remains ofsignificance on the subject site in respect to the whole of the site and the most likely location of these I remains... ". I 2.3 Status of the Site The Olympic Pool has been the subject of several heritage reports. A conservation plan in three volumes was prepared in 1994 (Jean, Hill, Spearitt, Alldritt and Sierins, I (North Sydney Olympic Pool Conservation Plan) and a Heritage Impact Assessment in 1998 (Godden Mackay Heritage Consultants, North SydneY Olympic Pool Heritage I Impact Assessment and Statement of Heritage Effects). There has been no archaeological assessment of this site made prior to the work undertaken for this I report and no recognition of archaeological relics contained within it. I I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 3 I I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool I 2.4 Methodology This report has been prepared in accordance with the principles established by the Heritage Office of New South Wales presented in l'Archaeological Assessment I Guidelinesll (Department of Urban Affairs and Planning, 1996).

I 2.5 Objectives and Tasks The principal objectives of the work have been to identify whether there is an I archaeological issue to be addressed prior to or during the course of redevelopment. This report identifies what may be retained in the ground as an archaeological resource, the significance of that material and the most appropriate means of I managing it in the event of it being disturbed during the course offuture development. To this end the following tasks have been undertaken:

I • primary and secondary historical research sufficient to determine the physical development of this site in addition to that presented in earlier studies;

1I • a review of the available physical evidence; I • a determination of the probable archaeoloQical resource; I • an evaluation. of cultural significance with reference to standard criteria; • recommendations for management strategies; I • complete documentation of the programme to standards acceptable to Council and the Heritage Office of NSW.

I 2.6 Authorship, Client and Acknowledgements

This report has been written and researched by Wendy Thorp to meet the I requirements of North Sydney Council. It has been prepared at the request of Brian McDonald and Associates on behalf of Hassell Pty Ltd Architects. The work draws on both primary and secondary sources. A complete bibliography is attached to this I report (Section 7.2). I I I I I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 4 I I I Archaeological Assessment North Sydney Olympic Pool I I I I I ~.. lE 0 E I ~ ~ \ !l ~ ~ tl 1: ~ ::l i I !l .AIllS'C Lana Park I B~dfield Pa I I I

I tudy Area _ I I I I I Figure: The Study Aru (Source: Godden Mackay, Heritage Impact Assessment, 3-4) I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 5 I I Archaeological Assessment: I North Sydney Olympic Pool I SECTION 3.0 I IHISTORICAL CONTEXT I This section presents evidence derived from archival sources which is used to describe the evolution and occupation of the study area. This description provides I the basis for assessing what may be retained'in the ground as archaeological evidence of that development as well as providing a context for determining the significance of that resource. The information contained in this analysis has been I drawn from both primary and secondary sources cited in Section 7.2.

The archival information is presented in sections which generally represent the I principal periods of development and change. These are: I • The Pre-European Environment I • James Milson and Domestic Settlement • Ferries and Trains I • The Harbour Bridge I • The North Sydney Olympic Pool I I I I I I I I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 6 I I I Archaeological Assessment North Sydney Olympic Pool I 3.1 The Pre-Settlement Environment North Sydney occupies an area of steep sandstone promontories with an I environment that discouraged early settlement. James Milson described his land as, "nothing but rocks and stones, not enough soil to grow anything let along grass to I feed stock... " (1).

Early views of Milsons Point from the southern shore and headlands close by show I it to have been a thinly vegetated sandstone mass. The cliff dropped sharply to a narrow rock shelf and then to the harbour. Artists such as Lewin and Conrad Martens drew images of a typical landscape based on the underlying geology of Hawkesbury I sandstone and the sandy soils so disappointing to the early settlers. The vegetation comprised stands of Bangalay (Eucalyptus botryoides), Red Bloodwood (Eucalyptus gummifera) , Sydney Peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita) and Black She-Oak I (Allocausarina littoralis) amongst others on the slopes facing the harbour with Smooth-Barked Apple (Angophora costata) behind. Beneath the trees was a thick understorey. Gullies supported Port Jackson Fig (Ficus rubiginosa), Lilly Pilly I (Acmena smithil) and Coastal Tree Ferns (2).

