A Report by Chintan A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres Tyres Old Old to to Approach Approach Wealth Wealth to to A Waste A Waste (2017)(2017) Circulating Tyres in the Economy Economy in the in the Tyres Tyres Circulating Circulating Published by Chintan Environmental Research and Action Group C14, Second Floor, Lajpat Nagar III, New Delhi 110024 Phone: +91-11-46574171 or 46574172 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.chintan-india.org/

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About Chintan Environmental Research and Action Group

Chintan is a registered non-profit organization with a vision of inclusive, sustainable, and equitable growth for all. Our mission is to reduce ecological footprints and increase environmental justice through changes brought about through partnerships, capacity building at the grassroots, advocacy and research, and sustainable, scalable models on Authorsthe ground.

Rajat Rai Handa (Chintan) Bharati Chaturvedi (Chintan) Acknowledgements

Chintan would like to thank the following people for their valuable contribution in writing this report: Darpan Anil Singh, Lalit Sharma, Madhu Jagdeeshan, Richa Chaturvedi, Shaila Faleiro and Taruni Kumar. We would also like to thank the dedicated team at Chintan who helped with various aspects of the research and fieldwork: Chitra Mukherjee and Imran Khan.

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©Please Copyright feel free 2017, to use Chintan the information Environmental here to Research promote and environmental, Action Group economic and social justice. We urge you to quote this report when you use the information in it and inform us if possible. involved in the dumping and burning of tyres. This growing concern has translated translated has concern growing This tyres. of burning and dumping the in involved resources of loss the and issues environmental the of conscious becoming manufacturers, tyre as well as governments, various seen have decades of couple last The disposal. of practice common most the been has tyres of stockpiling and dumping Globally, million tyres were produced (TinnaRubbers 2017). is canbeunderstood by notingthatinthefinancialyear of2016-17,anestimated 127.4 large potential source ofraw material for the rubber industry. How large thatpotential a considered are and rubber quality high of made are tyres Universally, them. around economy self-sustaining complete a have they composition, their to ELVs,owing yet in component one just are Tyres copper. and rubber plastics, aluminium, steel, recycled for source a as ELVstreated are waste. as vehicles, of disposed and thrown scrapped, (ELVs),i.e., Vehicles End-of-Life of issue the to approach the influences that resource’ precious as ‘waste of lens this is it world, the Across discussion. this to core is materials raw secondary for source potential a as resource untapped an is ‘waste’ current that idea The agenda. growth the within efficiency resource and resources natural of management sustainable of issues prioritize to essential it made have models growth Resource-heavy (WHO 2015)ortwo-thirds oftheworld’s production ofnatural rubber. tonnes billion 12 to close consuming currently be to estimated is and rubber natural manufactures closeto over abilliontyres. Thetyre industryisthelargest consumer of currently which industry, tyre global the in trends growth the are related Closely being produced willdouble. cars of number the 2040, by i.e. numbers, these in rise further a indicate also projections Current countries. high-income in are 46% only and countries middle-income in are vehicles motorized the of 53% that notes (2015) Organization Health World The vehicles. Over thelasttwo decades,theworld hasseenanexponential riseinthenumberofmotor Executive Summary

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres Executive Summary 2 |

polluting. polluting. highly also is use last This winter. in heat of source a as and India) North (in manufacture jaggery sugarcane in kilns, brick in used often are and source energy or fuel cost-effective widely practiced. ELTs this andscrapsfind ofrubber, not whichWe aredid easily available, alsoserve asablack. carbon low-grade and (char) residue solid oils, gas, fuel into tyres reprocess to used is Pyrolysis parts. component their for additionally and energy and indirectly asTyre Pyrolysis Oil(TPO).At times,ELTs are decomposed,primarily for ELTs alsoplay animportantrole inproviding energy directly asTyre Derived Fuel (TDF) industry. rubber reclaim the for material raw base the as serves also crumb Rubber containers. battery and pipes hose sheets, rubber mats, floor as such goods moulded specific as such items many of production the in material raw as serves rubber crumb or crumb Rubber value. greater of is which obtained, is crumb’ ‘rubber tyre, the of parts shredded the of grinding further a With value. low of items create to used are rubber of chunks large cases, some In walls. side and bead tread, materials– secondary obtain to shredded manually are they reused, be cannot tyres-as-a-whole When tyres. old Circulating i.e., resource, the of utilization significant ensure and specialization much too require not do They tyres. old of reuse cost-effective and direct most the are regrooving and Retreading combustion). and (pyrolysis reuse material and Tyresmodification) mechanical and (retreading/regrooving reuse product being as distinguished broadly be can practices These country. ELTs of the in theThe second section condition. its on depends sector, informal the in especially Economy: tyre, a of reuse and recycle The leaders. as serve etc. Rubbers GRP, Kohinoor Rubbers, Tinna Reclamations, KK Group, Balaji A like manufacturers 6-7 which of Wastemanufacturers odd 60 only of comprises industry This industry. rubber reclaim toan overview ofrecycling intheformal sector ofELTsprovides also withanintroduction to theIndian section The India. North in recycling Wealthtyre of sector informal the on focuses which experience, and study on-ground Chintan’s from extensively draws section the sector, informal the in recycling of pattern Approach and scale the on documentation direct much not is there that Given country. the in prevalent are that recycling of systems current the of overview an provide to attempts also section This level. national the and global to OldThe firstsection Tyres tyres. for practices handling in detail,thebestpossiblealternative currently available to Indiafor safe end-of-life-Executive exploring, also while globally, and India both across undertaken being ELTs are of that recycle and reuse of practices and policies salient these capture to attempts report This Summary(ELTs). Tyres End-of-Life of management the towards models and systems varied explore to chosen have countries several wherein action political concerted into provides insight into the scale of the problem of ELTs at both the the ELTs of both at problem the of scale the into insight provides focuses on understanding the current practices of reuse and recycle recycle and reuse of practices current the understanding on focuses of CRMB-based roads are noted to be 6.88% higher than bitumen-based roads, over the the over roads, bitumen-based than higher 6.88% be to noted are roads CRMB-based of costs construction initial the Though forward. ways key the of one is market CRMB the into grow.Tapping to potential much has but limited currently also is country the within sector reclaim rubber The falling. and/or limited is TPO for market the oil, crude of prices the in fall the to Due explored. also are efficiency resource optimum of options other that and fuel as used just not are tyres that ensure to country a as important Tois it conclude, CRMB-based roads. towards Highways and Transport Road of Ministry the by level national the at push and advantage the detail, in explores, section, this of part last The processes. (TPO) Oil Pyrolysis Tyre and rubber reclaimed rubber, crumb to related policies on focus specific a with rubber ELTs scrap of and recycling on policies and position Indian the explores also section This approval. final pending is which draft, a as stands still and industry the of parts all by received well very been not has attempt this But approach. responsibility producer extended an through ELT management introduce to attempted has government the 2017, Rules Management Tyres Waste the of guidelines draft current the In rules. and guidelines specific of series a through ELT management of process the streamline to tried also has country the concern, the of magnitude the understanding ELTs. to But, applicable also are category this to apply broadly that policies the and waste’ ‘hazardous ELTs treats as It policy. ELT management centralized a have not does currently India The textile. recovered for and cement rubberized and (CRMB) Bitumen Modified Rubber Crumb fillers, rubber as – rubber reclaimed for applications of development the through railways and roads housing, of fields the in been has tyres of reuse and recycling of focus The rubber. of qualities various the of advantage maximum take which options recycling innovative explore to push a is there followed, being model the of irrespective EU, the across present, At model. system) (tax responsibility government the and model market EU, there are 3mainmodelsofmanagingELTs: theextended producer responsibility,the Across free schemes. ELT management their to policies states’ member respective the of alignment conscious the to due possible made been has This 2011). (ETRMA currently ELTs of recycling of rate highest the has EU the 96%, At field. the in pioneer a been has which (EU), Union European the in ELT management in systems the understanding on focuses tyres follow acircular economy pathway.section the of Thefirstpart The fourthsection explores theunderstanding ofrecycling andreuse interms ofthiscircular economy. briefly also section This economy. circular complex this understand to important is it and forms other of variety a in post-consumption extended be can material, as Tyres, tyres. of stockpiling and burning the to related problems environmental the into insight provides they’re notrecycled, they poseenormous environmental problems. Thethird section when tyres, of composition chemical and flammability non-biodegradability, the to Due of the report focuses on understanding India’s ELT management system. system. ELT management India’s understanding on focuses report the of fifth section elaborates the systems being developed globally to ensure the the ensure to globally developed being systems the elaborates

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres Executive Summary 4 |

Circulatingresponsible development model. and controlled sustainable, more a to subscribe we that ensuring are we CRMB, on focus country-wide a with Ultimately, quality. infrastructural better Tyresensuring and connectivity improving simultaneously while achieved, is efficiency resource optimum that ensuring inadditionally also are we process, this year. In each roads friendly theenvironmentally of kms 30,000 nearly ensuring be would we country as CRMB, to Economy:converted are day each disposed ELTsare which 2,75,000 estimated the that ensuring by Moreover, manner. friendly environmentally an in ELTs recycled 3,350 are around that ensuring are we CRMB, using laid is road of Akilometre every that ensuring by Thus, country. Waste the within motorization increased the with along infrastructure road growing the linking in effort concerted a as serve would CRMB adapting that toconcludes report This Wealth important. also is sector informal the of upgradation the Alongside, highways. and roads newer Approachbuilding for or highways and roads older repairing and strengthening for be it ELTs, from whether CRMB of uptake the increase consciously to need a is there this, To achieve fuel. for remains tyre of burning open from topollution prevent and costs infrastructural overall reduce Old also but involved materials raw the of recycle and reuse optimum ensure only not will This Tyresdeluge. projected the handle to unable be will alone they important, are reuse for activities sector informal while because scale, on alternative the as CRMB include to Executive need a ELTs,is of there volume growing its with India like economy growing a in Hence, at 5-7years asopposedto roads laidusingbitumenwhich iswithin3-5years. is CRMB Summaryusing laid are which roads of case the in period renewal the Also, km. lane/per per 6,59,224 INR or 28.74% over of savings are there years, 15 i.e. road, the of lifetime Table of Contents Can We Create aCircular Economy ofTyres? 4. 3. 2. 1. Executive Summary_ Transboundary Initiative: EU’sInternational Trade ofELTs Government Responsibility Free Market Extended Producer Responsibility Retreading Tyres Regrooving Tyres Reuse ofProducts: Tread, BeadandSideWalls Tyres as Fuel (TDF) Pyrolysis: Thermo-Chemical Decomposition 4.1 What istheWorld Doing?_ 3.1 The Problem withTyres_ 2.1 What ishappening to Tyres inIndia?_ 1.1 An Explosion in theTyre Industry_ 2.2 1.2 2.3 2.4 EU Policy onELT Recycling Environmental Pollution Tyre Recycling Trends inIndia Types ofTyres Manufactured Reuse ofOldTyres: Regrooving andRetreading Understanding theScaleofEnd-of-Life Tyres (ELTs) Mechanical Modification(AsRubber Crumbs orShredded Rubber Pieces) Decomposition: Thermo-Chemical andCombustion ______1

2 1 2 30 3 32 32 32 31 26 17 12 21 20 20 14 2 2 24 23 23 7 3 6 0 9

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres 6 | Table of Contents Figure 7:Non-Auto Tyre Rubber Sector (India) Figure 6:ELT ManagementSchemesinEurope Figure 5:Circular Economy ofTires Figure 4:Structure ofaTyre Figure 3:TimelineonBanofOldVehicles Figure 2:Cross SectionsofCrossply Tyre andRadial Tyre Figure 1:Motorization Rate oftheWorld Annexure 1:ListofTyre Hubsin NorthIndia _ 6. 5. List ofInterviewees _ Bibliography_ References_ List ofFigures Industry Response to theAct Breach ofResponsibility Innovation from OtherParts oftheWorld Use ofRubber to Reduce NoisePollution Use inRail Transport Use ofRecovered Textile Use inRubberized Cement Use inAthletic Tracks Use inRoads State Road Transport Corporations Circulating Rubber SkillDevelopment Council Ministry ofEnvironment, Forest andClimate Change Ministry ofSurface Road Transport andHighways Tyres in the Economy: Cost Analysis UsingBitumenVG 30v/sCRMB 60 From Waste to Wealth: Crumb Rubber ModifiedBitumen(CRMB) A Tyre Pyrolysis Oil(TPO) Waste Production ofCrumb Rubber andReclaimed Rubber to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres 6.1 Conclusion 5.1 Indian Policy on ELT Recycling_ 4.2 6.2 5.2 Upgrade theWay theInformal Sector Works Draft GuidelinesoftheWaste Tyres ManagementRules 2017 Recycling OptionsofELTs Globally Use ELTs in roads Recycling Optionsfor ELTs inIndia ______4 5 6 5 6 5 43 29 28 19 13 12 53 4 4 43 40 40 40 40 39 39 37 36 5 5 54 54 53 51 48 48 4 4 2 6 2 8 5 3 9 Table 3:Road Renewal Cost Table 2:Initial Road Construction Cost Table 1:Advantages ofCRMB over Bitumen List ofTables Box 8:UnderstandingREACH Box 7:Regulation onDisposingofTyres inLandfills:SomePerspectives Box 6:International Commitment to SustainableManagementofNatural Resources Box 5:Eco-Toxicity ofTyres: SomeStudies Box 4:WhatisReclaimed Rubber? Box 3:BanonOldVehicles ontheRoad MeansEven More Tyres Box 2:Different Types ofPneumatic Tyres Box 1:DidYou Know? List ofBoxes Photo 5:Atowering cloudofsmoke risingfrom theRhinehart tyre fire, Virginia 1983 Photo 4:Kohlu orKalesarbeingoperated to manually shred waste rubber for burning Photo 3:Manual Retreading ofaTyre inMeerut Photo 2:Manual Regrooving ofTyres atJaliKhotiRoad, KherNagar, UP Meerut, Photo 1:Pneumatic Tyres List ofPhotos Box 17:Landmark Research FindingsonCRMB Box 16:Advantages ofCRMB-based Roads Box 15:SomeFacts about theuseofCRMB inIndianRoadways Box 14:UnderstandingIndia’s MatExport to theEU Box 13:Innovative UsesofELTs: Some Examples Box 12:Clarion Call to Move to aCircular Economy Box 11:SomeFacts about theGlobalUseofCrumb Rubber ModifiedBitumen(CRMB) Box 10:SustainabilityVictoria: Tyres inAustralia Box 9:Article2.1:Exemptions from theDutyto Register

