Real-Time Non-Linear Noise Reduction Algorithm for Video
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All You Need to Know About SINAD Measurements Using the 2023
applicationapplication notenote All you need to know about SINAD and its measurement using 2023 signal generators The 2023A, 2023B and 2025 can be supplied with an optional SINAD measuring capability. This article explains what SINAD measurements are, when they are used and how the SINAD option on 2023A, 2023B and 2025 performs this important task. www.ifrsys.com SINAD and its measurements using the 2023 What is SINAD? C-MESSAGE filter used in North America SINAD is a parameter which provides a quantitative Psophometric filter specified in ITU-T Recommendation measurement of the quality of an audio signal from a O.41, more commonly known from its original description as a communication device. For the purpose of this article the CCITT filter (also often referred to as a P53 filter) device is a radio receiver. The definition of SINAD is very simple A third type of filter is also sometimes used which is - its the ratio of the total signal power level (wanted Signal + unweighted (i.e. flat) over a broader bandwidth. Noise + Distortion or SND) to unwanted signal power (Noise + The telephony filter responses are tabulated in Figure 2. The Distortion or ND). It follows that the higher the figure the better differences in frequency response result in different SINAD the quality of the audio signal. The ratio is expressed as a values for the same signal. The C-MES signal uses a reference logarithmic value (in dB) from the formulae 10Log (SND/ND). frequency of 1 kHz while the CCITT filter uses a reference of Remember that this a power ratio, not a voltage ratio, so a 800 Hz, which results in the filter having "gain" at 1 kHz. -
AN10062 Phase Noise Measurement Guide for Oscillators
Phase Noise Measurement Guide for Oscillators Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 2 What is phase noise ................................................................................................................................. 2 3 Methods of phase noise measurement ................................................................................................... 3 4 Connecting the signal to a phase noise analyzer ..................................................................................... 4 4.1 Signal level and thermal noise ......................................................................................................... 4 4.2 Active amplifiers and probes ........................................................................................................... 4 4.3 Oscillator output signal types .......................................................................................................... 5 4.3.1 Single ended LVCMOS ........................................................................................................... 5 4.3.2 Single ended Clipped Sine ..................................................................................................... 5 4.3.3 Differential outputs ............................................................................................................... 6 5 Setting up a phase noise analyzer ........................................................................................................... -
Topic 5: Noise in Images
NOISE IN IMAGES Session: 2007-2008 -1 Topic 5: Noise in Images 5.1 Introduction One of the most important consideration in digital processing of images is noise, in fact it is usually the factor that determines the success or failure of any of the enhancement or recon- struction scheme, most of which fail in the present of significant noise. In all processing systems we must consider how much of the detected signal can be regarded as true and how much is associated with random background events resulting from either the detection or transmission process. These random events are classified under the general topic of noise. This noise can result from a vast variety of sources, including the discrete nature of radiation, variation in detector sensitivity, photo-graphic grain effects, data transmission errors, properties of imaging systems such as air turbulence or water droplets and image quantsiation errors. In each case the properties of the noise are different, as are the image processing opera- tions that can be applied to reduce their effects. 5.2 Fixed Pattern Noise As image sensor consists of many detectors, the most obvious example being a CCD array which is a two-dimensional array of detectors, one per pixel of the detected image. If indi- vidual detector do not have identical response, then this fixed pattern detector response will be combined with the detected image. If this fixed pattern is purely additive, then the detected image is just, f (i; j) = s(i; j) + b(i; j) where s(i; j) is the true image and b(i; j) the fixed pattern noise. -