I The pool site is probably at the extremity ofthe vegetation before it thinned to a typical sandstone headland characterised by banksias and, on the lower slopes, Port Jackson figs. Lewin's "View ofthe Town ofSydney Taken from Chiarabilly" in 1811 I shows what was probably typical of the study area before its removal by European settlers. It depicts an open landscape founded on exposed sandstone outcrops with I stands of trees and shrubs interspersed at points throughout. I I I I I I

I Figure: J. Lewin, 'View ofthe Town ofSydney Taken from Chiaribilly" 1811 • I (Source: T McConnack, First Views of Australia, 147) Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 7 I I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool I 3.2 James Milson and Domestic Settlement The study area was first alienated for European purposes in a grant of 120 acres I made to a soldier, Robert Ryan, in 1800. Nothing came of this association and a permissive occupancy was made to James Milson in 1806. Milson constructed a slab cottage that became known as the Milk House on a place close to the present I position of the Harbour Bridge Pylon. He owned a herd of dairy cows and supplied milk and beef and fruit from his properties at Milsons Point and at Castle Hill (1). The house,along with the record of his promissory grant, was destroyed by fire in 1826. I At that time no improvements are known to have been made by Milson on or close to the study area.

I After the fire and the loss of his record of ownership Milson's legal right to his land was disputed by Robert Campbell. When a survey of the area was made in 1828 the owner of the land was described as Robert Ryan the first and legally secure owner I of the property (2). The dispute was resolved by means of subdividing the original Ryan grant between the two parties. Milson was given fifty acres facing the cove in the northernmost part of the property and the remainder, the land to south including I the promontory known as Milsons Point, was awarded to the Campbell family (3).

I By the 1830s the formerly remote and unappealing land of the north shore had acquired interest for property speculators. Encouraged by an extremely buoyant economy, which was expressed principally in the real estate market, and by the I watermen services which provided some reliable access to the north shore, land here was offered for subdivision.

I Campbell's property was prepared for subdivision by 1836. The plan shows the streets formed around the study area at that point being Alfred Street (then Lane Cove Road) which branched at the study area to Eastern Wharf Road and Western I Wharf Road. The latter bisects the land now encompassed by the study area; the road which links Olympic Place with Alfred Street is the last vestige of this earlier thoroughfare. South of Western Wharf Road were two long and narrow allotments. I North of it was one allotment with its frontage to Alfred Street and four which faced Lavender Bay (4). These lots were first occupied by three watermen, who operated I a boat service to Dawes Point from the wharf below, and a dairyman (5). The extent of building activity associated with these several lots is unclear. By 1852 I the same pattern of subdivision remained and the survey of the area in this year records only one building on the south-eastern lot facing Eastern Wharf Road (6). A subdivision plan of 1864 shows the two long blocks to have been leased to a Frederick I Drew and a May Slater. One substantial building is shown on Slater's block adjoining Eastern Wharf Road (7). From the 1860s this area was progressively subdivided and built over and this was accompanied by considerable excavation of the underlying I sandstone mass to provide level bUilding sites. By 1868 the two lots south ofWestern Wharf Road had been divided again; they now comprised four small square holdings with buildings on at least two. The earlier subdivision pattern of the lots north of the I road remained intact at this time and the survey shows buildings on all properties (8). I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 8 I I I

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I· /.---/-,---J:>~/ // -( 1'11 1" h a--rf it, oad ( t 1 I \: ~ \) ~ I.... \ \ / \ W I;:-:- . i . ". I \ I~ t!i' \ ~. \ ~ I:' . ~ :} '.' 'i"' . ~ .. • >;1' --:....:.:.. ' ...... : :--: . I \ . . \, \ I \ .. .~ \ , \. '. ... \ . ';, \ I \ \ .E. a... ~e . . \ r 1'1/' ,,,. .."... I , "1- ... r ,< I I ~ 1 f cd... / fk;". Jt../ k .4 ~7 I- 1J1t1-- 1 I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool I 3.3 The Ferries and Trains From 1817 William Blue had provided a private waterman's service plying the waters I between the north shore and the town of Sydney. With the increase of population on the northern shore in the 1830s, resulting from the subdivisions of that period, more watermen began offering similar services including the three men who occupied part I of the study area. A private company, the Sydney Ferry Company, provided the first vehicle transport between Dawes Point and Blues Point in 1842 and the Government supplied a team of convicts to improve the road access to the landing at Blues Point I (1). At the same time the Government recognised the importance of Milsons Point as a public landing place and used the same group of convicts to work on improving I the transport corridor created by Alfred Street. By the later part of the century Milsons Point was one of the busiest transport hubs in the city with regular ferry services providing the prinCipal means of travel between I the north and south shores of the harbour. However, the system was plagued by the problem of delays in forwa~ding passengers and goods from the ferry to points further north. In 1886 the first tramway constructed in NSWwas built to link Milsons Point to I St Leonards Park. It featured a tall, arched shopping arcade and clock tower adjacent to the wharf just to the south of the study area (2). The convenience afforded by this interchange cemented Milsons Point as the principal point of arrival and departure in I North Sydney. Its dominance was made impregnable by the construction of a railway I interchange in 1893. This station, the first Milson's Point Station, was constructed on land resumed by the Railways Department including those allotments that had formed the study area as I well as land which was reclaimed for the purpose. The line cost an estimated 350,000 pounds including the price ofthe resumptions and reclamation (3). Plans ofthe station show a U-shaped form with stairs providing access to the changes in level from the I station to the areas closer to the arcade. The land between the station and tram and Alfred Street was vacant (4).