50 49 36 31 27 25 17 13 1 10 26 23 20 18 12 49 48 47 45 4 39 35 34 3 32

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres 1. An Explosion in the Tyre Industry

The Indian economy, while mirroring the global trends of rising incomes, coupled with aspirational high consumer behaviour, is envisaged to grow at a rate of 5-6% GDP per annum. This means that the country is currently facing a higher rate of resource consumption along with an increasing rate of urbanization. McKinsey (2010) projects that the urban population in India will nearly double by 2030. The population in cities would increase from the current 340 million to an estimated 590 million. Furthermore, cities that currently account for 58% of India’s GDP (2008) would, by 2030, account for nearly 70% of the country’s GDP (McKinsey Global Institute 2010). This effectively means that 8 metropolises (Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, and Pune) will become home to more than 100 million inhabitants and will come under severe pressure for resources. Steady but isolated growth in any sectors of the economy is insufficient to support and maintain the projected growth. Innovation, especially in infrastructure related to transport, plays a vital role in ensuring the transformation of a growing economy into a vibrant one. Rapid transport-related infrastructural growth means growth in the infrastructure required to sustain these vehicles (in roadways, railways, airways and waterways) coupled with growth, particularly in the automotive and aviation sector. India currently has the second largest road network in the world which comprises over 54,72,144 km of roads (MoRTH 2016). 60% of all goods in the country and 85% of India’s total passenger traffic depend on this network. To ensure the growth of the economy, there is a lot of stress on constructing and strengthening the highways and road networks further. Reflecting this trend, the total length of highways being constructed in a year was at an all-time high in FY 2016-17. At an average pace of 22.3 km per day, 8,142 km of highways were constructed during this period (IBEF 2017). The rural road network has also seen a significant increase under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY). The current construction in 2016-17 was 133 km of roads 8 sustainable development. and efficiency resource ensuring in role vital a play to come will discussion, growth the of forefront the at not currently are which vehicles, of reuse and recycling Therefore, 2017). (IBEF GDP India’s to 12% over contribute and jobs additional million 65 create 2026, by revenue annual in billion 300 USD to up generate to potential the has also It 2016. in billion 7 USD around from 2021 by billion 16.5 USD reach to cent per 10-15 around at grow to estimated is vehicles, motor of components and accessories parts, spare for market the i.e. market after automotive Indian the Moreover, 2017). (PTI world the in market automobile largest 3rd the into grow to expected is India 2020, by that projected is it trends, on Based underestimated. be cannot sector automotive the of growth the side, other the On INR17 LakhCrores (PTI2016). or Billion 250 USD approximately worth roads of km 50,000 build to plans NHAI 2022, By network. highway national the of length the double to is (NHAI) India of Authority Highway National the of goal long-term the of part Additionally, roads. of km 66,117 of total a develop to plans (LWE), Extremism Left-Wing and (SARDP-NE) East North in Programme Development Road Accelerated Special (NHDP), Project Development Highways National the as such programs different under government, the run, long the In per day asopposedto the73kmper day between 2011-14(Patel 2017). Source: International Organisation ofAutomobiles Manufacturers (OICA) Figure 1:Motorization Rate oftheWorld

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres An Explosion in the Tyre Industry 10

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structural reinforcing elements including metals and chemical additives. A tyre may may tyre A additives. chemical and metals including elements reinforcing structural various and rubber synthetic and natural of mix complex a with manufactured are Tyres properties. unique its replicate to able been yet has material man-made No rubber. plant-based on depends still traffic air and road global and petrochemicals from rubber synthetic of invention the since years 77 over been has It forklifts. as such machinery handling heavy-weight the in is tyres solid for applications common most the of One trailers. and carts vehicles, industrial light of types many and scooters, carts, golf skateboards, lawn-mowers, in seen commonly are tyres Solid compounds. plastic other and rubber solid from manufactured are They applications. commercial and industrial in used largely are tyres solid polymer-based while railcars, and locomotives in used commonly most are tyres Metal tyres. polymer-based other or rubber solid and tyres metal are manufactured being tyres of types other The Circulating(for more pleaseseeBox 2). market the in available currently tyres pneumatic of forms popular the are tyres bias Tyrescurrently usedonly inpassengercarsandlight trucktyres. Radial tyres andbias/belted- compounds usedandtheratio ofsteel varies according to thetypeoftyre. Textilesthe in areused, rubber of type The compounds. chemical other and theblack carbon with along wire, and fabric rubber, natural rubber, synthetic are Economy:these make to used materials The tyres. pneumatic are aircraft on even and vehicles equipment heavy trucks, buses, motorcycles, bicycles, cars, on fitted seen commonly tyres The cushion. inflatable an forming air compressed with Afilled mostly and rubber in encased wires and Wastecords of body doughnut-shaped a comprising structures, inflatable are tyres Today,pneumatic most to Wealthvariety. pneumatic day present the unlike solid, were tyres rubber tear. Early and wear prevent to bands metal with fitted wheels wooden were tyres Approach rubber, of development the to Prior market. automotive toreuse. Thus,thissectionwillbriefly elaborate onthetyres currently available inthe and recycling for available Oldalternatives the influence tyre the of state and nature The Tyres1.1 An Explosion in the Tyre Industry incorporate approximately 3,350tyres.” can mix this with built base thick 100-mm a with road low-volume wide 7.3m and long km one a then tyre, per produced is equivalent rubber chunk of kg 9 “If Types of Tyres Manufactured Box 1:DidYou Know? – (Pasalkar, etal.2015) which tends to bediscarded andthrown away aswaste inIndia. rubber of volume the assess and understand to need the about urgency of sense a fore the to brings This tyres. rubber-based are use in currently tyres the of 60% about Overall, growing. Truck andaircraft tyres require ahigher percentage. from cracks tiny keep to and temperatures low at flexible stay to them allow to content rubber natural 10-40% have to need tyres car Passenger performance. its to elements different adding all rubber, tread top and rubber casing rubber, sidewall has tyre car a example, For rubber. of type one than more and compound one than more contain non-belted biastyres. Thebeltsmay beoffiberglass orsteel. to compared performance improve that angles different at belts circumferential are top on placed then and tyres, conventional in as annealed nylon or rayon, polyester, of plies main two with starts tyre “belted” The stiffness. tread increase belts the because resistance rolling lessening while tyre, bias the to similar is that ride smoother a provides construction This tread. the beneath directly bonded are belts stabilizer which to bias-plies more or two with Belted-biasstart tyres tough. very are sidewalls their method, construction unique this to Due tyres. the to stability side-wall high provide to manner diagonal a in layered nylon of fibres have and unit working single a of up made are tyres Crossply vehicles. loading heavy in used Nylon/Crossply/Biasmostly are tyres resistant. cut and tough very are which piles steel rubber-coated several of combination a are tyres radial the of belts The independently. function to tread the and sidewall the allows which parts, two in constructed are tyres These them. between belt reinforcing a as acts which belt steel of layer a with materials tyre of layers are there tyres, radial today.In vehicles in tyre used commonly most the The Rubber/radial is tyre as ‘polyglass’. trademarked popularly is which tyre belted-bias the and tyres, cross-ply as known also are which tyres, nylon tyres, radial as known also tyres, rubber between difference fundamental the is tyre the of design The tyres. bias belted or cross-ply bias, and tyres radial – market the in available currently are that types popular the discuss briefly we that imperative is it tyres, pneumatic discussing While Box 2:Different Types ofPneumatic Tyres

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres An Explosion in the Tyre Industry 12

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substantially. substantially. varies also process recycling the Hence, part. the to according vary used rubber of grades and variety The production. for rubber of quantities huge require Automobiles and, ofcourse,tyres. copper rubber, plastics, aluminium, steel, recycled of comprises largely which materials, raw secondary for mined be (ELVs) can Vehicles End-of-Life and disposed scrapped, raw materials, i.e.,itispossibleto generate wealth from waste. Itisunderstood that future for source a is waste current that emerged has understanding an years, the Over 1.2 Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres An Explosion in the Tyre Industry Understanding theScaleof End-of-Life Tyres (ELTs) Figure 2:Cross SectionsofCrossply Tyre andRadial Tyre Source: www.tut.fi (Tampere University of Technology) Technology) of University (Tampere www.tut.fi Source: Photo 1:PneumaticTyres ELTs. (See Box 3) especially tyres in increase exponential for, an prepared be must and witness, will India decades, few next the over that mean public) and private (both vehicles older on bans Additionally, (OICA)]. Automobiles d’ Constructeurs des Internationale [Organisation wheelers two million 236.4 and UVs) (cars, vehicles passenger million 80.1 around be will there 2035, by that shows growth vehicular projected the and Registrations Vehicle New Annual in increase 125% experienced already has India that suggest estimates tear. Current and wear to due undergone they’ve abrasion of state the of because use for safe longer no are which tyres are tyres, scrap or (ELTs),waste or Tyres of-Life Tyres accountfor thelargest amountofrubberutilizedinavehicle. However, End- while asof2015,67milliontyres oftheseremain (WEF2015). States United the in stockpiles in were tyres scrap billion one over that estimated was it 1990, year. In a million 290 about of estimation an at tyres, waste of producer largest the also is It 2015). (WHO population million 323 approximate its for vehicles, million 239.8 estimated an at country motorized most the globally is America of States United The of End-of-Life Tyres (ELTs). disposal and management the focus specific into bring to need the highlights This double. will obsolete as treated and scrapped tyres of number the as well as tyres of supply and demand the circumstances, these Under further. increase will stage end-of-life their reach will which vehicles of number the means vehicles petrol and diesel old on bodies government by posed ban current The Box 3:Ban on OldVehicles on theRoad MeansEven More Tyres Source: http://events.steelmintgroup.com/after-delhi-kerala-patna-chhattisgarh-also-bans- Figure 3:TimelineonBanofOldVehicles old-heavy-vehicles/

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres An Explosion in the Tyre Industry 14

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres Ancar/jeep segment(TinnaRubbers 2017). passenger the in 16% and Explosionsegment tyre tractor the in increase 23% a as well as segment, two-wheeler the in observed been has production tyre the in increase manifold 37% A year. previous the from increase 12% a be to seen was this and tyres million 127.34 at in was 2016-17 year financial the in India in tyres of theproduction for estimates official The Tyrein theproduction ofnatural rubber(Rubber Board 2016). 6th and consumption in Industry 2nd ranks India Overall, 0.3%. by year previous the from grown has which tonnes 1,21,67,000 at pegged is rubber natural of consumption the Worldwide, 2. What ishappening to Tyres inIndia? footwear soling sheets. In 1998, Tinna Rubber began introducing additives to bitumen bitumen to additives introducing began Rubber Tinna 1998, In sheets. soling footwear of manufacture the with began and 1977 in founded was Rubber Tinna instance, For industries. oriented export largely be to tend They decades. five to four least at for existence in been have which enterprises mainly are industry rubber reclaim the in leaders The Reclamations. Kohinoor and Limited Private Enterprise Gangimani Industries, Rubber Swani Industries, Balaji Ltd., Company Rubber ELGI Ltd., Products Rubber & Reclaim Gujarat Rubbers, Tinna are field this in leaders The industry. manufacturing rubber recycling/reclaim tyre the in players major seven to six about has India these, Of manufacturers. odd 40 about at pegged – sector formal the in industry rubber reclaim limited a has India burnt. not are that tyres those for uses varied are there and waste to goes really tyre the of part no practice in that shared also hubs The coal. using started also now have these of However,many kilogram. per 6-8 INR of rate the at tyres scrap purchase generally which kilns, brick to sent were kg 40 approximately received, tyres of ton every For tyres. scrap of pattern reuse their on information provided hubs These India. North across found hubs recycling and reuse tyre major the of list the for 1 Annexure to refer Please Rajasthan. in situated hub a was study the in included Also Delhi. and Pradesh Uttar across spread were which hubs tyre 23 surveyed Chintan sector, informal this of scale and nature the understand Tobetter recycle. of scale and volume current the on number precise a put to hard is it and vast is sector recycling informal The exist. does sector formal limited a though informal, largely is India in industry recycling tyre and vehicle The 2.1 Tyre Recycling Trends inIndia

