NUEVA YORK, AL OTRO LADO DEL ESPEJO. EL CINE Y LA CIUDAD FUTURA COMO TEXTO New York, Through the Looking-Glass

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NUEVA YORK, AL OTRO LADO DEL ESPEJO. EL CINE Y LA CIUDAD FUTURA COMO TEXTO New York, Through the Looking-Glass N14_ CIUDADES PARALELAS PROYECTO, PROGRESO, ARQUITECTURA 40 41 NUEVA YORK, AL OTRO LADO DEL ESPEJO. EL CINE Y LA CIUDAD FUTURA COMO TEXTO New York, through the lookiNg-glass. CiNema aNd the future CitY as a text Luis Miguel Lus Arana “Todo en esta escena, en este estadio, hablaba del futuro…1 ” Hubert Damisch esde su creación en el umbral que separa el la Norteamérica del cambio de siglo, donde los cam- siglo XIX del XX, el cine se ha desarrollado bios introducidos por el nuevo paradigma urbano se D en una relación simbiótica –y en gran medi- presentaban de manera especialmente dramática. da fetichista– con el entorno urbano que lo vio nacer. Basta un rápido vistazo a los diarios y men's magazines RESUMEN Durante las últimas décadas del XIX, y de manera muy especial con la llegada del nuevo siglo, los mass media dirigie- Concebido como medio urbano por excelencia, el ojo publicados a partir de la segunda mitad de las 'brown ron una mirada preeminente al entorno urbano que los vio nacer, mostrando imágenes de su devenir contemporáneo pero también de la cámara cinematográfica se revelaría rápidamen- decades' para comprobar hasta qué punto las particula- especulando con un futuro que, en ocasiones, ilustraba más fdedignamente las particularidades de su presente. Con la aparición del cine, privilegiado ojo mecánico con el que registrar la acelerada realidad urbana, este proceso adquiriría una nueva dimensión, te como el aparato visual predilecto con el que captar ridades del nuevo ecosistema en desarrollo acaparaban y pronto el medio se uniría a esta fructífera especulación, produciendo versiones propias de la ciudad del mañana dotadas de una la mecanizada realidad de la ciudad moderna. Y así, la atención y la imaginación de escritores y artistas bien provechosa capacidad textual. Utilizando el caso paradigmático de Nueva York, “Al otro lado del espejo” propone un análisis de esta tempranos ‘panoramas animados’ como At the Foot alejados de la otoñal serenidad que Lewis Mumford de- capacidad intertextual de la ciudad futura cinematográfca, explorando los diferentes ‘dobles’ distorsionados que de Manhattan, ya of the Flatiron (1903) o Panorama from Times Building, finió para el período2. Publicaciones de información o sea directa o veladamente, han ofrecido diferentes flmes. Con paradas en Metrópolis, Blade Runner, El Quinto Elemento o Immor- New York (1905), pronto dejarían paso a visiones más satíricas como Life, The New Yorker y Cosmopolitan, o tel, entre otros, el texto explora la capacidad mayéutica de estos doppelganger urbanos que, situados al otro lado de la pantalla, desvelan rasgos y relaciones de sus referentes reales, y condicionan y modifcan nuestra visión de la realidad urbana. elaboradas, en las que el cine captaría las especificida- Puck, Judge y Collier's Weekly, pero también otras como PALABRAS CLAVE Metrópolis; Blade Runner; ciencia fcción; Immortel; estudios visuales. des del espacio urbano, lo reconstruiría y, más aún, lo The Ladies Home Journal, y Literary Digest ofrecerían, reinventaría. junto con la crónica de los eventos de la ciudad, un nú- SUMMARY In the last decades of the XIX century and especially in the subsequent turn of the century, the mass media turned Por supuesto, el cine no hacía sino recorrer, más mero creciente de textos e ilustraciones que criticaban a prominent gaze on the urban environment that witnessed its birth, showcasing images of its everyday life, and also speculating rápidamente, el mismo camino que había seguido el y satirizaban la congestionada vida urbana, y que pron- about a future that, sometimes, depicted more vividly the particularities of its present. With the advent of cinema, a privileged me- chanical eye with which to record the accelerated urban reality, this process would rise to a new level, and soon the medium would resto de medios desde las últimas décadas del XIX. to especularían con su futuro. La ciudad moderna, con contribute to this productive speculation, producing its own versions of the city of tomorrow, http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ppa.2016.i14.03 DOI: which 03–03–2016. showed recepción–aceptación a useful 20–09–2015 / textual 2173–1616 ISSNe / ability. 2171–6897 ISSN Sevilla. de Universidad 2016. Mayo Paralelas”. “Ciudades Alumbrados en el exceso de información que genera- su frenético movimiento, su aparentemente ilimitada Using the paradigmatic case of New York, “Through the Looking-Glass” proposes an analysis of the inter-textual ability of future flm N14 ba la vida urbana, los mass media crecieron mirando, capacidad pare la expansión, y su aún incipiente pero cities, exploring the distorted ‘doppelgangers’ of Manhattan shown, either directly or in a veiled way, by different flms. With refec- comentando y criticando la ciudad. Y seguramente en rápido desarrollo vertical, era una fuente inagotable de tions on Metrópolis, Blade Runner, The Fifth Element, or Immortel, among others, the text explores the maieutic ability displayed ningún lugar esta relación fue más productiva que en promesas, tan subyugantes como amenazadoras. Y la by these urban doppelgangers which, located on the other side of the flm screen, unveil features and relationships of their real life referents, and condition and modify our own perception of urban reality. KEY WORDS Metrópolis; Blade Runner; science fction; Immortel; visual studies 1. Damisch, Hubert: Skyline: The Narcissistic City. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001, pp. 81, 115. Persona de contacto / Corresponding author: [email protected]. Escuela de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad de Zaragoza. 2. Ver Mumford, Lewis: The brown decades; a study of the arts in America, 1865-1895. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, c1931. Proyecto, Proyecto, Progreso, Arquitectura. L. M. LUS ARANA “Nueva York, al otro lado del espejo. El cine y la ciudad futura como texto”. N14 “Ciudades Paralelas”. Mayo 2016. Universidad de Sevilla. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 Con licencia CC BY-NC-ND – DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ppa.2016.i14.03 N14_ CIUDADES PARALELAS PROYECTO, PROGRESO, ARQUITECTURA 42 43 1. Richard Rummel: Portada de las ‘King’s Dream of New York’ (c1911) basada en una ilustración ante- rior de Harry M. Petit para la edición de 1908. 2. Londres en 1950. High Treason, de Maurice Elvey. Gaumont British Picture Corporation, 1929. 3. El Nueva York de 1980 según Just Imagine, de Da- vid Butler. Fox Film Corporation, 1930. 4. Harvey Wiley Corbett. “The elevated Sidewalk: How it will solve city transportation problems” Portada del Scientifc American. 26 de julio de 1913. 5. Hugh Ferriss: ‘Vista in the Art Zone’. The Metropo- lis of Tomorrow (1929). 3 4 de la realidad urbana a su recreación, con largometrajes como Die Strasse (Karl Grune, 1923), Der Letzte Mann (F. W. Murnau 1924) o Sunrise (Murnau, 1927), en los que 1 2 la ciudad era simulada en estudio para su filmación. Y al igual que anteriormente en los medios periodísticos, tam- especulación prospectiva se revelaría un ejercicio tan de este paisaje emergente y, en gran medida, inaprehen- bién el cine se sumaría a la reinterpretación del presente fascinante en sí mismo como por su capacidad para ge- sible. a través del futuro en una breve pero intensa etapa en la nerar comentario y crítica del presente. No es sorprendente que el cine, intersección perfecta que la ciencia ficción miraría a la ciudad. Quizá el primero Antes de que los arquitectos de los años 20 y 30, con de técnica y arte, y por ello medio connatural a la era de en que puede identificarse este interés sea el filme ruso Hugh Ferriss a la cabeza, codificaran la imagen de una la reproductibilidad mecánica5, participara de este mismo Aelita (Yakov Protazanov, 1924), que retrataba un Marte utopía americana de esbeltos rascacielos y vías eleva- proceso. También el cine había nacido como un medio in- totalitario y fantástico de formas constructivistas. Mien- das, artistas, caricaturistas e ilustradores comerciales ya herentemente urbano, heredero en sus comienzos de los tras, desde un futurismo de baja intensidad, High Treason habían creado sus propias imágenes del futuro, visiones espectáculos de ilusionismo, los panoramas y el vodevil. (1929), de Maurice Elvey, se situaba en un Londres del en- extrapoladas “a partir del vertiginoso ritmo de construcción Sin embargo, su capacidad para la captación y represen- tonces futuro 1940/1950 de ropajes Beaux–Arts y art decó de rascacielos de la ciudad de Nueva York" que preveían tación de la realidad acelerada y múltiple de la emergente y en lenta evolución hacia el Manhattanismo (figura 2). "una ciudad cómicamente sobreconstruida”3 (figura 1). ciudad moderna pronto haría patente cómo esta relación Más ambiciosa que la anterior, la fallida comedia musical Excediendo con mucho la ‘regla del tres’ con la que H. entre ciudad y medios alcanzaba en la pantalla cinema- de ciencia ficción Just Imagine (Richard Butler, 1930) (fi- G. Wells4 diseñaría sus fábulas futuras, estas visiones se tográfica una nueva dimensión. El cine era un medio en gura 3) traduciría por vez primera a imagen real (si bien construían como extrapolaciones de las particularidades movimiento para un nuevo paisaje urbano que también en la forma de una inmensa maqueta) y en movimiento del presente, que eran llevadas a la hipérbole para mos- se encontraba en incesante movimiento, como ya parecía el 'otro' Manhattan de los años 20 y 30: la ciudad Titáni- trar un futuro caótico y congestionado, a menudo desca- apuntar Erwin Panofsky cuando en 1933 declarara que ca que Raymond Hood, Harvey Willey Corbett (figura 4), 6 bellado y, en algunos casos, deliberadamente absurdo. cine y arquitectura son las únicas artes vivas . Tampoco Francisco Mújica y sobre todo Hugh Ferriss (figura 5) pro- 5 Sin embargo, bajo los ropajes pseudo–futuristas de estas sorprende que Panofsky hiciera esta declaración precisa- ponían para el futuro de la emergente metrópoli de los metrópolis pseudo–prospectivas siempre se encontraba mente poco después de su desembarco en Nueva York.
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