I Not completely successful in fulfilling expectations of a major goods line the station remained in operation until 1915. In that year a new station, Lavender Bay, was opened on a site further north in anticipation of a harbour bridge being constructed I over the site of the older station. The ferry wharf and tram terminus were also closed and relocated in anticipation of this event. The public was particularly unhappy about the closure of the station; the new platform was more difficult to reach. The failure I of the Government to commence work on Bradfield's cantilevered bridge design at that time led to the old station being reopened a few months later and it remained in I use until the site was resumed for bridge works. The Lavender Bay station reopened in 1924. I I I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 9 I 1 Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool I 1 aRgure: The studyarea nowdeveloped for railway purposes ND ( Source: State RailArchives) 1 1- j I I I II

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Of ", I \ .." .':-': ,f.. ,,',,!.. , I' '-IT''' ." I .: .. ",:/ ~ ',' .:;, ~.. :-.. .". :,,1 I!. p 0 \\ 1 I 1 Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates 1 I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool / ! I 3.4 The Harbour Bridge I The need for a bridge to link the northern and southern shores had been recognised I from the later part of the nineteenth century and several designs had been prepared to meet the needs of the population on both sides of the harbour. A proposal by Dr Bradfield for a bridge was recommended for adoption in 1916 but no decision was I made at the time. A Bill to enable the bridge to be constructed was passed in Parliament in 1922. Tenders were invited in 1923 and the contract signed in 1924. I The successful firm was the British company of Dorman Long and Co. Preparing the land on both sides ofthe harbourto enable the bridge to be constructed entailed massive dislocatic;m of existing communities and services. At Milsons Point I the land "then owned by the railway was resumed (1) and work commenced on preparing the site to serve as a workshop area. The contract for the construction of the harbour bridge specified that fabrication was to be done locally and this, in turn, I required a site which could accommodate huge workshops. After consideration of several places the decision was made to allocate the old railway land, now the sites I of Luna Park and the pool, to this use. Before the workshops were built the site was massively altered to accommodate I them. 42,000 cubic metres of rock and soil were quarried for this purpose and there was further reclamation of the water's edge (2). There were three principal shops, a light, a template and a heavy section. The workshop plan shows that the study area I was partly occupied by the heavy construction shop and the remainder of the land, between the workshop and Western Wharf Road, Paul Street and Alfred Street was I vacant (3). Work on the bridge was completed in 1932 and the workshops then lay empty. I I I I I I I I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 10 I -~- I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool

I 3.5 The North Sydney Olympic Pool With the completion of the bridge and the removal of the workshops the now vacant I land at Milsons Point would soon become a feature ofthe city's leisure hours for most of the remaining years of the twentieth century. Luna Park was opened in October I 1935 and this was followed a short time later by the Olympic Pool. A public swimming baths had been available at Lavend,er Bay since 1878 but by the 1930s they were considered to be a public health hazard, too small and old fashioned. I There was, as well, some inter-Council rivalry with places such as Bankstown and Granville already having a modern Olympic size pool. The land next to Luna Park I and a site at St Leonards Park were both considered as possible venues. With the decision made to use the land adjoining Luna Park work commenced on preparing the site. It involved the excavation of 6319 cubic metres of rock cliff face I and 6700 cubic yards of rock to create a level site and a further 2400 cubic metres for the pool (1). The new pool opened d in 1936. It offered the latest in both design I and technology. Since that time the original pool has undergone several modifications and additions I including a change in its length, the removal of the diving tower and the construction of a pool manager's residence. I I I I I I I I I I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 11 I I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool