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is happening to Tyres in India? 16

| rubber products andrubberreclaim. rubber recycling. BalajiGroup ofIndustriesisagroup of5industrieswhich focuses on subsidiary ofELGI Group ofIndustriesandRubber Resources. specifically onaspectsofreclaimed rubber. For instance,ELGI Rubber Companyfocus Ltd. isa which group their in enterprises specific and/or subsidiaries have often and enterprises large be to tend sector, the of leaders as treated are which enterprises, These annum. Itexports to over 22countriesacross theglobe. per tonnes metric 18,000 of capacity manufacturing a has currently and 1970 since existence in been has Industries Rubber Swani Ltd., Resins Puneet as known Formerly company now reports aturnover ofINR34,638lakhsandisvalued atINR11,247lakhs. with acapacityofonly 2,400metrictonnes. Afar cry from thesehumblebeginnings, the production started and 1974 in incorporated was Ltd. Products Rubber & Reclaim Gujarat annually which makes itthelargest processors ofCrumb Rubber inthecountry. MT 60,000 producing is Rubbers Tinna Presently country. the in facility largest single the became facility crumbing tyre their tonnes, metric 20,000 at 2012, in and plants, 14 across operations its expanded has Rubber Tinna inception, its Since modifications. 2 1 environmentally friendly recycling oftyres. ensure we that important more even becomes it generated, being ELTs of currently volume the given Moreover, China. of that than smaller much are industry Indian the of volume and scale the But 2016). (ISRI rubber reclaimed of producer largest the is The Indianrubberrecycling industry ispeggedto besecondonly to China inAsia, which rubber from waste tyres (Mishra 2016). reclaimed of tonnes metric 90,000 produced India 2011, In million. 914 USD worth be to pegged is which industry recycling big a has India industry. rubber the for material CirculatingTyres are madeofhigh qualityrubber andare considered alarge potential source ofraw sector. this expand further to case the making also while involved, Tyresmaterials raw the of recycle and reuse optimum the ensure would which scale, of options recycling more include consciously to need the highlights inELTs of number growing The expansion. and innovation thefurther for scope much is there sector, recycling/reclaim rubber formal India’s of Economy: growth impressive the despite Thus, countries. 18 about to supplies and tonnes/annum metric 45,000 of capacity production Aannual an has currently company The rubber. Wastebutyl and natural on focuses and rubber recycling of field specific the in decades three over for working been have group, the of part are which industries to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is happening to Tyres in India? For more pleaserefer http://www.rubberreclaim.com For more pleaserefer http://www.rubber-resources.com 2 Balaji Rubber Industries Private Ltd., one of the the of one Ltd., Private Industries Rubber Balaji

1 It focuses exclusively on on exclusively focuses It purposes, i.e.,asTyre-Derived Fuels. fuel for used is rubber scrapped of percentage substantial a Rather, reuse. to put is recycled is which rubber all not that clarify to important also is It processes. automated and efficient more using to pan-process labour-intensive and water the using from moved have rubber reclaiming for units recycling tyre most country, the across Additionally, sector. semi-formal and informal the in largely are which (MSMEs) units small-scale and medium micro, the by handled being currently is automobiles of scrapping the India, In al. 2015). et (Pasalkar, pollution of level high a cause to noted been have these and recycled not are fractions some though higher, much is recycling that suggest observations Ground-level total. the of 6% at ELTs is waste global to contribution India’s that estimated is It country. the across annually generated being currently are scrap tyre of tonnes million 0.6 that estimate Pavement” Road Flexible in Rubber Tyres Waste of use the on Review Literature “Comprehensive article journal the in (2015) al. et Pasalkar, recycled. is tyres discarded of number the of fraction a only that notes also report day. This every 2,75,000 discards and tyres 6,50,000 about produces currently India that 2016)reports (Modi Standard Business rate. same the at rise simultaneously will volumes waste subsequent the annum, per 12% at growing industry tyre the with Moreover, 2016). (Matade ELTs year of each tonnes million a over generates India that observed Asia ELTsRubber India’s trend, on reporting when example, For tyres. of supply and production the on based broadly are and sources across vary Estimates India. across disposal tyre of monitoring no is There – – categories: different following the into classified broadly be can ELTs of India in recycling of patterns current the ways, of variety a in reused and recycled are they tyre, the of condition the on Depending Mechanical modification(as rubber crumbs or shredded rubberpieces) Using ELTs as-a-whole (regrooving andretreading) which results in decreased resistance to deformation at ordinary temperatures.” temperatures.” ordinary at deformation to resistance decreased in results which rubber vulcanized in change a is it that is devulcanization for definition accepted however,an reversible; truly not is process vulcanization the that recognized is It rubbers. synthetic or natural either of addition the without or with vulcanized and compounded processed, easily be can which material plastic a produce to treated is rubber scrap vulcanized waste when resulting product a is Rubber “Reclaimed Box 4:WhatisReclaimed Rubber? – (Barlow 1993),p80

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is happening to Tyres in India? 18

| price of INR 50-80. 50-80. INR of price bulk a at purchased been have would tyre The 250. 200- INR be would tyre car regrooved average an for range broad A significantly. varies tyres these of price the Thus, grooves. the of condition the and manufacture of year make, company, the on depends tyres regrooved these of cost selling The operator. the by incurred costs the of most up make fuel with along tyres since especially vehicle, the of lifetime the in incurred cost tyre overall the reduces it as role important an plays This operators. fleet for costs overhead lower means buses and trucks lorries, as such vehicles load heavy in tyres regrooving of option This original. the than cheaper significantly are they as advantage price a have Tyre’ ‘Regrooved of label the with sold vehicles heavy of tyres Regrooved tyres. vehicle heavy on focuses specifically which regrooving of segment a is there Additionally, – work thatmainly involves loadrather thanspeed. trollies or carts bullock as such vehicles intensity low for them use people where market rural secondary the in sold generally are tyres Regrooved tyres. these into grooves carve to knife special a using involves process The usage. to due treads worn-out have but overall condition good in are which tyres with undertaken is process this 2, Photo in shown As hand. by out carried often most is and process time-consuming a is Regrooving Regrooving Tyres or retreading. regrooving i.e. techniques simple two undertaking by possible is tyres old of reuse Direct 2.2 – –

Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is happening to Tyres in India? Tyre-Derived Fuel (TDF) (TDF) Fuel Tyre-Derived (pyrolysis) components material these of reuse and materials ELTs different of into separation or decomposition Chemical Reuse of OldTyres: Regrooving andRetreading Photo 2:ManualRegrooving ofTyres atJaliKhotiRoad, Kher Nagar, UP Meerut, industry. retreading the in players organised more and larger the of some are Industries MRF Tyres, TVS andELGI Group of Treads, Eastern Treads, Midas Rubber, Indag process. the run to equipment and machinery heavier required also units retreading These others. among trucks and buses tractors, of that as such tyres vehicle equipment heavy retreading hands were neededinthecaseof Additional employees. 4-5 of maximum a employing small-scale, was unit retreading tyre a typically that observed was It Chintan. by study a in included were India) (North Partapur and Mawana Meerut, of areas the in service this offering Fabricators tyres. regrooved to compared price better a offer tyres retreaded that observed been has it investment, on return a As reasons. other various for discarded been have but condition a practice alsoretrieve andstore as treads andother parts ofthetyres which are ingood retreading on focus who fabricators that means This constant. and predictable not is tyre of company or brand particular a for demand the Moreover, available. be always not To retread atyre, thefabricator requires appropriate and/oridenticaltreads which may processes. semi-mechanical to mechanical simple of series a through tread newer relatively a with tyre a of tread worn-out the replacing of process the is it terms, simple In machinery. specialized using back’) ‘camel (the tread new the of vulcanization the by followed is which application the and crumb tyre producing by tread remaining the of removal the involves and regrooving than process mechanized more a is This retreaded. or redone is which tyre the of part tread the only involves process The tyre). a of structure detailed a for 4 Figure (see wall side and bead tread, – parts main three has tyre pneumatic Any Retreading isanotherwell establishedandacceptablesafe practice for recycling tyres. Retreading Tyres Source: http://www.mechanicalengineeringblog.com Figure 4:Structure ofaTyre

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is happening to Tyres in India? 20

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rubber crumb is dependent on the quality of the rubber in the tyre, the shape, weight, weight, shape, the tyre, the in rubber the of quality the on dependent is crumb rubber the for received value economic The pedals. bicycle and dustbins pots, doormats, soles, sandal and shoes of manufacturers ELTs also of were reuse and recycling the on focussed who fabricators some that found Chintan performance. its compromising or compound the of properties the impairing not also while products value-added other and tyres make to used be now can It value. greater found has crumb rubber same the grinding, fine on and technology available newer with but etc., containers water slippers, soles, shoe as such items value low to limited was use crumb’s rubber Traditionally, items. several of production the in material raw a as serves which crumb’ ‘rubber in results parts these of grinding further The materials. secondary obtain to – walls side and bead tread, the – parts three into cut manually is body its regrooving, or retreading by either reused be cannot entirety, its in tyre, a When CirculatingReuse ofProducts: Tread, Beadand SideWalls Tyres2.3 in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is happening to Tyres in India? Rubber Pieces) Mechanical Modification (AsRubber orShredded Crumbs Photo 3:ManualRetreading ofaTyre inMeerut Bitumen (CRMB) is superior in properties as compared to regular bitumen. bitumen. regular to compared as properties in superior is (CRMB) Bitumen Modified Rubber Crumb with made road that confirms which available data extensive is alternative reuse ofrubber crumbisasanadditive to bitumenfor road surfacing. There best the Currently, growth. for potential immense ELTs holds of and disposal/use friendly environment most the has It advantage. competitive clear a has India where industry organised an into evolving rapidly is products value-added downstream of Making strips. iron the of sale the from is fabricator the for return monetary greatest the tyre, discarded the from extracted products other the all to compared As markets. local the in sold then are which strips, iron the extract completely to contraption pulley-based special a use Fabricators it. within from strips iron the extract to taken is care recycling, while and valuable more specifically is tyres radial of wall side the design, its Given tyre). the of centre the (from radially or travel, of direction the to degrees 90 at arranged are plies cord the that such designed are tyres Radial 2015). Sugumar and Adhikari (Ram, day each tubes 1,50,000 and bicycles 1,00,000 about produce to estimated is and 2.4 7,00,000 bicycle tyres are produced every to day. Ralson 6,00,000 about India, in that estimated been has It tubes. and tyres of manufacture the in rubber reclaimed uses which industry major other the is industry bicycle The increasing. simultaneously also is rubber reclaimed of use of quantum the that meant has industry tyre and automotive the of volume increasing The 2015). Sugumar and Adhikari (Ram, tyres automobile of manufacture the in used is rubber reclaim 10% to up and crumb rubber 3-5% industry automotive the within that estimated is It containers. battery and pipes hose sheets, rubber mats, floor as such goods moulded specific of manufacture the in use found has and industry rubber reclaim the ‘crumb rubber’asitispopularly called.Rubber crumb isalsothebaseraw material for or crumb’ ‘rubber as such uses scalable with along formalized, and upgraded be to have will These produced. volume entire the use to unable be may retreading and regrooving of options the that note to important ELTs, is of it scale and volume projected the Given informal sector. the dominates that aspect waste from wealth a is there Hence, volume. and/or form 3 horizontal batch process system” (Rani andAgnihotri2014). the in C 4300 about at steam possibly except reagents, other any or oxygen of absence the in temperature elevated at material organic of decomposition chemical the is “Pyrolysis Pyrolysis: Thermo-ChemicalDecomposition For more pleaserefer to https://www.ralson.com. Decomposition: andCombustion Thermo-Chemical 3 is a major company in this market market this in company major a is

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is happening to Tyres in India? 22

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the helpofamachineknown as‘Kohlu’ and‘Kalesar’ (asseeninPhoto 4).Thisenterprise with done was pieces small into rubber leftover the of shredding The jaggery. – sugarcane were smallerandspecific-sized.Thesepieces were then usedby localfarmers to produce which pieces into down cut manually were parts tyre leftover of pieces shredded small that observed Chintan 2015). Sugumar and Adhikari (Ram, months winter the in warmth of source cheap a and access to ELTs easy and are rubber scrapped level, local the At fuel. accessible easily and cost-effective a is it as persists use tyre Pradesh by Chintan suggest thattheuseoftyres here causesintense airpollution.Yet, are alsousedto produce Portland limeandsteel. Visits to cement, brickkilnsinUttar which kilns gas or coal for supplement fuel cheap a ELTs as serve annum. per coal of tons million 35-40 consumes country the in kilns 1,25,000 that estimates Technology and Circulatingmake upabouthalfofthetotal costof makingabrick.PunjabState Council for Science expenses Fuel 2016). (D’Monte production global the of 13% comprising bricks, billion India isthesecond-largest brickproducer intheworld, withayearly production of200 TyresTyres asFuel (TDF) insector. semi-formal the in anywhere thepracticed be to Chintan by observed not was and experimentation further needs Economy:still which argument theoretical a is However,this pressure. and temperature room at condense not does which liquid, type oily an into condensed be also can or power create to directly burn can they properly channelized are they if that and A vaporize ultimately which molecules slighter Wastethe is it that theorize 167) (2014, Agnihotri and Rani process, the during released gases hydrocarbon the to regards With market. the in resold be tocan metal this and magnets using by black carbon Wealth the from separated be also can tyres in found are which wires Metal use. commercial and industrial for used specifically is process this through produced black/charcoal Approach carbon The charcoal. or black carbon is quantity total the of 30-35% process, pyrolysis the In 2014). Agnihotri and (Rani oil diesel light industrial the of that to is equivalent oil of quality this of price selling The diesel. industrial to equal as seen is Celsius, degrees 66 between point Old flash a with oil, pyrolysis of quality purest The oil. pyrolysis is process pyrolysis the Tyresin obtained is which material recycled the of 40-45% About concern. pertinent and immediate rather a poses pollution air What combustion, incomplete of cases in However,typically, ashes. solid as removed are tyre the of part are that weight) (by minerals of 40% is fuel. as burnt be also can which gas a as remain happeningThey condense. to small too are molecules Some fuel. a as used generally liquid, type oily an into condensed be can or power produce to directly burned be can vapours These reactor. the exit and vaporise eventually pyrolysis by created polymers torubber of molecules smaller The Tyres manufacture. tyre in used be cannot which black, carbon low-grade and (char) residue solid oils, gas, fuel ininto tyres reprocess to used is Pyrolysis molecules. smaller India? into down break polymers rubber the and softens pyrolysis undergoes it when Rubber 2. 1. material, itisnotanoptimummeansofreusing rubber for two mainreasons: raw of reuse the as seen is purposes fuel for rubber of burning the though Toconclude, combustion. of process the by caused pollution the reduce to methods on working is and energy of source valid a as TDFs of relevance the acknowledges Australia worldwide. practice common a is but India to confined just not is energy of ELTs source of a as use the of practice This fuel. as used also are rubber scrap of pieces small and tyres leftover of pieces ELTs, shredded from the Apart official estimate ofthepercentage ofELTs no is There thatare consumedasTDF.months. winter the during only is it for demand the and nature in seasonal is released duringtheincineration ofscrap tyres (Ram, Adhikari andSugumar2015). is energy thermal kWh/kg 9 only while tyre a manufacture to consumed energy the is kWh/kg 32 that observed is it rubber, burning from acquired energy the to rubber prepare to consumed energy Lowcomparing ResourceOn utilization and efficiency: health. to and environment the to hazardous extremely are which nitrogen of oxides and furans dioxin, hydrocarbon, aromatic polycyclic as such as such pollutants carcinogenic of emission the in Burning ofELTs causesmajorairpollution: Theprocess ofburningrubberresults Photo 4:Kohlu orKalesarbeingoperated to manually shred waste rubber for burning

