PERSOONIA
Volume 18, Part 2, 239-252 (2003)
Notulae ad floram agaricinam neerlandicam — XLI.
Conocybe and Pholiotina
■2 Eef Arnolds & Anton Hausknecht
Four interesting species of Conocybe and onespecies ofPholiotina,recently recorded
from western Europe, are described and illustrated. Conocybe merdaria, related to
in C. pubescens, is described as a new coprophytic species with the type locality
Westfalen, Germany. Another coprophytic species, C. magnispora, was found in the
Netherlands and had not been reported from Europe before. The collections of c.
farinacea in the Netherlands represent the first records of this species in continental
Europe. It is demonstrated that the European records under the name C. fragilis,
originally described from North America, in fact belong to a different species, viz.
Galera incarnata. The new combination Conocybe incarnata is made. The species,
known in Europe under the name of Conocybe plicatellaor Galerella plicalella,
be different from the of from appears to original description Agaricus plicatellus
North America and the Pholiotina. The new name Pholiotina to belong to genus
sulcata is introduced.
In volume 6 of Flora agaricina neerlandica the Bolbitiaceae will be treated, including
the revision of fresh the genera Conocybe and Pholiotina(Arnolds, in prep.). During
and driedcollectionsofthe Netherlandsby the first author a numberof taxonomicand
nomenclaturalproblems were encountered that were studied and discussed in close
cooperation with the second author, who is preparing a monographic treatment of
Conocybe and Pholiotinain Europe.
critical In this paper we present descriptions of five new or species, including one
new species, Conocybe merdaria,, and two species that had not been recorded before
from continentalEurope. A new name is proposed for Galerellaplicatella sensu auct.
Eur., viz. Pholiotinasulcata.
— 1 1. Conocybe merdaria Arnolds & Hauskn., spec. nov. Fig.
aurantio-brun- Pileus 15-18 mm latus, 12-16 mm altus, conico-campanulatus, hygrophanus,
neus, margine translucido-striatus, in sicco pallide aurantiacus, pubescens. Lamellae subconfertae, adnexae, pallide luteae demum ochraceo-brunneae vel aurantio-brunneae. Stipes 50-75 x 1-1.5
mm, cylindraceus, haud radicans, pallide ochraceus demum incarnato-brunneus,pruinosus-striatus,
Odore indistincto. x pubescens. saporeque Sporae (11.0—)12.0—15.0(—17.0) (6.5-)7.5-9.5 pm, ellipsoideae-oblongae vel ovoideae-oblongae,aurantio-brunneae,crassitunicatae, poro germinativo
14-19 6.0-10.5 prae-ditus. Basidia 16-22 x 10-11 /im, bisporigera. Cheilocystidia x /im, lecy-
3.5-4.5 nulla. cellulis clavatis, thiformia, capitulo / 18-47 12-30 26-33 x 7.5-9.5 3.5-4.5 x ftm. Pileocystidia rara, lecythiformia, /itn, capitulo pm, vel 40 x 2.0-3.0 15-20 6.0-9.0 filiformia, pm. Caulocystidia pro parte lecythiformia, x fim, capitulo 2.5-4.5 vel 10-17 x 8-14 filiformia,30-130 /mi, pro parte subglobosa lageniformia, pim, pro parte x 2.0-4.0 Fibulae nullae. Ad fimam. //m. 1) Holthe 21, NL-9411 TN Beilen,The Netherlands. 2) Sonndorferstrasse 22, A-3712 Maissau, Austria. 240 PERSOONIA - Vol. 18, Part 2, 2003 Holotypus: Germany, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Teutoburgerwald, Brochterbeck S. of Ibbenbiiren, 5.X.2001, E. Arnolds (Arnolds 01-147) (L). Pileus 15-18 mm broad, 12—16 mm high, conico-campanulate, hygrophanous, when moist and fresh orange-brown, on drying becoming pale orange (K. & W. 5B5) at centre, ochraceous orange (5B4) towards the margin, pubescent under a hand-lens. = = ventricose, Lamellae, L 20-22,1 3, crowded, adnexed, up to 4 mm broad, rusty when with white 50-75 brown mature, flocculose edge. Stipe x 1-1.5 mm, cylindrical, slightly thickened towards base, not rooting, pale ochre yellow at first, then becoming flesh-coloured brown in lower half from base upwards, entirely pruinose-striate and pubescent. Context fragile, concolorous with surface. Smelland taste weak, not distinc- tive. Spore-print not recorded. 