Soundproofing 101: a Presentation to the MCAC Environment and Health Subcommittee March 18, 2019 Content
Soundproofing 101: A presentation to the MCAC Environment and Health Subcommittee March 18, 2019 Content • Overview of How Logan Works • Noise Abatement Program • Soundproofing Regulatory Context • Soundproofing Process • History of the Program and Current Status • Questions/Discussion 2 The FAA uses Logan runways in combinations to safely and efficiently meet demand. Depending on which sets of runways the FAA chooses different communities are overflown Northeast Flow Southwest Flow R 4R\L and 9 R22R\L and 27 Northwest Flow Southeast Flow R33L\32 and 27 R33L\32 and 27 3 Because of Logan’s urban location, Massport has developed a comprehensive noise abatement program for Logan Airport • Noise abatement departure • 24/7 noise complaint line 617-561- procedures 3333 • Late night runway preference • State of the art Noise Monitoring opposite direction operations System • Decibel restriction on R4L • Near live flight tracking on website departures and 22R arrivals • http://www.massport.com/environment/environmental_rep orting/Noise%20Abatement/overview.aspx • Unidirectional/wind restriction use R14/32 • Soundproofing Program for Homes and School • Engine run-up restrictions • Limited time • Specific locations • Towing requirements for certain aircraft repositioning • Encourage use of single engine taxiing and reverse thrust 4 Noise Contours for environmental analysis and soundproofing must be created by using the FAA’s Airport Environmental Data Tool (AEDT) Model • The AEDT is an FAA Model • Critical inputs include number of flights, aircraft -
Sources of Phase Noise and Jitter in Oscillators by Ramon Cerda, Crystek Crystals Corporation
PAGE • MARCH 2006 FEATURE ARTICLE WWW.MPDIGEST.COM Sources of Phase Noise and Jitter in Oscillators by Ramon Cerda, Crystek Crystals Corporation he output signal of an oscillator, no matter how good it is, will contain Tall kinds of unwanted noises and signals. Some of these unwanted signals are spurious output frequencies, harmon- ics and sub-harmonics, to name a few. The noise part can have a random and/or deterministic noise in both the amplitude and phase of the signal. Here we will look into the major sources of some of these un- wanted signals/noises. Oscillator noise performance is char- acterized as jitter in the time domain and as phase noise in the frequency domain. Which one is preferred, time or frequency domain, may depend on the application. In radio frequency (RF) communications, phase noise is preferred while in digital systems, jitter is favored. Hence, an RF engineer would prefer to address phase noise while a digital engineer wants jitter specified. Note that phase noise and jitter are two linked quantities associated with a noisy oscillator and, in general, as the phase noise increases in the oscillator, so does the jitter. The best way to illustrate this is to examine an ideal signal and corrupt it until the signal starts resembling the real output of an oscillator. The Perfect or Ideal Signal Figure 1 Figure 2 An ideal signal can be described math- ematically as follows: The new time and frequency domain representation is shown in Figure 2 while a vector representation of Equation 3 is illustrated in Figure 3 (a and b.) Equation 1 It turns out that oscillators are usually satu- rated in amplitude level and therefore we can Where: neglect the AM noise in Equation 3. -
Don't Replace Your Windows. . .Soundproof Them. Reduce Noise
Don’t replace your windows. .Soundproof them. Reduce Noise Levels by 75% to 95%. Create REAL peace and quiet. What is it? A soundproof window is a second window placed behind your existing window that opens and closes just like your existing window. We do not remove or replace your existing window. Acoustically engineered to stop sound, it offers most of the benefits of dual-paned replacement windows and several benefits not available with replacement windows. o Absolutely Stops the Noise Reduces noise levels by 75% and more - much more than any dual-paned replacement window. You will be amazed how dramatic the improvement is!! oThe Best Insulation Available Our two window system provides better insulation than any one window system. Our windows insulate better than ANY dual-paned window. Simply the best insulating windows available - period! o Removes 99.9% of color-fading UV light Museum-quality protection for the harmful effects of UV light. Prevents the color-fading caused by ultraviolet light. UV light is often considered to be a health hazard that causes skin cancer and more. o Peace & Quiet - Lowered Stress - Better Health Stay home and enjoy "the peace and quiet of the countryside". Escape to the quiet surroundings of your own home, instead of only on weekend getaways and vacations. Noise causes restless sleep, higher stress levels, and can easily lead to hearing loss and other long-term health risks. More and more is being discovered about the harmful effects of even moderate noise levels in your home and work environment. ©2008 SOUNDPROOF WINDOWS, Inc. -