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is happening to Tyres in India? 3. The Problem with Tyres

3.1 Environmental Pollution

While discussing tyres, it is also important to understand the problems and consequences of tyres being thrown away and ending up in landfills or being stockpiled. The large volume and non-biodegradable nature of tyres means that dumped tyres tend to quickly occupy a lot of space. Overall about 60% of waste tyres end up being dumped and/or incinerated, causing land pollution in both urban and rural areas (Gupta, Chopra and Kumar 2013). Tyres also trap methane gas which then causes them to become buoyant and/or bubble to the surface. The ‘bubbling’ effect has the potential to damage the landfill liners that are installed to help keep landfill contaminants in check, thus, leading to a higher probability of polluting not just the ground surface but also the groundwater. Although modern tyres are fundamentally rubber products, they are a complex mix of natural and synthetic rubbers, and various structural reinforcing elements including metals, nylon and other chemical additives. This complexity means that stockpiling, dumping and diverting used tyres to landfills also exposes local communities to additional environmental and health-related risks. For example, water stagnation is relatively common in stockpiled tyres and these prove to be extremely good breeding grounds for mosquitoes and rodents. Often epidemics related to mosquitoes and rodents such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever are found in areas where there are stockpiled tyres. Stockpiling, over time, has also been known to cause the leaching of toxic substances into the soil. Long term studies on the leaching of chemicals show that tyres become hazardous when they come in contact with certain materials and react over time, which causes leaching of toxins into the surrounding soil and water bodies. The Basel Convention (2013), clause 33 stresses on the difficulty in gauging the eco-toxicity of used and waste tyres. Conclusions regarding the toxicity and risks to human health from diverse studies vary significantly.

24 information on some studies related to eco-toxicity of tyres. tyres. of eco-toxicity to related studies some on information further provides 5 Box 2013). Convention (Basel environment” aquatic the and quality water surface and groundwater to regard with negligible was conditions environmental neutral under water surface or roads of subsoil the on tyres used of impact the that concluded tyres used from leach to chemicals of potential the on literature “some Moreover, leachate. the of toxicity the affect greatly to found was rubber tyre in additives chemical of choice the that water, observed with contact prolonged in is rubber tyre when leach, that components toxic identifying on focussing study experimental An ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● to theleachingofzinc. due environment the to risk limited is there management, sound environmentally with field, turf synthetic the of years) (fifteen lifetime technical the during that indicate results the and zinc of leaching the of terms in risk a poses infill rubber of use the that evidence no also is there years, 7 After study. previous the in used one theoretical a of instead layer sand the of capacity adsorption actual the on based updated were calculations where study adsorption zinc 2009 the in performed tests laboratory the with consistent is This underlays. the penetrate not does zinc use, of years 7 after that, concludes INTRON observations, new the on Based information. useful provide 2009 and 2008 in conducted studies INTRON three turf, artificial from zinc of leaching the of impact long-term the of assessment The these correspond to ambient(ubiquitous) contaminationlevels. surface); a without layer gravel (a sample blank the in level identical an at found were granules the of concentrations hydrocarbon aromatic polycyclic low very testing, During manner. substance-specific time-dependent, a in minimized then are and outset the at rapidly very decrease to appear nitrogen organic and carbon organic Dissolved exception. an is zinc of Leaching quality. water surface and soil for Netherlands the in set limits the within well is systems turf artificial in infill as use for tyres car recycled from hydrocarbons aromatic polycyclic and phthalates as such chemicals organic and metals heavy of leaching that show studies Other the populationdynamics ofwood frogs, for example. influencing thereby environment, aquatic the into hydrocarbons aromatic polycyclic of amounts significant leach conditions, specific may, under content, oil aromatic high with those as such tyres of types some that indicate investigations Long-term reduction inthetoxicity levels detected inprevious tests. cent per 59 a showing tested, were samples new months, three After algae. green and fish invertebrates, bacteria, for toxicity showed site tyre-disposal a from taken fragments rubber using California in Birkholz by conducted tests 2003, In Box 5:Eco-Toxicity ofTyres: Studies Some (Excerpts from BaselConvention: Technical Guidelines,UNEP 2013,13-15)

25 | The Problem with Tyres

Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres 26

| The Problem with Tyres

Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach landfills. in fires much-reported been have there country, the of parts various in but tyres, stockpiled by caused specifically fires of instances recorded no are there India, In to Oldmainly causedby rainfall andwater penetration atthesite (Basel Convention 2013). Tyresand otherunburnedresidues. Bothtypesofpollution,i.e.,theimmediate andgradual is ash of leaching of because pollution gradual a secondly, and soil, the penetrating products decomposition liquid of result a is which pollution a Firstly, pollution. of kinds two causing of probability the increases fire a after soil the in left residue the Additionally, out. put and control to difficult extremely are fires these ignited, once that fact the is though, note, to Important fires. of risk the increase tyres stockpiled structure, open their of because and retention heat to prone are they yet combust spontaneously not do Tyres A towering cloud of smoke rising from the the from rising smoke of cloud towering A Photo 5: Credit: ScottMason/Winchester Star/AP Rhinehart tyre fire, Virginia 1983 happening. ever from crisis environmental an such prevent to tyres waste from wealth create can it ensure must India 2013). (Ritter revolution recycling a spark and methods monitoring ago helpedadvance fire- a Virginia tyre pile30years at disaster environmental An leave theirhomes(BBC 2016). to told were Spain Madrid, near dump tyre burning a living neara“toxic cloud”from people 9,000 when 2016 May in as such past, recent the in instances been also have There 2002). (Rowe extinguish to years 15 nearly took and tyres stockpiled million 10 by caused was It Heyope. at 1989, in Wales in began fire largest the Historically, toxicity ofthefumes. the to add dump/landfills garbage the in present rubber scrap and tyres stockpiled The like theUSA andAustralia. Box 6provides aninsight into someoftheseregulations. regions and countries several across bans partial to Union European the of case the in as banning explicit from varies regulation of nature The ELTs landfills. used in of disposal the regulating meant has tyres of recycling to commitment the step, first a As rubber. also but minerals as such materials raw import to have only not which countries developed resource-deficit more the in pronounced most is ELTs.understanding of This recycling the increase to need the thereby and material raw of sources ELTs at potential as look to Given theincreasing world pressure onraw materials, there isarealisation oftheneed 4. What istheWorld Doing? reduction, recycling, andreuse. prevention, through generation waste reduce substantially 2030, By SDG 12.5: resources. natural of use efficient and management sustainable achieve 2030, By SDG 12.2: and production withdeveloped countries takingthelead. consumption sustainable on programs of framework 10-year the with accordance in degradation environmental from growth economic decouple to Endeavour SDG 8.4: are: indicators These efficiency. resource and development sustainable reuse, material to related (SDGs) Goals Development Sustainable the achieving to closer step a be will we possible, manner efficient most the in rubber reusing and recycling By Sustainable Management ofNatural Resources Box 6: International Commitment to to Commitment International 6: Box Source :http://indicators.report/targets/

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is the World Doing? 28

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time, these developing economies also tend to play a major role in the recycling and reuse reuse and recycling the in role major a play to tend also economies developing these time, same the at But systems. and policies ELT ELVmanagement and regarding especially automated, and systematic as are that models recovery and recycle waste have not do management anddisposalbutthey for policies some have do economies developing this, to opposed As policies. and ELV management of those from separate are economies industries andpoliciesinthese ELT management The industry. recovery and recycling modern and systematic organized, an have now and need this realized have (EU) Union European the as such countries developed Many Circulatingindustry. the as well as government the i.e., sides, Tyresthe both by driven being require also which ELTmanagement in of systems and practices the both theof amalgamation the for need a is Economy: there this, To achieve 5). (Figure utilized fully is economy consumption post- A the i.e., closed, is loop resource Waste this tyres, of economy the in that importance tostrategic of is It Wealth tyres. of economy post-consumption the given especially use resource extreme of example Approachwonderful a as serve also Tyres 2014). al. et (Sakai, measures recycling efficient through materials raw secondary possible maximum the of recovery resource is hand at task key the Therefore, materials. raw of variety a for resource tovaluable a as treated and as seen now are they Old ELTsELVs waste, and as treating of instead that meant has etc.) aluminium copper, (steel, Tyresprices material raw in increase global and consumption material in increase The them. around economy Whatcomplete a sustained tyres 2, Section in demonstrated as ELVs, but of component one only are before, noted as Tyres, worldwide. is popular become have automobiles as theconcern global a ELVs become or have vehicles Obsolete 2011). (Sousanis units billion 1 than Worldmore reached it 2010, In population. global the than rate higher a at increasing been has worldwide ownership Automobile Doing?Can We Create aCircular Economy ofTyres? Source: EndofLife Tyres Report, ETRMA2015 Figure 5:Circular Economy ofTires ● ● ● manufacturing industries in the European Union. Union. European the in industries manufacturing rubber and tyre of association the is ETRMA governments. different the across models ELT management the maps 6 ELTs, the Figure on report ETRMA’s from Drawing ELTs: managing of models main 3 are there EU the Across schemes. ELT management their to policies government of alignment conscious the by possible made been has This 2015). (ETRMA of tyre recycling in1994was amere 25%,while in2013ithasincreased manifold to 96% here rate the Rather, case. the been always not ELTs.has of This recycling of rate highest the has currently ELT and of management the in pioneer a been has Union European The 4.1 managed asresources andrecycled across theglobe. effectively are burnt, or stockpiled being of ELTs, how instead maps 4.2 Section waste. of rubberby tappinginto theinternational trade related to recycling andrecovery from ● ● ● and the government responsibility (tax system) system) (tax responsibility government the and model market free extended producer responsibility, responsibility, producer extended EU Policy onELTRecycling Figure 6:ELT ManagementSchemesin Europe End of Life Tyres Report, ETRMA 2015 2015 ETRMA Report, Tyres Life of End Source:

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is the World Doing? 30

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through this tax system. system. tax this through ELTs their manage to chosen have who EU of states member the are Croatia and Denmark ELTs. of management the for responsible becomes then country each Thus, government. the by spearheaded is initiative the while consumer the to on passed subsequently is which producers, tyre on levied taxes through financed essentially is model This Responsibility Government practices. best promote to companies between cooperation voluntary by up backed be also may system liberal the cases, some In system. market free the in operate to choose UK the with along who EU the in countries are Germany and Switzerland Austria, legislation. the with compliance in act and conditions market free under contract chain recovery the in operators the all and met be to objectives the sets legislation the system, this under Rather, ELT management. for responsible being as identified is who group/industry/person specific no is there i.e., system, liberal a follows market free The Circulating Market Free Tyresand importers) to organise themanagementchainofELTs (ETRMA2015,9). manufacturers (tyre producers the to responsibility the assigns which framework legal this adopted have Turkey) inand Norway countries, 28 EU’s of (most countries 21 total thein where Europe in system spread widest the is Responsibility Producers’ Economy:today,Extended of As system. this prefer to seem manufacturers tyre environment, political conducive a given that demonstrated has responsibility producer extended with experience EU’s The A Waste traceability. and reliability of standards the setting in aided has agencies government national the to reporting toobligatory and Systematic 8). 2015, (ETRMA disposal tyre waste Wealthappropriate ensure to responsibility producer’s individual an is it that view the take Hungary as such countries spectrum, the of end other the On processes. the managing Approachcompanies ELT management multiple prefer Spain and France Italy, like countries Other Sweden. and Netherlands Portugal, as such countries in model preferred the is This country. the throughout treatment and toELT collection the with deal could company management OldELT single A model. this ELT under of management the for ways multiple are There Tyres producer. the to consumer the from waste generated the for responsibility of onus the moves effectively model This 2015). What(ETRMA responsibly of disposed been has them by manufactured tyre the ultimately that ensure to responsibility the take must tyre the of ismanufacturer original the system, this under that themeans, effect, in This, cycle. life product’s a of state post-consumer the to extends Worldproduct a for responsibility financial or Extended Producer Responsibility meanstheproducer’s fullorpartialoperational and/ Doing?Extended Producer Responsibility ● ● risks. Additional requirements alsoincludeeither: fire minimise to batches tyre between distance separation and cover minimum a with landfill a at tyres of batches of burial the involving normally disposal as such adherence, require which requirements disposal specific are there wastes, landfill as permitted is tyres of disposal where areas those In tyres. of disposal for restricted partially are landfills these that ensures areas specific in Act) same the of 5 Schedule (under Zone Exclusion Landfill Tyre a for boundaries the setting by Australia, Western In options. disposal other or incineration, by tyres of disposal the for allows 1987 Regulations Protection Environmental the Australia, In Type 2: landfills. in disposed being before shredding or slicing of methods by volume in reduced be tyres that requires Oregon and Florida of states the in law The disposal. to prior volume in reduced permanently are they unless facility, disposal waste solid a in landfilled be not may tyres waste that establishes policy the 14, Title (CCR), Regulations of Code California the under California in as such USA the of states some In states. across varies landfills in tyres of disposal the on position their hence state; the by defined is waste on policy USA, In Type 1: Partial Ban Complete Ban: This directive isapplicableto allthememberstates who are part oftheunion. m. 1.4 above diameter outside an with tyres and tyres bicycle to apply not does ban This material. engineering as used tyres excluding tyres, waste whole and shredded of disposal the on ban a landfills in introduces Directive”) (“Landfill waste landfill on 1999 April 26 of 99/31/EC Directive Council Union: European The ● ● Disposal atalocalgovernment district outsidetheTyre Landfill Exclusion Zone Exclusion Zone; Landfill Tyre the within occurs disposal when Regulation Environment of Previous written approval by the Chief Executive Officer of the Department Department the of Officer Executive Chief the by approval written Previous Western Australia California, FloridaandOregon State (USA) Box 7:Regulation on Disposing ofTyres inLandfills: European Union Some PerspectivesSome

