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Lathridiides / Cryptophagides Lathridiidae / Cryptophagidae (Angl Lathridiides / cryptophagides Lathridiidae / Cryptophagidae (angl. Plaster beetles, all. : Moderkäfer, ital : Coleottero Latridiidae) 1. Lathridiides (Lathridiidae) sec, par exemple, ou librement. 2-3 jours avant la nymphose, les larves interrompent leur alimenta- Présence : Tant en plein air que dans les maisons. tion. Le repos des nymphes dure 6-7 jours et leur Ils apparaissent souvent en masse, que ce soit développement total, 24 à 30 jours. dans des réserves stockées en milieu humide ou dans des habitations humides, lorsque de la moi- sissure risque de se former. Il ne s’agit pas à pro- Écologie : Les lathridiides ne peuvent se déve- prement parler de parasites alimentaires, mais, en lopper que dans un environnement dans lequel raison de leur grand nombre, ils peuvent devenir les champignons prospèrent ; c’est-à-dire que très désagréables. Ils sont souvent associés aux l’humidité relative dans la pièce ou dans la mar- cryptophagidae. chandise stockée entre les particules doit être su- La détermination de l’espèce est difficile et exige périeure à 65 %. un spécialiste (cf. illustrations). L’espèce la plus ré- Contre-mesures : Si l’infestation est constituée pandue est l’Enicmus minutus (Illustr. 2). exclusivement de lathridiides, il est possible de re- noncer à une lutte chimique si l’on dispose de suf- Alimentation : Les larves et les adultes se nourris- fisamment de temps pour procéder à un séchage sent exclusivement de moisissures (hyphes, coni- adéquat des marchandises stockées et de l’entre- dies) dont ils dépendent pour leur développement. pôt. Cela entraînera le départ ou la mort de ces in- sectes. Dégâts : Les dégâts provoqués par les lathridiides se limitent à l’abroutissement de moisissure. Les marchandises ne sont plus commercialisables et propres à la consommation en raison de l’attaque fongique antérieure. Apparence : Les lathridiides (0,8 mm à 3 mm de long) n’ont jamais plus de 3 paires de pattes, alors que les cryptophagidae en possèdent habituelle- ment 5. Enicmus minutus : Illustr. 1 Cartodere filum (1,3 – 1,4 mm) Œuf : environ 0,5 x 0,2 mm, surface blanche et Illustr. 2 Latridius (Encimus) minutus (1,2 – 2,4 mm) lisse. Larve : jusqu’à 2,2 mm de long, blanchâtre à brun- jaune, à 6 pattes et pratiquement cylindrique, ar- rondie à l’extrémité arrière. Mâchoire supérieure dépourvue de dents, poils sur le dos légèrement courbés. Nymphe : 1,5 mm de long, à poils blancs et jaune clair. Imago : 1,2 mm à 2,4 mm de long, noir à brun, pro- notum en forme de cœur et ridé avec bords anté- rieurs précambrés mous, élytres lisses perforés Illustr. 3 Dienerella filiformis (charançon de la levure) (1,3 – avec des bouts largement arrondis. Les ailes sont 1,4 mm) rayées avec d’étroits espaces intermédiaires. Développement / Biologie et comportement : À environ 17 °C, les œufs (pondus, par exemple, dans du pain moisi) éclosent au bout de 5 à 6 jours pour donner naissance aux larves qui se nourris- sent alors de « penicillium glaucum » et de Mucor mucedo et passent par 3 stades. Après environ 15 jours, elles se nymphosent dans des fissures de pain demi- Anticimex SA, Sägereistrasse 25, CH-8152 Glattbrugg, Tél. +41 58 387 75 75, www.anticimex.ch, [email protected] Illustr. 4 Holoparamecus depressus (1,0 – 1,2 mm) Développement / Biologie et comportement : Illustr. 5 Corticaria pubescens (0,9 – 2,5 mm) Dans des conditions climatiques d’Europe centrale, Illustr. 6 Metophytalmus serripennis (1,1 – 1,4 mm) le développement de l’œuf dure environ 4 à 10 jours et les stades larvaires 4 à 5, 7 à 9 et 10 à 21 jours. Les larves se nourrissent de mycélium fongique et de spores. Avant la nymphose, elles cessent de se nourrir et se rendent dans un endroit protégé. Le repos des nymphes dure 7 à 14 jours. L’insecte éclos reste encore 4 à 11 jours sur son lieu de nymphose. Il pond ses œufs sur le mycélium fongique. Écologie : Comme les lathridiides, les cryptopha- gides vivent dans un environnement au taux d’hu- midité relative élevé (>65 %), car la base de leur alimentation (les champignons) ne pousse que dans ces conditions. Illustr. 7 Latridiidae B) Thes begrrohti (1,8 – 2,2 mm) D) Adistemia watsoni (1,2 – 1,7 mm) Contre-mesures : Identiques à celles des lathri- diides. 2. Cryptophagides (Cryptophagidae) (all. : Schimmelkäfer) Présence : Les cryptophagides vivent avec leurs larves sur des parties de plantes moisies, dans des champignons, sous l’écorce, ainsi qu’au niveau de substances animales et végétales moisies dans les maisons. Comme les lathridiides, ils peuvent se présenter en très grand nombre et devenir par con- A B séquent gênants. Illustr. 8 A) Cryptophagus scanius (1,5 – 2,8 mm) Alimentation : Les larves se nourrissent unique- B) Atomaria linearis (1,0 – 1,75 mm) ment de mycélium et de spores fongiques. Dégâts : Les dégâts sont identiques à ceux des la- thridiides. Apparence : Il en existe des espèces de petite taille, rarement au-delà de 3 mm, jamais plus de 5,5 mm de long, habituellement de couleur brun clair à brun foncé, de forme ovale allongée à étirée, rarement arrondie. Ils sont poilus. Les plus fré- quents font partie de l’espèce Cryptophagus. Leur détermination est difficile et leur mode de vie n’est souvent pas connu avec précision. Œuf : 0,7 x 0,3 mm, blanc Larve : jusqu’à 3 mm de long, blanc jaunâtre, mâ- choire supérieure à dents brunes, forme de corps cylindrique allongée, clairsemée de poils longs et courts, épines sur l’abdomen légèrement pliées vers le haut. Nymphe : Poilue avec deux épines à l’extrémité de Illustr. 9 Différentes formes de cryptophagides l’abdomen. Imago : Au niveau de son pronotum, il possède des bords antérieurs fortement épaissis ou en Version 2014 forme de godets décalés faisant saillie latérale- ment. Les bords de son pronotum sont souvent dentés. 2/2 .
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