I SECTION 4.0 I ITHE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE I 4.1 Pre-Existing Features

I Prior to the construction of the pool the study area was the subject of several distinct phases of use and development being:

I • settlement from the 1830s to the 1880s which encompassed a variety of buildings of a domestic scale on a total of nine allotments either side of Western Wharf I Road; • the resumption and demolition of all domestic works to make way for the construction of a railway station which required some levelling and reclamation I works;

• the construction of a railway station on part of the site in 1893, the remainder lay I vacant; I • the resumption ofthe station and the demolition of all structures in the 1920s to make way for the Dorman Long workshops; I • extensive excavation and levelling to accommodate the new workshops in the later 1920s;

I • the construction over part ofthe site of one workshop. The remainder was vacant land; .

I • the removal ofthe workshop and extensive excavation ofthe site to accommodate the pool;

I • the construction and use of the pool from the 1930s. I 4.2 Conclusions The most outstanding feature of this long period of development is the extreme amount of disturbance and excavation which has characterised each phase. I Excavation in almost all cases has been into the underlying bedrock. It is highly likely that the extent of this work has removed all traces of each preceding phase. It is considered that this site has little or no likelihood of retaining any archaeological I material. I I I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 12 I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool

I SECTION 5.0 I \CUlTURAl SIGNIFICANCE I 5.1 Evaluation Criteria I "Heritage significance", "cultural significance" and "cultural value" are all terms used to describe an item's value or importance to our own society. This value may be contained in the fabric of the item, its setting and its relationship to other items, the I response that the item stimulates in those who value it now and in the historical records that allow us to understand it in its own context. An assessment of what is significant is not static. Significance may increase as more is learnt about the past I and as items become rare, endangered or are found to document and illustrate aspects that have acquired a new recognition of importance.

I Determining cultural value is at the basis of all planning for places of historic value. A clear determination of significance permits informed decisions for future planning that will ensure that the expressions of significance are retained, enhanced or at least I are minimally impacted upon. A clear understanding of the nature and degree of significance .will determine the parameters for and flexibility of any future I development. An historical analysis provides the context for assessing significance. This analysis I is presented in Section 3.0. An assessment of significance is made by applying standard evaluation criteria to the facts of the item's development and associations. I These criteria are divided into two categories: • Nature of Significance

I • Comparative Significance

The four basic criteria used in the nature of significance category are those of I Evolution and Associations (Historic), Creative and Technical Accomplishment (Aesthetic), Community Esteem (Social) and Research Potential (Scientific). I Comparative significance is assessed according to rarity or representative values. Items have value if they meet at least one of the nature of significance criteria and I are good examples of either or both of the comparative criteria. I I I Wendy Thorp for Blian McDonald and Associates Page 13 I I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool I 5.2 Assessment of Significance The study area has historical associations with the earliest settlement on the North I Shore and with seminal events in its development, particularly as a transport corridor. It also has associations with the development of the Harbour Bridge. However, the extent of the disturbance to the site which has accompanied each changing use I means that these associations will not be realised in any tangible way through an archaeological resource. The site has no scientific research value for arcaheological I purposes. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 14 I I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool

I SECTION 6.0 I IMANAGEMENT I 6.1 The Proposal I The work is intended to increase the facilities of the pool through:

• the construction of an indoor pool, change rooms and an out-door area to the I north of the existing pool

• the construction of a gymnasium and restaurant along the western side of the I existing pool

• the construction of a new entrance, shops and other services to the east of the I pool; I • upgrading the existing pool. 6.2 Management of the Archaeological Resource

I This analysis has identified that the proposed work is unlikely to disturb any relics. It will not be necessary, therefore, for the proponents of the development to make I application to the Heritage Council for an Excavation Permit prior to the commencement of the work.