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is the World Doing? 32

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Circulating Tyres in the REACH. Understanding for 8 Box See Europe. in as standards Economy:environmental same the to treated also are and norms shipment waste EU’s ELTs the meet exported these that ensure to followed be to required are which standards Chemicals of Restriction and Authorisation Evaluation, Registration, or AREACH in laws additional are there waste, of Wastetrade international of case the In Malaysia. and Pakistan India, like countries with recovery, and recycle for meant commodities waste toELTs, valuable trade as to created Wealthopportunities are there responsibility), government and (liberal systems market certain In EU. the from recovery and recycling for waste non-hazardous of exports Approachlargest 2nd the receives 11.5% at 30.7%), at is (which China follows which India, 2015). Commission (European recovery for destined waste non-hazardous of are imports global of 20.3% and recovered be to exported is which waste tonon-hazardous comprises waste EU’s of exports Old(recycling), which issubstantially higher thanboththeUSandChina. 34%oftheglobal Tyres recovery for destined waste non-hazardous of exporter largest world’s the is Currently,EU Whatand system consciously treat waste asasource ofrevenue andasapotential tradable good. recycling for theenvironment butrather thatthere isamarket for waste. Thus,thepolicy thereuse policies.Thisunderstanding effectively subscribes to theviewthatitisnotjustabout and recycle the guided has Worldand 2006-07 since EU the of motivation the been has waste in contained are which materials raw secondary potential into tap to importance The Doing?ELTs of Trade International EU’s Initiative: Transboundary understanding-reach For more pleasedorefer to https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/ ecosystem. the in circulating from tyres of toxicity the controls EU the which by means one is This environment. the in toxics the reduce eventually and regulate to countries EU enables This free. toxic be must tyres, from made products recycled but tyres, only not which by stipulation a is REACH of tests onanimals. number the reduce to substances of assessment hazard the for methods alternative promotes while enhancingthecompetitivenessalso oftheEU chemicals industry. It chemicals, by posed be can that risks the from environment the and health human of protection the improve to adopted Union, European the of regulation a is REACH document which cameinto force sinceJune2007. policy informed ethically the Authorisation and Restrictionis ofChemicals Evaluation, Registration, or high ethicalandenvironmental standards. REACH place in keeping while goods recycled of trader largest the currently is EU The Box 8:Understanding REACH both recycling asmaterial aswell asreuse asTDF(European Commission 2015). markets for ELTs from EUisIndia,China andPakistan which includeswithitexports for export key The EU. the to importers and users downstream by required processes registration and standards required the of details provides 3 Article Additionally, community (ETRMAREACH Guidelines2008,12-13). the by re-registering from exempted are they hence standards, REACH to adhere already ELTs which exported from made are goods imported these that is exemption for rationale The mats. rubber popular most the as such forms different into recycling for EU the by exported rubber from made goods for applicable is exemptions on 9) (Box 2.1 Article place thesubstanceonmarket” (ETRMAREACH Guidelines2008). to intends he uses the for as well as use(s) own for substance the register to obligation the has who articles), in or preparation in own, their (on substance the of importer or producer the with lies substances the register to obligation “the i.e., value-chain, entire the of registration mandatory ELTs and requires rubber in trade issue, this overcome leaves EUborders, itmay not always befully traceable upto itsfinaldestinations.To and internally managed not is ELT recycling the when that note to important is it Yet, ● ● ● ● ● ● Polymers (limited to Registration andDownstream userrequirements) been have which articles, in or preparations in own, their on Substances, 2. Substances on their own or in preparations, that have been registered, exported exported registered, been have that preparations, in or own their on Substances if: community the in recovered are which and REACH under registered 1. that: shows who chain supply same the in actor another or same the by community the into re-imported and chain supply the in actor an by community the from

(ii) (ii) (i) (i)

Box 9:Article2.1:Exemptions from theDutyto Register

substance. substance. exported the to relating required is SDS no when information equivalent or SDS an with accordance in information the with provided been has he substance. exported the to relating required is SDS no when information equivalent or SDS an with accordance in information the with provided been has he substance that has been registered. registered. been has that substance the as same the is process recovery the from results that substance the substance; exported the as same the is re-imported being substance the (Source: ETRMAREACH Guidelines2008,p11-13)

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is the World Doing? 34

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this is not always possible. Hence, viable alternatives before uptake are broadly assessed assessed broadly are uptake before alternatives viable Hence, possible. always not is this but ideal be would industry tyre and automotive the in reused completely are they that undertaken onthepossible recycling opportunities available. Therecycling ofELTs such being research and innovation systematic is there ELT management, support which states) member individual its and EU the of (both, policies government the from Apart 4.2 Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is the World Doing? the environment, community amenity and public health. health. public and amenity community environment, the protecting also are they recovery, resource of need the meeting while that ensure to additionally is strategy the of focus The system. market-based a within intervention government a for opportunities presents recovery resource that understanding the from draws strategy The opportunities. recovery resource of value economic full the realise to and recovery resource in faced challenges the address to seeks (Strategy) Resources Recovered for Strategy Development Market Victorian The 2. www.tyrestewardship.org.au. to refer please more For tyres. of reuse and recycle centralized and pick-up the in supports It collectors. and recyclers manufacturers, retailers, tyre including chain supply tyre the across from representatives of consists Australia ELTs. Stewardship for Tyre market viable a of development the promoting by Scheme Stewardship Product Tyre the implement to formed initiative supported industry and government state a is This 1. main programs: two through goal its achieves Victoria Sustainability opportunities. development market viable creating while risks health and environmental eliminating thereby landfills, in up end tyres fewer that ELTs ensure of will management better that understanding the in lies initiative this of crux The stocks. tyre used reduce and fuels and/or products tyre-derived for market a grow to is initiative this of aim The patronage from boththestate governments aswell astheindustry. and support receives government, national the by spearheaded though initiative, This planning. and management waste state-wide ensure to 1970 Act Protection Environmental the under obligations has also body This Australia. in Change Climate and Environment for Minister the by appointed board a has and 2005 Act Victoria Sustainability the under established body statutory a is Victoria Sustainability Recycling Options of ELTs Globally National Market Development Strategy forUsedTyres Tyre Stewardship Australia Box 10:Sustainability Victoria: Tyres in Australia tracks (Turer 2012, 198). 198). 2012, (Turer tracks rainwater run-offbarriers, wetland establishmentandcrash barriers atthesides of race for control erosion foundations, building around drainage for ELTs used are modification, much Without material. infill lightweight as used directly are pieces tyre ripped of chunks large embankments, At stability. improve to road the under used they’re times, example, they canbeusedto maintainslopestabilityorasalandfilloption.At other For ways. multiple in roads in used sometimes are parts tyre cut or Tyres-as-a-whole Use in Roads back into the circular economy ofELTs (ETRMA2015)(Turer 2012). as well astheeconomiesofscaledebate. Thus,thisisrecognized asbeingtheidealplug- reuse resource optimum on discussions the both addresses option this that is view The process. manufacture tyre new the ELTs into from back rubber plug to way innovative an is market asphalt/CRMB rubberized the of use the increasing that recognizes EU The EU. the in explored being and/or available currently are that alternatives viable these of some understanding on focuses section This scale. of economies the and use of parameters the on based ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● encouraging the use of rubber modified mixes. mixes. modified rubber of use the encouraging are companies African South prices, bitumen and oil increasing ever to Due The BelgianRoad Research Centre encouraged theuseofCRMB onfreeways. The state ofCalifornia intheUSA hasenacted alaw to useCRMB. CRMB isvery popular inAustralia for chipsealing wearing coursesandlayers. increasing. been has roads CRMB of use America, Latin of nations developing the In Germany. and Spain Australia, Brazil, China, in popular also are roads CRMB-based million tonnes ofCRMB. 2 use USA the in California Texas and Florida, Arizona, of states the Currently, tyres. recycled of made road of miles 20,000 approximate an are today,there of As Rubberized BitumenorCRMB hasbeenusedinroads intheUSA since1960. Box 11: Some Facts about the Global Use of Crumb Rubber Rubber Crumb of Use Global the about Facts Some 11: Box Modified Bitumen(CRMB)

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is the World Doing? 36

| drive. Thetechnique hasbeenfound to cuttraffic noiseby about25%(Bentley 2013). quieter a in resulted Dundee, and Perth between way carriage dual of stretch a on road, rubber the that reporting engineers with resistance, skid and grip on performed were Tests tyres. old from rubber shredded containing asphalt with 2012 in resurfaced was Scotland in roads busiest the of One quieter. them make to roads of surface the on used be could tyres car recycled that established was it 2013, In 2014). Foundation Science (National year each tyres million 12 roughly or pounds million 220 approximately uses currently which crumb, rubber for market largest single the be to estimated is CRMB scale. Thus,theglobal market for CRMB hasmuchgrowth potential. at adapt to yet is world the of rest the while Europe in popular is asphalt rubberized as CRMB Overall, ones. new construct as well as highways and roads existing replace and repair build, to used is and (CRMB) Bitumen Modified Rubber Crumb as world the of rest the in while asphalt, rubberized of form the takes EU the in used material The asphalt. make to used typically is which stone, crushed and bitumen to added then are which crumbs rubber into tyres used down breaking by made is CRMB or Asphalt Rubberized

available inbitumengetevaporated. oils the as oxidization of rates Higher Circulating property. its loses water, it encounters bitumen Once Tyres in themaximum elasticityof10. Economy: i.e. elasticity lower to due loads heavy under crack roads Bitumen-based A Wasteis amaximumof50degrees Celsius. to bitumen plain of point softening The road. Wealth the of temperature surface the than lower are values softening as melts Bitumen Approach to Old Tyres What is the World Doing? Disadvantages ofBitumen Table 1:Advantages ofCRMB over Bitumen Adverse to Excessive Heat Effect ofWater Overloading Oxidization delays theprocess ofoxidization. substantially and oil the absorbs it heat, of conductor bad a is rubber that Given 25%. nearly by water of effect the reduces it that ensures CRMB rubber, introducing By it. doubling nearly by capacity carrying load road’s the improving in helps This 60%. minimum a over is which recovery elastic an has CRMB 65 degrees Celsius. of minimum a is CRMB of point softening the as values softening Higher Advantages ofCRMB raw material for the same purposes. purposes. same the for material raw cheap and useful a as serve would and walls elastic post-tensioned create to useful are ELTs Similarly, isolator. elastomeric an inside layers steel the to effects similar have layers tyre inside cords steel the that notes also (2012) Turer concrete. the on rubber of quality the of influence the on experiments further undertake to need the on stressed this, on reflecting 204) (2012, Turer tool. prevention earthquake an as concrete rubberized of use the on undertaken being experiments currently are there that notes (2015) ETRMA and areas prone earthquake in useful especially is nature this of concrete Rubberized being conducted across Europe onthe use ofrecycled/reclaimed rubber (ibid.). of 39.4millioncubicmetres ofconcrete beingproduced across theEU, there ismuchR&D excess in volume a with huge, is Europe across market concrete the that Given drainage. better and strength tensile higher flexibility, i.e., asphalt, rubberized to available are which advantages the broadly has it as cement rubberized include to push a is there concrete, using presently are which roads in Hence, 2015). (ETRMA deformation for capacity the reduces and cracking to resistance its increases also performance its increasing by concrete into rubber of incorporation The strength. tensile its increase time same the at while weight its reduce to capacity the has cement rubberized This cement. in rubber incorporate to undertaken being experiments are there Similarly, Use in Rubberized Cement required 40tonnes ofgranulate from 9,000passengervehicle tyres (ibid.). as arun-uptrack for thelongjumpandtriplejump.Thetrack was installedin2012andwell as area jump high the for semi-circle a lanes, sprint straight 6 lanes, 5 with circuit 400-m a included which stadium area surface total meters square 3,800 and surface thick 16-mm a was This Clermont-Ferrand. in Omnisports ASM by built was Michelin, by funded stadium, Gauthier the method, this using laboratory, the in validated Once chemicals. and polymers other various with them ELTs combining from and manufactured crumbs rubber mixing by made is surface The 2015). (ETRMA (grip) slide and (flexibility) deformation shock, absorbing by athletes of expectations the satisfy tracks these that observed been has It concept. this pioneered have who manufacturers surface sports the are Technisol and ELTs. Aliapur recycled 100% by manufactured are tracks athletic where Europe and US the in undertaken projects few a and experiments are there Currently, playing grounds. and equipments sports tracks, athletic building for material raw good extremely also are but constructions road-way and asphalt in just not used been have crumbs Rubber Use in Athletic Tracks