Measuring Noise Correlation for Improved Video Denoising
MEASURING NOISE CORRELATION FOR IMPROVED VIDEO DENOISING Anil Kokaram∗, Damien Kelly, Hugh Denman, Andrew Crawford Chrome Media Group, Google Inc, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA ABSTRACT The vast majority of previous work in noise reduction for visual me- dia has assumed uncorrelated, white, noise sources. In practice this is almost always violated by real media. Film grain noise is never 1 white, and this paper highlights that the same applies to almost all 0.8 0.6 consumer video content. We therefore present an algorithm for mea- 0.4 suring the spatial and temporal spectral density of noise in archived 0.2 0 video content, be it consumer digital camera or film orginated. As an 20 15 10 15 example of how this information can be used for video denoising, the 10 5 5 spectral density is then used for spatio-temporal noise reduction in 0 0 the Fourier frequency domain. Results show improved performance 1 for noise reduction in an easily pipelined system. 0.8 0.6 Index Terms— Noise Measurement, Video Denoising, Denois- 0.4 ing, Noise Reduction, Video Noise Reduction, Wiener Filter, 3D 0.2 0 20 Fourier Transform 15 10 20 5 15 10 5 0 0 1. INTRODUCTION Fig. 1. Two examples of typical footage (Top: Consumer footage, Noise reduction for video sequences is a well studied sig- Bottom: 2K Film scan), showing on the left the blocks over which nal processing topic. The core problem is always to remove the N-PSD (shown on the right) was measured. The maximum noise noise without affecting image details. -
Results of the HARMONICA Project • Possible Links Between DYNAMAP and HARMONICA
HARMONICA PROJECT News tools to inform the public about environmental noise in cities and to assist decision-making www.noiseineu.eu DYNAMAP SPECIAL SESSION 22 International Conference on Sound and Vibration Florence 12-16 Jully 2015 OUTLINES • Brief overview of the noise observatory Bruitparif and the Île-de-France region • Results of the HARMONICA project • Possible links between DYNAMAP and HARMONICA Bruitparif, what is it? State • A collegiate association (NGO) representatives at the regional level • 100 members • Staff: 11 persons Environmental Infrastruture and consumer • 3 main objectives: and transport protection activities • Observation and evaluation associations • Support to public policies • Information and awareness Local authorities: cities, districts, region The Paris region « Ile-de- France » • 12 000 km2 • 12 million inhabitants • 40 000 km of roads • 1 800 km of railways • 3 main airports • 71% of inhabitants said they are annoyed by noise at home Need for a regional noise observatory to get reliable information on the noise levels in the Ile-de-France region Bruitparif was created in 2004 Map: Population density • END application that exceeds noise limit values • 20% of the population are exposed to noise levels that exceed the French limit values The LIFE HARMONICA Project HARMONICA = HARMOnised Noise Information for Citizens and Authorities • Co-funded over 3 years and 3 months (01/10/2011-31/12/2014) by EC • Two French non-profit associations specialised in the observation of environmental noise: • Coordinator : -
The Influence of Noise on Radio Signals from Cosmic Rays
The influence of noise on radio signals from cosmic rays Bachelor Thesis in Physics & Astronomy Katharina Holland Supervisor: Dr. Charles Timmermans Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics 1 Preface This thesis is the result of my Bachelor project. I have done my Bachelor project at the department of Experimental High Energy Physics of the Institute of Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics at the Radboud University of Nijmegen. I would like to thank Jose Coppens, Antje Fitzner, Stefan Grebe, Harm Schoor- lemmer and of course my supervisor Charles Timmermans for helping program- ming, answering questions and having a nice time. CONTENTS 2 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Cosmic rays & extensive air showers 3 3 Pierre Auger Observatory 5 4 Measurements in radio frequencies 7 4.1 Radio Detector . 7 4.2 Radiosignals . 7 5 Data 9 6 Analysis 11 6.1 Noise generation . 11 6.2 Generated noise added to a signal . 11 6.3 The variation of the original maximum by adding noise . 14 6.4 The effect of noise on the maximum . 17 6.5 The average and variation of the maximum as a function of SNR 20 6.6 Varying the size of the searching window . 23 6.7 Different noise generation . 26 6.8 Arrival direction reconstruction . 27 7 Conclusion 30 A Abbreviations 31 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1 Introduction When a cosmic ray enters the atmosphere, an extensive airshower starts. Billions of particles “rain“ on the Earth. At the Pierre Auger Observatory, there are several possibilities to detect extensive air showers. One of these possibilities is radio detection of cosmic rays. -