I It should be noted, however, that should any deposit, feature or relic of substance and significance be exposed during the course of excavation the owners/managers of the site are required to notify the Heritage Office of NSW. Relics are protected by I the Heritage Act of NSW which requires responsible'management of them. I It is recommended that: I • no further archaeological work be undertaken for this site. I I I I I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 15 I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool

I SECTION 7.0 I !OOCUMENTATION I 7.1 Endnotes

I Section 3.1

1. Quoted in G.v. Mann, Municipality of North Sydney History & Progress for the I Earliest Settlement 1788-1938,3.

2. Doug Benson and Jocelyn Howell, Taken for Granted The Bushland of Sydney I and Its Suburbs, 122. I Section 3.2 I 1.lsadore Brodsky, North Sydney 1788 - 1962, 13. 2. Plan of the North Shore of Port Jackson which is Opposite to Sydney 1828. I SAONSWAO Map SZ467. I 3. Isadore Brodsky, Loc. Cit. 4. Map reproduced in G.v. Mann, Municipality ofNorth Sydney History & Progress I for the Earliest Settlement 1788-1938, facing page 37. 5. Sue Rosen, Historical Outline Luna Park/Lavender Bay Heritage Study, 18.

I 6. W. M. Brownrigg, Map of Carabella 1852.

7. Plan of 5 Building Allotments at Milsons Point North Shore Property of Mr Paul I 1864.

I 8. Milsons Point and Part ofKirribilli. 1868 I Section 3.3

I 1. Sue Rosen, Historical Outline Luna Park/Lavender Bay Heritage Study, 21.

I 2..Isadore Brodsky, North Sydney 1788 - 1962,49. I 3. Sue Rosen, Loc. Cit. I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 16 I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool

I 4. Plan ofMilsons Point Railway, Tram and Steam Ferry Connections. NO. I Section 3.4

I 1. Sydney Harbour Bridge Resumptions and Purchases NO

2. Mandy Jean, Jennifer Hill, Peter Spearitt, StuartAlldritt, Eric Sierins, Norlh Sydney I Olympic Pool Conservation Plan Volumes 1, 27.

I 3. Department ofPublicWorks, SydneyHarbourBridge Site ofWorkshops ofOorman, Long and Co. NO. I I Section 3.5 1. Mandy Jean, Jennifer Hill, Peter Spearitt, Stuart Alldritt, Eric Sierins, Norlh Sydney I Olympic Pool Conservation Plan Volumes 1, 27. I I I I I I I I I I I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 17 I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool

I 7.2 Bibliography I 7.2.1 Books and Reports Doug Benson and Jocelyn Howell Taken for Granted The Bushland of Sydney and Its Suburbs I Kangaroo Press. 1995.

Isadore Brodsky I North Sydney 1788 - 1962 Municipal Council of North Sydney. 1963.

I Catherine Bull Kiribilli Milsons Point Foreshore Study I North Sydney Council 1978. Godden Mackay Heritage Consultants I North Sydney Olympic Pool Heritage Impact Assessment and Statement ofHeritage Effects I North Sydney Council. 1998. Historical Services Department Stanton Library The Wonder Pool 1936 - 1996 I Local Studies Collection Stanton Library. 1996

Tim McCormack I First Views ofAustralia 1788 - 1825 I David Ell Press. 1987. Mandy Jean, Jennifer Hill, Peter Spearitt, Stuart Alldritt, Eric Sierins North Sydney Olympic Pool ConselVation Plan Volumes 1-3 I North Sydney Co

G.V. Mann I Municipality of North Sydney History & Progress for the Earliest Settlement 1788-1938 I Municipal Council North Sydney. 1938 Sue Rosen Historical Outline Luna Park/Lavender Bay Heritage Study I NSW Department of Planning. 1991 I I I I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 18 I I Archaeological Assessment: North Sydney Olympic Pool I 7.2.2 Maps and Plans Thomas Mitchell I· Plan of the North Shore ofPort Jackson which is Opposite to Sydney 1828 SAONSWAO Map SZ 467

I W. M. Brownrigg Map of Carabella 1852 I MI M4811.1418/1852/1 Plan of5 Building Allotments at Milsons Point North Shore Property ofMrPaul 1864 I ML North Sydney Subdivision Plans SP 811.1411.1864/1 Milsons Point and Part ofKirribilli. 1868 I Stanton Library. MF285. Plan of Milsons Point Railway, Tram and Steam Ferry Connections. NO. I State Rail Archives (Sheet 2/4)

Sydney Harbour Bridge Resumptions and Purchases NO I SAONSWAO Map 61117

Department of PUblic Works 'I Sydney Harbour Bridge Site of Workshops ofOorman, Long and Co. I SAONSWAO Plan 6118 I I I I I I I I Wendy Thorp for Brian McDonald and Associates Page 19 I