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is the World Doing? 38

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could be a major breakthrough globally in helping to deal with the growing problem of of problem growing the with deal to helping in globally breakthrough major a be could This steel’. ‘green or alloys metal into tyres rubber old converts which Technology’, Injection ‘Polymer the is innovation such One rubber. reusing of ways innovative find to trying on underway currently R&D and innovation much is there world, the Across Innovation from OtherParts oftheWorld areas. traffic high in particularly others, among protectors and screens creating to roads, the in as such spaces urban in it including from pollution noise reduce to option long-term viable and useful a as viewed is rubber recycled Overall, to reduce thenoisepollutioncausedby thetramway (ETRMA2015). observed been has and Europe of parts various in used systematically been has it time, tramway. Over the of sides both on blocks filler rubber recycled 97% lined has Bruxelles, de Intercommunaux Transports des Société the STIB, Europe, in 1998, since And design. its into base rubber recycled include to chosen has Rail National Swiss the Circulating1978, since that meant has pollution noise reduce to rubber of quality natural the into Tapping 2015). (ETRMA -20dB to times four by increased has Tyrespollution noise of reduction the currently and area this in innovation much been has there 2000, since but -5dB, by pollution noise reduced inrubber of use the Initially, the Economy:Use ofRubber to Reduce NoisePollution bedded. are they which into rails the on tyres rail the by made impact the as well as noise Areducing in useful also is rubber WasteRecycled 2012). (Turer 2015) (ETRMA sector tramway and rail the of advantage the to tyres of reuse the into tap which projects many are there world, the Throughout tosector. tramway and rail the in used ELTs Wealth be from can derived material the of Much Use in RailTransport Approachongoing research into theuseoftextiles from tyres asreinforcement inconcrete. toa needfor further research onthereuse ofthismaterial. InEurope, there iscurrently OldTextile fibres recovered duringpyrolysis canalsoserveagencies. asasource ofenergy. There isstandards building national Tyresthe by product insulation new a as tyres from textile recovered of acceptance increasing an reports (2015) ETRMA Europe, Across WhatUse ofRecovered Textile is the as confinementandperipheral materials for concrete cement(Turer 2012). World tyres scrap of use the in experiments architectural various been have there structures, strengthening of aim the with Additionally, reinforcement. concrete Doing?for growing now is Clean steel wire isalsoimportantto theconcrete industryandthedemandfor tyre wire coke in the conventional electric arc furnace (Sahajwalla 2016). 2016). (Sahajwalla furnace arc electric conventional the in coke of use the substitute to aiming while hydrocarbons of source good a inherently is which rubber of composition chemical the into taps technology This tyres. waste of disposal for alternatives? look we don’t Why resources? precious such waste to afford planet the Can ● ● ● ● In 2011, globally: globally: 2011, In ● ● ● ● 765 million tyres a year are wasted wasted are year a tyres million 765 approximately i.e., dumped, illegally or stockpiled, landfills, to sent were 77% elsewhere. processing for exported were 5% fuel for burned were 11% 7% ofthetotal waste tyres were recycled onsite Box 12:Clarion Callto Move to aCircular Economy Source: Interview withProf V Sahajwalla, TheHindu (Sahajwalla 2016)

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres What is the World Doing? 5. Indian Policy on ELT Recycling

The Ministry of Environment, Government of India’s rules on the recycle of ELTs keeps with the international Basel Convention-UNEP guidelines. Hence, the mandate is on the reuse of those tyres which have not been completely worn out and can serve their original purpose. The focus thereafter is on material reuse of rubber by either retreading tyres or using rubber crumb in various applications and lastly through recycling and reuse of reclaimed rubber. The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change also recognizes that shredded rubber can be used for energy recovery purposes as a TDF. The Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, April 2016 recognizes waste tyres and ELTs in the country as ‘Hazardous Waste’ (MoEFCC 2016). The Act stresses on recycling and/or on resource recovery of ELTs, rather than disposing of ELTs by dumping them in landfills or burning them. The new rule puts down a ban on the import of waste tyres for direct reuse purposes though it allows for the import of waste tyres specifically for pyrolysis and recycling. In this regard, the Ministry of Environment clarifies that the import of waste pneumatic tyres is permitted for three main applications – for crumb rubber and downstream products, utilization/co-processing in cement kilns, and for extracting of Tyre Pyrolysis Oil (TPO). The government memo dated 24th November 2015 specifically deals with the recycle and reuse of ELTs and the generation of TPO from ELTs. Since November 2015, a special import license is required to import ELTs for Tyre Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) purposes. The Ministry of Environment has subsequently issued additional protocols for ensuring safety and avoiding fire hazards during pyrolysis. A detailed discussion on these additional safety protocols is included later in this section. Regarding the environmental standards, each processing unit would also have to take consent from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) or its concerned state unit. Similar requirements are also imposed on those crumb rubber manufacturing units that wish to import ELTs for this purpose. 40 the details of the circular economy of collection, management, reuse, recycle and the the and recycle reuse, management, collection, of economy circular the of details and the model cost-benefit the also but plan design detailed a just not is it within Included achieved. be will this that ensure to mechanism the identify as well as tyres waste the from energy also provide optionsfor therecycle and reuse ofthewaste tyres and/orrecoverywill ofthe plan This managed. be will tyres waste the how indicate to required also are They tyres. waste become eventually would and imported or produced are that tyres of types and quantities the of assessment an provide to need would manufacturers tyre Thus, would notbepaidanything for theseELTs. they but Centres’, Storage and Collection Tyres Waste ‘Authorized the to directly tyres waste the give also can customer the rule, this more”. Under is whichever tyres, waste of tonnes 5 or numbers “250 than more stock not shall dealer/retailer a time any at Act, the to According Centres’. Storage and Collection Tyres Waste ‘Authorized the to customers the customer andwillonly beresponsible for sending thewaste tyres collected from the by bought ones new as tyres waste many as accept only can retailer tyre However,the condition. their on depend will tyres old the of valuing This collected”. tyres waste of number equal the for purchased tyres new the of value the on fit deem may it as consumer the to value adjustment an provide to “choose may retailer/dealer from whom thenewtyres are purchased. Thetyre retailer/dealer thereof, while purchasing newtyres, would have theoptionto leave thewaste tyrescustomers, withthetyre the that emphasizes draft The off. them disposing for responsible be will and customers by bought ones new of lieu in tyres waste accept to have will dealers Tyre management planandcomply withitwithinagiven time. waste own their with through follow to need will makers tyre the wherein taken is approach responsibility producer extended individual an words, other In quantity”. collection anddisposalofwaste tyres equivalent to itsannualproduction and/orimport for mechanisms “operational the it within include would which Plan’ Management Tyre Waste ‘Integrated an execute and prepare to expected be would companies tyre that state 2017 Rules Management Tyres Waste the in guidelines draft The responsibility. of breach of cases in involved action of course the and centres) storage and collection tyres waste authorized the is it within (included Plan Management Tyre Waste Integrated the of concepts the grasp to important it’s plan, draft the in responsibility producer extended the Tounderstand ELTs. of issue the with dealing towards approach economy circular EU’s the from largely draws guideline new The responsibility. producer’s extended i.e., dealers, as well as companies tyre the on is responsibility of onus the of part large the wherein tyres waste The Government ofIndiaisintheprocess ofpreparing anewsetofguidelinesto manage 5.1 Draft Guidelines of theWaste Tyres Management Rules 2017

41 | Indian Policy on ELT Recycling

Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres 42

| Indian Policy on ELT Recycling

mixing. During manufacture, reclaimed rubber has already been thoroughly plasticised, plasticised, thoroughly been already has rubber reclaimed manufacture, During mixing. and breakdown during power of consumption low a has it that fact the from comes rubber reclaimed of advantage biggest The rubber. natural with mixed often is rubber reclaimed productivity; improving of aim the with and rubber natural than useful more is it situations, certain in rubber, reclaimed of property the given Moreover, loop. the of back plugging the in role significant a plays rubber reclaimed economy, rubber the within As discussedinthevarious sections ofthereport,by beingavailable for versatile use Rubber Reclaimed and Rubber Crumb of Production 7. Figure to refer please more For adhesives. and goods dipped footwear, products, rubber tread goods, moulded of manufacture the on been has focus the Thereby, industries. manufacturing related rubber crumb the on focused largely currently is from thenon-tyre industry. TheRubberis Council ofIndianotes thatthenon-tyre industry one-third remaining the only and industry tyre the from is demand this Circulating of two-thirds that estimated is it rubber, for demand overall the From persons. lakh 3.70 than more to employment providing while (2014-15) crores 32,000 INR of turnover current a has industry rubber Indian the that estimates India of Council TyresDevelopment Skill Rubber The 5.2 in the Economy:percentage ofthestockpile thattheproducer willbetakingresponsibility for. the indicate and tyres waste of stockpiles the address to producer the by place in put be will which measures the indicate to need the emphasises also policy new the Additionally, A Wasterules”. these of provisions relevant the be allowed to produce, distribute and/orsellnewtyres, import, unlessitcomplieswith “not will producer tyre the since so, specifically is This Wealth manufacturers. tyre with favour much found not has draft this responsibility, producer’s extended on emphasis its Given Approach Act the to Response Industry year.a to up imprisonment simple face can offender to Oldcontravention continuescanbelevied. Ifthecontravention continuesbeyond ayear, thethe as long as for 5000/day INR to up of fine Tyresa then continues, contravention the If lakh. 1 INR to up of fines attract will non-compliance rules, new the Under Breach ofResponsibility percentage ofthestockpile thattheproducer willbetakingresponsibility for. the indicate and tyres waste of stockpiles the address to producer the by place in put be will which measures the indicate to need the emphasises also policy new the Additionally, economy. this in actors various the of obligations and responsibilities of demarcation detailed a be also will There loop. the of back plugging of processes Recycling Options for ELTs inIndia year withestimated reclaim shares of11.3%and8.2%respectively (Matade2016). last average world’s the exceeded India and China 5.4%. to 2.1% from jumped consumed rubber total of percentage a as rubber reclaimed 2014, and 2001 between Globally, (Matade 2016). India in makers rubber reclaimed biggest the of one says business,” the run to difficult be will it continues, situation the If down. are markets export and local Both rubber. reclaim use to manufacturers belt conveyer and tyre like users rubber for incentive the reduced has which rubber, natural of prices in drop the of because primarily is This phase. tough a through going is market now,the But us. for problem a been not has rubber reclaimed making for tyres waste “Getting slowdown. global the by affected adversely been has ELTs, from it derived uses commercial major the of one is rubber reclaimed Though 2002). Board (Rubber better shape their hold to tend they stream, open in cured and extruded when therefore and compounds rubber virgin than thermoplastic less are compounds its rubber, reclaimed of structure cross-linked the to Due quickly. more mixes and down breaks it rubber, virgin to compared when so Source: State ofIndianNon-Tyre Manufacturing Industry (RSDC 2016) Figure 7:Non-Auto Tyre Rubber Sector (India)