Introduction to Noise in Solid State Devices
IMBS Publi- NATL INST. OF STAND & TECH "ations A111DS T7M5Mb F T ° c ,^ °< Q o NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 1169 \ * *<"*au o* U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards Introduction to Noise in Solid State Devices -QC — 100 .U5753 1169 1932 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology. THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services -
Bit Error Ratio BER in DVB As a Function of S/N
BROADCASTING DIVISION Application Note Bit Error Ratio BER in DVB as a Function of S/N Products: TV Test Transmitter SFQ Spectrum Analyzer FSE Spectrum Analyzer FSP 7BM03_4E 1 BROADCASTING DIVISION Contents 1 Bit Error Ratio BER in DVB as a Function of S/N respectively C/N........ 3 2 Conversion of S/N (C/N) to Eb/N0 .......................................................... 10 ANNEX 1 Short form discription of SFQ and FSE settings for verifying a C/N of 6.8dB (example) 14 Annex 2 Note: Transmitter Output Power .................................................................... 15 We would like to express our thanks to PHILIPS/Eindhoven for the support given us in the preparation of this Application Note. 2 BROADCASTING DIVISION 1 Bit Error Ratio BER in DVB as a Function of S/N respectively C/N block may be up to 0.8 dB per unit referred to the C/N of the DVB signal as defined by At what C/N ratio does a set top box still Standard ETR 290. operate properly? What system margin is . available in the reception of DVB-C or DVB-S signals? How can the bit error ratio as a function of these parameters be determined exactly? These questions have top priority in the development and production of equipment with DVB capability. In many cases, there is a defined BER margin for DVB equipment or chip sets, and the task is to find out to the limit up to which signal quality may deteriorate with the DVB system still operating properly. Different values are to be expected for DVB-S with QPSK modulation on the one hand and QAM on the other hand, because satellite transmission (QPSK) uses double forward error correction (FEC), ie Viterbi and Reed Solomon (RS), whereas for QAM simple error correction (RS) is used only. -
Cosmic Noise Absorption Signature of Particle Precipitation During Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection Sheaths and Ejecta
Ann. Geophys., 38, 557–574, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-557-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Cosmic noise absorption signature of particle precipitation during interplanetary coronal mass ejection sheaths and ejecta Emilia Kilpua1, Liisa Juusola2, Maxime Grandin1, Antti Kero3, Stepan Dubyagin2, Noora Partamies4,5, Adnane Osmane1, Harriet George1, Milla Kalliokoski1, Tero Raita3, Timo Asikainen6, and Minna Palmroth1,2 1Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 2Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland 3Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland 4Department of Arctic Geophysics, The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway 5Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Bergen, Norway 6ReSoLVE Center of Excellence, Space Climate Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Correspondence: Emilia Kilpua (emilia.kilpua@helsinki.fi) Received: 30 October 2019 – Discussion started: 3 December 2019 Revised: 20 February 2020 – Accepted: 26 February 2020 – Published: 21 April 2020 Abstract. We study here energetic-electron (E > 30 keV) tance of substorms and magnetospheric ultra-low-frequency precipitation using cosmic noise absorption (CNA) during (ULF) waves for enhanced CNA. the sheath and ejecta structures of 61 interplanetary coro- nal mass ejections (ICMEs) observed in the near-Earth so- lar wind between 1997 and 2012. The data come from the Finnish riometer (relative ionospheric opacity meter) chain 1 Introduction from stations extending from auroral (IVA, 65.2◦ N geomag- netic latitude; MLAT) to subauroral (JYV, 59.0◦ N MLAT) Precipitation of high-energy (E > 30 keV) electrons from the latitudes. We find that sheaths and ejecta lead frequently to inner magnetosphere into the Earth’s ionosphere is an inter- enhanced CNA (> 0:5 dB) both at auroral and subauroral esting fundamental plasma process that can have significant latitudes, although the CNA magnitudes stay relatively low consequences on the atmospheric chemistry (e.g.