43 | Indian Policy on ELT Recycling

Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres 44

| Indian Policy on ELT Recycling

Circulating Tyres inthe manufacturing andvulcanizationprocesses. in themechanisms safety environmental and fire appropriate with along system ventilation Economy: proper a have to need the on stress more is there Lastly, machines. pulveriser grinder/ the in filters) bag and suction through (either particles fine and fibres extract to place in arrangement adequate an have to need a is there pollution, A air prevent to Similarly, Wastesafety. worker’s the ensure to guards safety additional place to requirement a now is there tointervention, manual require machines) making chip and Wealthcutter strip machine, de-beading the as (such processes machine any where cases In workers. of safety the ensure to and pollution environmental preventing but reducing Approach just not on focuses 2015 November ELTs24th on dated memo official the in forth put protocols safety The process. automated fully more a to process mechanization partial current the from move to need the is Environment of Ministry tothe of concern central the process, production the Old In rubber. reclaimed and crumb of production the on emphasis critical a places Tyresrubber of reuse and recycling on strategy government Indian The is believed thatthere ismuchscopeto furtherexpand andexploit thissector. it industry, the of magnitude the Given rubber. reclaimed of consumption and production the between tonnes metric 10,000 approximately of difference a only currently is There 2016). Board (Rubber 2015-16 in 48,613 to 2014-15 in tonnes metric 51,398 from decreased marginally only have to reported is manufacturers tyre auto from rubber reclaimed for consumption and demand overall The 2015-16. in tonnes metric 1,19,000 to 2014-15 in tonnes metric 1,29,000 approximate an from decreased marginally have tyres reclaimed of consumption and production the that estimates India of Board Rubber The environment. greener and cleaner a as well as life healthier a also but opportunities employment local creating just not in resulted has This cauldrons. and pots flower buckets, like items utility various into them turning is community The them. recycling and reusing locally by tyres of out best the get to efforts making is community the of section a Nagaland, Dimapur, of area camp Burma the in Similarly, waste. recycle to partnering of ways creative many of one is and communities other for inspiration of source a is support administrative local the with along craftsmen local by crafted and tyres waste with created eagles and gorillas peacocks, The animals. by inspired figures tyre recycled the for visited is and known is today town The waste. of segregation through recycling at efforts substantial made has district Dindigul Nadu’s Tamil in Chinnalapatti Box 13:Innovative UsesofELTs: Examples Some – Source: ANINews YouTube (2017) industry increase. increase. industry rubber domestic the of competitiveness the can development infrastructural and skill requisite the with along price competitive globally a at available materials raw are there when only is it demonstrates, experience mat rubber the as Thus, Corporation, Make inIndia, Skill IndiaandMudra Yojana. Development Skill Rubber the under schemes and programs the as such schemes, government relevant the with link to able be to enterprises for need a also is There export. for viable financially is product the that ensure help will This products. finished of export and materials raw of import the to especially products, rubber of export and import the to applied duties the on check a keep to need a is there environment, current the In schemes. government related varied the into tap to also but restrictions import ease conditionally only not to need a is there level, this to grow to enterprises smaller other for impetus the provide to order In Europe. and UK US, The including countries 22 across exported is production their of 90% than more Presently, company. Limited Public listed and established an is Ltd Rubbers Fishfa Currently, grown. has firm the that certifications) assurance quality other and REACH ISOs, various the are here (included certifications necessary gathering and rubber reclaimed of potential recycling the into tapping of because is It capacity. present its to grow to – years 45 – time long a taken has industries, rubber reclaim large other most like Ltd, Rubbers Fishfa US. and EU the to exporter major a also is and reclamation rubber butyl and depolymer of field the in firm well-established a is Ltd Rubbers Fishfa recovery ofrubberfrom ELTs. and recycle of market EU the of potential the into tapped have certified REACH and ISO getting by enterprises many years, the Over EU. the from imported were which ELTs the from came exported mats rubber and covering floor the for material raw the that been has countries EU the to export India’s of aspect innovative The each. 6% at Ireland and Russia Netherlands, the and 16% at UK the by followed was This 27%. at highest the were US the to exports India’s million. USD63 or crores 389 INR at pegged was segment this within export the 2014-15, In rate. growth annual 25.7% of average an i.e., growth, 103% a experienced 2010-2015, between mats, and coverings floor of exports India’s Box 14:Understanding India’s MatExportto theEU

45 | Indian Policy on ELT Recycling

Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres 46

| Indian Policy on ELT Recycling

option in the country. The Indian Road Congress then issued a tentative guideline for the the for guideline tentative a issued then Congress Road Indian The country. the in option viable a as accepted be to came CRMB that Institutes, Research Road the of research the accepting Congress Road Indian the with 1999, in only was it While 1996. year the in India in introduced was (CRMB) Bitumen Modified Rubber Crumb of technology The From Waste to Wealth: CrumbRubber ModifiedBitumen (CRMB) fibre. feeding mechanismaswell asanappropriate system for suctionofthecollected fugitive air-lock an requires additionally process continuous The plan. treatment and disposal waste complete a implement and design to need a also is there process, entire the For handling. manual any be there should process manufacturing the of stage no at that mentions specifically protocol The vents. have that tanks closed in be also should storage their and vessels closed in collected be should condensers from Oil metres. 30 over be Circulatingenvironmental andhealthhazards, theidealheight oftheproduction unit’schimney must prevent to and gases of diffusion proper the To ensure purpose. heating this for used for theinitialheating.Subsequently, used pyro gasis generated intheplantshouldideally be fuel gas or liquid only that Tyresascertain to requirement further a is There process. the undertaking before separated is steel all that ensure to place in measures strict with in automated be to process entire the for need the theprescribes process block the through ELTs from TPO of recovery the with dealing in Economy:India of Government Change, Climate and Forest Environment, of Ministry the by (SOP) Procedures Operating Standard The Change. Climate and Forests AEnvironment, of Ministry the from Wastepermits and licences permissions, special ELTs requires today imported through TDFs developing of process the concerns, environmental to Due hydrocarbons. aromatic to polycyclic and 1,3-Butadiene furans, dioxins, benzene, Wealthas such chemicals carcinogenic emit to tend degrees, differing to also, They systems. respiratory and nervous the to harmful are These degrees. differing to Approachxylenes and ethylbenzene toluene, as such chemicals emit to tend plants Substandard odour. foul the of source the as identified also was latter The emission. methane and particles carbon of amount permissible the than higher toemitting were units the that found additionally GPCB 2011). (TOI Old China from imported was which technology substandard using be to found were units the Tyresreports, to According pollution). air (i.e. environment the to caused being harm of pretext the on units pyrolysis oil-producing 45 shut (GPCB) Board Control Pollution Gujarat the 2011, In the discussion. in included also are it around controversies the that imperative is it (TPO), Oil Pyrolysis Tyre deriving for process pyrolysis the discussing while Thus, 2015). (ETRMA down slowed has material rubber recycled for market the since so more source, energy an as ELTs using through is rubber reusing of way quickest and volume highest single The Tyre Pyrolysis Oil(TPO) orders to support the use of CRMB in its road surfacing programmes. Also, currently it it currently Also, programmes. surfacing road its in CRMB of use the support to orders issued also have governments state various the 2002, October since that meant has This constructions. road future all in bitumen modified use to need the on state the to centre it was withtheinclusionof thisdirective thataninstitutionalizedpushcamefrom the and bitumen modified using of advantages the states clearly clause This 2002. SP-20, IRC Manual, Roads Rural the in 4.10.5 clause the of addition the with came roads new of construction and repair the in CRMB use to governments state the for push major The India. of governments state the all almost of PWDs State and NRRDA, MES, AAI, BRO, the as such agencies making road leading all by issued been have directions Similar CRMB. for uptake the for pushing been systematically has Highways and Transport Road of Ministry the then Since Highways. State and National major the all in CRMB use to decided cost), and durability quality, riding performance, pavement improved of terms (in advantages based ontherecommendations oftheroad research institutes, anddueto itssignificant India, of Government Highways, and Transport Road of Ministry the 2002, year the In given earlier onAdvantages ofCRMB ascompared to Bitumen). 1 Table (See weaknesses these overcoming in helps bitumen rubberized and weaknesses inherent some has it roads, flexible for binder only the is bitumen Although road. the of expectancy life the double nearly to observed was CRMB Moreover, roads. bitumen-based just to compared as performance superior much a had CRMB or bitumen rubberized with made roads the that concluded also institutes research road the research, much After country. the across used being started and introduced finally were CRMB and Modifier Rubber Crumb the 2001, In construction. road in bitumen modified of use it willalsohelpinutilizingwaste tyres inanenvironmentally friendly manner. Moreover, exchange. foreign valuable country’s our saving thus quantity import of 12-14% by bitumen of import the reduce can we bitumen, to rubber crumb adding By India. in annually imported being is bitumen of MT lac 6-8 Approximately, calculated atanaverage weight ofatyre of50Kgwith75%rubber or37Kg). is (which day every roads in consumed be can waste tyres’ 2,500 approximately course, this wearing for bitumen with used be to is crumb tyre waste If course. wearing for used be to is bitumen of MT 750 approximately day, wherein every constructed be to is road of km 30 approximately directives, MORTH on Based CRMB. using far so laid been has road of km 1,25,000 Over Box Facts 15:Some abouttheuseofCRMBin Indian Roadways

47 | Indian Policy on ELT Recycling

Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres 48

| Indian Policy on ELT Recycling

Circulating Tyres in the Economy: part. next the in given are CRMB using of advantage cost and analysis cost detailed The true. completely not is this But Aincreases. road the of price overall the Wastemeans CRMB using that understood is it wherein argument, advantage price the in reflected be to tends which venture this of up scaling and uptake the in to reluctance a is there Hence, oil. to converted be can Wealthbitumen plain normal whereas oil) essentially meansitcannotbe converted to theblackburningoil(substitute offurnace bitumen the in rubber of presence the because be to Approach thought is product the accepting in resistance The contractors. road by accepted completely been not has CRMB roads, Despite government directives, fieldtrial evaluations andits successful performance on to OldMathura andHaldia andMRPLMangalore. IOCL Mumbai, BPCL Vizag, Tyresand Mumbai HPCL Panipat, IOCL by followed was and Chennai CPCL at began initially CRMB of production The refineries. oil designated these from CRMB and CRM controlled quality purchase to contractors their and bodies government for mandatory is it Currently, CRMB. of production the commence to refineries all to directive a issued Highways, and Transport Road of Ministry the of recommendations the on 2000, in Gas Natural and Petroleum of Ministry the challenge, this Toovercome challenge. major a was modifiers rubber crumb of manufacture the on control Quality DO#T020/2002/NRRDA). Order- (Government CRMB use (PMGSY) Yojana Sadak Gram Mantri Pradhan the of component works road the under laid roads all that mandatory is ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● The roads builtwithCRMB have demonstrated to have thefollowing advantages: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● the aggregates are prone to stripping. stripping. to prone are aggregates the where situations in and areas bound snow and rainfall high in better Perform conditions. traffic heavy under and conditions climatic extreme in performance improved Overall Delay ofcracking andreflective cracking. Higher fatigue life ofmixes. Better adhesionbetween aggregate andbinder. Better ageresistance properties. Higher resistance to deformation atelevated pavement temperatures. Lower susceptibility to daily and seasonal temperature variations. variations. temperature seasonal and daily to susceptibility Lower Box 16:Advantages of CRMB-basedRoads Circular dated- 19th July 2011, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, GOI GOI Highways, and Transport Road of Ministry 2011, July 19th dated- Circular Source: (No. RW/NH-33041/3/2001-S&R(R)

3-5 years as opposed to those roads laid using CRMB 60 which is at 5-7 years. years. 5-7 at is which 60 CRMB using laid roads those to opposed as years 3-5 within is 30 VG Bitumen using laid is which roads of case the in period renewal the Also, 28.74%. over of savings are there years, 15 i.e. road, the of life-time the over roads, based Though theinitialconstructioncostofCRMB-based roads is6.88%higher thanbitumen- years. 2-3 by extended be then can resurfacing of period intervention the as bitumen modified using by reduced drastically be can road the of maintenance of cost The Cost Analysis UsingBitumen VG 30v/sCRMB60 (Aggregate +Bitumen) Mix Bituminous Prevailing Cost# Requirement @5%ofMix Bitumen andCRMB higher resistance to permanent deformation at higher temperature. temperature. higher at deformation permanent to resistance higher shows modifiers with prepared mix the that concluded (2002) Imtiyaz Mohd. %). (5.67 content binder modified optimum reduced at that and bitumen run straight with compared when characteristics improved much in resulted has This (60/70). bitumen conventional for and characteristics design mix different the determine to performed been have tests Subsequent content. rubber optimum constant at content bitumen modified the changing by out carried was design mix Marshall’s temperatures. specified at 55) (CRMB bitumen modified rubber crumb blended (2009) al et Shankar bitumen. ordinary of use the to comparison in substantially increase to expected also is bitumen modified the using surfacing pavement the of life the Therefore, weight. by percent 12 to up additive plastic the of proportion in increase the with decreased bitumen modified the of values ductility and penetration the that observed was It bitumen. ordinary with bitumen modified the of properties the compared University Bangalore of Engineering Transportation for Centre the at (2002), al et Justo Prof. Excerpts from anOverview onUseofWaste Rubber Tyres inConstruction ofRoads (Baraiya 2013) Box 17:Landmark Research Findings onCRMB

Table 2:InitialRoad Construction Cost Bitumen VG Bitumen 30 (inMT) 16.5 330 4,19,644 (in INR) 25,433 Cost Cost -

CRMB 60 60 CRMB 16.5 MT (in MT) 330 MT

4,72,279 (in INR) 28,623 Cost Cost -

49 | Indian Policy on ELT Recycling

Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres 50

| Indian Policy on ELT Recycling which isat5-7years (TinnaRubbers). 60 CRMB using laid roads those to opposed as years 3-5 within is 30 VG bitumen using laid is which roads of case the in period renewal the that noted be can it estimates, these on Based 6,59,224). INR = 16,34,258 – 22,93,482 (i.e., rupees twenty-four and hundred two thousand fifty-nine million six at is cost maintenance overall the in difference The If thelife cycle isconsidered to be15years, therenewal cycle willbe: higher thanBitumenVG 30mix.(TinnaRubbers) 6.88% i.e. 52,635), INR 764,494= INR 8,17,129- (INR rupees thirty-five and hundred six thousand fifty-two only is 60 CRMB using in incurred cost additional the Thus, # Cost calculated attheprevailing rate on1stJune2017atPanipat *Estimates calculated basedona1kmlanewhich is3.5mwideand40thick CRMB 60 Bitumen VG 30 Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres (in INR) Total Cost Per LaneKm (@ INR1,100PMT) Aggregate intheMix (in INR) 7,64,494 After 5 After

years

Table 3:Road Renewal Cost 8,17,129 (in INR) After 7 After Bitumen VG Bitumen years 30 (inMT) 313.5

After 10 (in INR) 7,64,494 years 7,64,494 3,44,850 (in INR)

Cost Cost 8,17,129 After 14 (in INR) years

CRMB 60 60 CRMB 313.5 MT (in MT) After 15 (in INR) 7,64,494 years

Total Cost 16,34,258 22,93,482 8,17,129 3,44,850 (in INR) (in INR) Cost Cost

● ● ● ● ● forms of assistance are most required by them: them: by required most are assistance of forms following the recycling, to contribute to continue and upgrade to this To enable activity. important this of indicative are 1 Annexure in listed hubs today.The produced being There isnodoubtthattheinformal sector isableto reuse tyres, atthecurrent volume 6.1 for preparedness asthetyre deluge unfolds: large-scale. Two key actionpathsfor upgrading thehandlingoftyres mustbeinitiated, a on rubber recycled/reclaimed of qualities unique these leverage to sectors housing This report believes there road, isalotofpotential withinthecountry’s railways and 6. Conclusion well as national highways as a key way forward. forward. way key a as highways national as well as roads unpaved and paved of reconstruction and repair construction, the in concrete rubberized and asphalt CRMB/rubberized of use the identifies Chintan handling. proper for preparedness level national requires years coming the in tyres of number large The 6.2 ● ● ● ● ● being soldfor openburningor burningasfuel currently are that ELT parts such for chain value alternative an create to Working Training for occupationalandworker safety trail paper adequate ensure to documentation of forms other and inventorising in Help Standardization ofsomecommonprocesses authorization A means of recognition of their work as legal and legitimate, through registration and and registration through legitimate, and legal as work their of recognition of means A Upgrade theWay theInformal Sector Works Use ELTs inroads

51 |

Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres Conclusion 52

| ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Ministry ofEnvironment, Forest and Climate Change Highways and Transport Road Surface of Ministry are: These practice. into turn to is policy the if essential, are agencies various by steps other several this, towards measures policy various exist there While use ofELTs inroads agoodmeansofachieving circular economy. the making synchronizes, ELTs roadways of and growth the how shows also data This India. like economy growing a in leveraged adequately be to need construction road in 60 CRMB of advantage infrastructural and cost The 2.1%). at are highways national and rural p.a. 4.4% urban, p.a. 5% being it (with annum per 3.4% been has network road the of rate growth approximate the 2001-2011, between that estimated is it and day every constructed be to is road of km 30 approximately that NHAI for directives MORTH per As

● ● ● ● Circulating● Tyres in the Economy:● ● A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres Conclusion bitumen consumptionwhich atpresent standsatapproximately 2-3%. total the of 35-40% of level the to it bring to and CRMB of use the increase gradually to agencies making road lead other and NHAI to issued be should directive clear A CRMB for theconstructionofroads. of usage and implementation the and 2000 circular its enforce should Ministry The Ensure that the informal sector in tyre reuse is included in the Rules to be notified. notified. be to Rules the in included is reuse tyre in sector informal the that Ensure Boards. Control Pollution State other and Board Control Pollution Central the with along work, their upgrade sector informal help to team enabling capacity a up Set waste tyre disposalinanenvironmentally friendly manner.in help only will this as CRMB, of quantity maximum the use to agencies making road to directions issue to Highways and Transport Road of Ministry the assist and Work products. such for incentives non-fiscal and fiscal Identify tyres. waste of utilization proper the in help will this as compound their in rubber rubber/reclaim crumb of part include to etc.) belts conveyor mats, like products rubber other of manufacturers and manufacturers (tyre rubber natural of users the to issued be to Directions Boards. Control Pollution State the involving disposal/recycling, proper their of track a keep to and country the in holders license or recyclers tyre authorized to tyres discarded sell to Corporations Transport Road State the all to directions Issue viable manner. economically and sustainable a in tyres of millions of hundreds of onslaught upcoming the with deal to order in practice mainstream a it make to earliest, the at levels multiple at required thus is focus stronger A implemented. been yet not have they roads, in CRMB using for place in already notifications government several are there While India. across highways of expansion the of part as roads, in used be can which (CRMB), Bitumen Modified Rubber Crumb is forward way important An here. crises similar prevents and experiences countries other from learns India that imperative is it and menace environmental an be to proven have tyres Globally, unsustainable. and polluting highly are kilns brick and oil like practices Current tyres. of deluge the manage effectively to able be not may but economy the in tyres circulating in role important an playing is sector informal The tyres. more and more to lead inadvertently will manufactured, being automobiles of number the in increase with along built, being roads of network large the as increase to going only is economy our in tyres of deluge the Toconclude, emerging ideaoffeeding acircular economy. the using management tyre safe ensure to forward steps key some are Together,these ● ● ● ● ● ● State Road Transport Corporations Council Development Skill Rubber ● ● ● ● ● ● not kilns etc. etc. kilns not users, licensed to only sold be must sections unused play,the into come actors sector semi-formal licensed Where same. the of disposal/recycling proper of track a keep to and country the in recyclers tyre authorized to ELTs sold that are ensure must STCs chain. value post-consumer the on check a maintain or monitor not do ELVs and petrol-based and diesel obsolete auction periodically (STCs) Corporations Transport Road State The this. in operators train and safety, environmental and occupational ensure to sector informal the in operations Standardize community level, includingintheinformal sector. local/ ELTs of the at recycle and reuse possible the in innovation for support Provide ELTs. of recycling the handling are who MSMEs to support credit and marketing further Provide support. market and infrastructural requisite the providing by enterprises these for ELTs economy the handles that sector informal the encourage further to need a is there India, In

53 |

Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres Conclusion Annexure 1: List of Tyre Hubs in North India

Sr. No State City Area

1

2 Uttar Pradesh Meerut TransportKhairnagar

Uttar Pradesh Meerut

43 Uttar Pradesh Meerut HapurAdda (Bus Stand)

5 Uttar Pradesh Meerut Soti Ganj

6 Uttar Pradesh Meerut Pratapur

7 Uttar Pradesh ShamliMuzaffarnagar

8 Uttar Pradesh NearShamli railway bus stand station

9 Uttar Pradesh Sharan Pur

10 Uttar Pradesh Hapur Near Hapur bus stand

11 Uttar Pradesh Ghaziabad Near Delhi Gate

12 Uttar Pradesh Sitapur Sitapur

Uttar Pradesh BijnorGonda BijnorGonda Basti

1413 Uttar Pradesh

15 Uttar Pradesh MawanaMuzaffarnagar NearJansath Mawana near Baisuma police station

Uttar Pradesh

54

Sr. No 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 Rajasthan Delhi Delhi Delhi Delhi Delhi Delhi Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh State Kota Delhi Delhi Delhi Delhi Delhi Delhi Kota Rudrapur Moradabad City Kota Tangawalan nearAzadMarket Burari Jama Masjid Mayapuri Dilshad Garden Gokul Puri Kota Jalhodra Tyre, Rudrapur Moradabad Area

55 |

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres 62

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy:and 23rd December 2011 Circular issuedby BRO A WastePunjab -No.RW/CH/PB/M&R/789-790 Dated 9thOctober 2002 toWest Bengal -No.RW/. 1M-50/05/06/988-R/PL. Dated 13thDecember2006 WealthRajasthan -No.RW/.Dated 14thNovember 2002 Bihar -No.RW/. 9/L-05-05/02/3635(E)dated 23rd September 2009 ApproachUttar Pradesh -No.RW/. 6305NH/64N/2001 dated 1stNovember 2011 Assam -No.RW/. CNH.22/2004/42 dated 14thJune2007 dated 1643/02AV/09 No.RW/. - toUttrakhand OldJharkhand -No.RW/. 215(Roll no.)dated 2ndMay 2012 TyresCircular issuedby State Governments foruseofCRMB Circular issuedby Ministry ofRural Development 2011 July 19th dated (R) NH-33041/3/2001-S&R RW/ No. - Highways and Transport Road of Ministry by issued Circulars - No.RW/. 80695/DGBR/Pol/FRi/D&S dated 6th January 2012 2012 January 6th dated 80695/DGBR/Pol/FRi/D&S No.RW/. -

List of Interviewees Maruti Maruti Senior Advisor, Mr. IVRao, Scientist –D Mr. Amardeep Raju D – Scientist Dr. ShrutiBhardwaj Advisor Ram Mohan S N Captain Sr. Scientist Dr. N. N. Rao Geotechnical Engg Scientist, Chief HoD, Dr. U. K.GuruVittal Name &Designation

MoEFCC MoEFCC (SIAM) Manufacturers Automobile Indian of Society Institute NEERI Research Engineers Environmental National Delhi (CRRI) Institute Research Road Central Delhi Vasant Kunj Udyog, Maruti Organisation & Organisation Location 2017 09, May 2017 11, May 2017 June 12, 2017 June 15, 2017 June 18, 2017 June 22, Date Pyrolysis and import their on also and recycling tyre on stand Legislative the Tounderstand Informal Conversation - Limited Company Motor TVS and/or SIAM by recycling tyre on done work of reference Toget Telephonic Interview - Gujarat and Rajasthan in people of contact get and business Pyrolysis the Tounderstand Telephonic Interview - India in construction civic such any or roads in reuse Tyre of potential Tounderstand reclamation inMUL tyre Tounderstand Remarks

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Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres List of Interviewees 64

| Engineer Sr.Environmental Mr. B.L.Chawla Secretary Secretary Mr. Vinay Vijayvargia Sr. Manager Mr. RajKumar Joint Director Mr. RahulVachaspati Mr. Sharma Kamal Old Tyre Trader Mohammad Aabid Regrooving Fabricator Tyre Old Salman Trader Tyre Old Mohammad Tareekh Old Tyre Trader Abdul Wahid Old Cars Trader Mohammad Ishrar Engine Boring Mobin Ahmad High LoadTyres for Unit Retreading Mohammad Saleem Circulating Tyres in the Economy: A Waste to Wealth Approach to Old Tyres List of IntervieweesName &Designation DPCC Committee Control Pollution Delhi Association (ATMA) Manufacturers Tyre Automotive C/o Committee Advisory Technical Tyre Indian Thane, Mumbai ATMA CII Delhi Delhi CII Meerut City, UP UP City, Meerut Peer) (Near Chatriwali Nagar Kher City, UP Nagar,Meerut Kher Road Kohti Jali Meerut Nagar Khar Nagar, MeerutCity, UP Kher Road, JaliKohti Meerut City, UP Near BadpatAdda Mawana City, UP UP City, Mawana Organisation & Organisation Location 2017 June 14, 2017 June 06, 2017 06 June 2017 23, March 2017 24, March Date Delhi NCR and get contacts contacts get and NCR Delhi in network its and practices Pyrolysis Tounderstand Telephonic Interview - on formal tyre recyclers recyclers tyre formal on and practices, etc., anddata data recycling trends, import companies, manufacturing tyre with recycling tyre formal arrangements of the Tounderstand arrangements formal the Tounderstand Telephonic Interview - arrangements formal the Tounderstand Telephonic Interview - supportive) very not was person (The Practices Trade Tyre Old Informal (Lorrey, Trucks, Busses,etc) Tyres Load High mainly but tyre of kinds all of Regrooving Practices Trade Tyre Old Informal the old/recycling market understand and links Toget Manufacturers Cars Old of links Toget employees. 4-5 around and equipment machinery, heavier with scale larger slightly on was (tractor, bus,trucks) etc and tyres Load High for Plant Remarks Name & Designation Organisation & Date Remarks Location Mr. Sanjay Gupta March London Sports 2017 informal sector, potential Partapur Industrial To understand Retreading, Area, Meerut Delhi Pyrolysis Plants Equipment’s Road, Meerut UP Reuse and contact of Mr. Manish Sharma Sadar Police Thana, March 2017 To understand the Informal Mr. Sachin Malik Sadar Police Thana, March some information on tyre Meerut Police Meerut City UP setup and get contacts and Inspector, 2017 recycling network

Meerut City UP Mr. Jayant Singh March Meerut Police 2017 Madhavpurum Police Telephonic Interview Chaudhary Mahinder March 25, ChaukiIn charge Station, Meerut, UP Singh 2017 Meerut Bypass Road, TyresTo understand and process, Energy etc Kankarkhera, Meerut Reclamation use from old Brik Kiln Mr. Padam Singh Sardhana Road, Manufacturer

Brik Kiln Meerut IP Saqib Manufacturer material reclamation (Iron Meerut Delhi Road, To understand tyre cutting, Babu wires) and network and Tyre cutting plant BasantpurSatli, UP process of energy reclamation

Tyre Cutting plant Mr. Pradeep May 19, in Bricks Kilns, etc. Chaudhary Area, E-Block, New 2017 arrangements concerning the DelhiMayapuri Industrial To understand the informal Balram Singh ELV Trader Old Tyre coming-out of the Fabricator OldMayapuri Tyres. ELV Dismantlers Amar Singh May 20, and the trade and reuse of East Delhi 2017 Golulpuri Old Market, ELV Trader networkWith over in 54 the lakh world. kilometres There are of roads,plans to India currently has the second largest road roads at a cost of approximately Rs 17 lakh construct another 50,000 kilometres of crore by 2022. This has contributed to a boom in the automobile sector, as well as the tyre industry with 127.34 million tyres produced in 2016-17, demonstrating a 12% increase from the previous year. However, such resource-heavy growth models call for sustainable management of natural resources and resource efficiency. The world over, the idea that waste is an untapped source for secondary raw materials is influencing the approach to scrapped automobiles. Tyres are just one component in automobiles, but owing to their composition, tyres have been found to have a complete self-sustaining economy around wastethem. Thismanagement study on andtyres recycling draws from in northernChintan’s Indiaextensive to shed experience light on inthe informal economic and environmental benefits of utilising maintenanceCrumb Rubber in Modified India. Bitumen (CRMB) made from tyres for road construction and

Chintan Environmental Research and Action Group C-14, Second Floor, Lajpat Nagar III New Delhi-110024 Tel: +91-11-46574171/72 Fax: +91-11-46574174 Website: www.chintan-india.org