8.1-8.4 Spores (11.0—)12.0—15.0(—17.0) x (6.5-)7.5-9.5 //m, av. 13.7—14.1(-15.3) x = fim,Q 1.5-2.0, Q av. = 1.6-1.85, not or slightly flattened, ellipsoid-oblong to ovoid- oblong, orange-brown in ammonia, moderately thick-walled (0.5-1.0 //m) with apical germpore,2.0-2.5 pim wide. Basidia 16-22 x 10-11 m, 2-spored, in two collections few basidia than 4 Lamella sterile. very 4-spored present (less %). edge Cheilocystidia 14-19 x 6.0-10.5 / (1.0-3.0 x 1.0-2.0 / 1. merdaria. A. B. C. Fig. Conocybe Basidiocarps (x 1); spores (x 1500); basidia; D. cheilocystidia; E. caulocystidia; F. pileocystidia (all x 1000). (A-F from E. Arnolds 01-147, holotype.) Arnolds & Hausknecht: Notulae F.A.N. XLI - Conocybe and Pholiotina 241 absent. Hymenophoral trama made up ofcylindrical and inflated elements, 4.0-18 pim broad. Pileipellis an epithelioid hymeniderm, made up of spheropedunculate and cla- vate elements, 18-47x 12-30/ lecythiform like cheilocystidia but larger, 26-33 x 7.5-9.5 pm with neck 4.5-7.5 x and 3.5-4.5 broad, in addition some hairs to 1.0-2.0 pm capitulum pm cylindrical up 40 x 2.0-3.0 pm. Stipitipellis a cutis, made up of repent hyphae, 2.0-6.0 pm broad. Caulocystidia a mixtureof (1) numerous lecythiform cystidia, 15-20 x6.0-9.0 /on with neck 1.5-4.0 x 1.0-2.0 pm and capitulum 2.5-4.5 pm broad, (2) numerous globose and ellipsoid to lageniform elements, 10-17 x 8-14 pm, (3) cylindrical hairs, 30-130 with Chemical x 2.0-4.0/on, often brown content. Clamp-connections not seen. reac- tions: no needle-like crystals on fragments of lamellae in ammonia. Habitat & distribution — Saprotrophic, solitary or in small groups on old dung of horse, cattle or deer or on a mixture of dung and litter in semi-natural grasslands and forests. from Netherlands. collection made in May-Oct. Not yet recorded the Type Germany, Teutoburgerwald, close to the eastern borderofthe Netherlands.Also known from various other localities in Austria, Germany and Spain. Collections examined. AUSTRIA: Niederosterreich, Hainfield, Michelbach (MTB 7960/2), 26 May 1984, W. Klofac (WU 3363); Niederosterreich, Hohenberg, Lahnsattel (MTB 8259/1), 1 July 2001, T. Bardorf(Herbarium Hausknecht S3347)\ same loc., 22 July 2001, T. Bardorf( WU 21278). — GERMANY: Nordrhein-Westfalen,Teutoburgerwald, Brochterbeck S. of Ibbenbiiren, 5 Oct. 2001, E. Arnolds (Arnolds 01-147) (L, holotype); Bavaria, Tutzing, Hartschimmel-Gelande (MTB 8033/3), 5 Sept. 2001, P. Karasch (WU 21902). — SPAIN: Madrid,Canencia, Puerto de Canencia, 5 Oct. 1990, M. Blanco et al. (AH 28399). The Latin ofC. merdaria is based the collection.The diagnosis exclusively on type English description includes also data of other collections ofthis species, made by the second author. Conocybe merdariais close to C. pubescens (Gillet) Kiihner in its coprophytic habitat, and of and hairs, charac- macroscopical appearance stipe covering lecythiform cystidia teristic ofsection Mixtae (Watling, 1982; Arnolds, in prep.). It differs from that species mainly in the predominantly 2-spored basidia. In addition the spores are smaller than in the 4-spored C. pubescens (in collections from the Netherlands (13.0-)14.0-18.5(-20.0) x (7.0-)7.5-10.0 /im, on average (14.6-) 15.8-17.0 x 8.2-9.2 Therefore we think that C. merdariais not merely a 2-spored form of C. pubescens. In that case one would expect that the spores in 2-spored basidiocarps are larger than in 4-spored basidiocarps. Moreover, it seems that in the genus Conocybe 2-spored and 4-spored populations usu- ally belong to differentspecies, as is the case in Coprinus. Within sect. Mixtae, Conocybe ambigua Watling is another 2-spored species with spores in the same size range. However, that species differs from C. merdaria in the terrestrial habitat and collections from the Netherlands narrower spores (in (10.0-) which 10.5—15.5(—16.5) x 5.5-7.5(-8.5) //m, on average 12.5-14.0 x 6.3-7.0 pim) are moreover subamygdaliform in side-view. The related C. rubiginosa Watling has considerably longer spores and also grows on soil. 2. Conocybe magnispora (Murrill) Singer — Fig. 2 Galerula magnisporaMurrill, Mycologia 35 (1943) 530; Conocybe magnisporar (Murrill)Singer, Sydowia4 (1950) 135. 242 PERSOONIA - Vol. 18, Part 2, 2003 Fig. 2. Conocybe magnispora. A. Basidiocarps (x 1); B, F. spores (x 1500); C. basidia; D, G. cheilo- cystidia; E, H. caulocystidia (all x 1000). (A-E from E. Arnolds 01-58; F-H from W.A. Murrill, 8 March 1942, holotype.) Pileus 5-12 mm broad, 4-8 mm high, conico-campanulate to hemispherical, only slightly expanding, hygrophanous, when moistand fresh at centre greyish ochre-brown to orangey brown (K. & W. 5D5,5E6,6E7), only slightly paler towards margin, trans- lucently striate up to 3/4 of the radius, on drying pale ochraceous, pubescent at first, then glabrous. Lamellae,L= 14-17,1 = 3, fairly crowded, adnexed, slightly ventricose, ochraceous then with concolorous fimbriate 18-30 at first, rusty brown, edge. Stipe x 0.8-1.5 mm, cylindrical, at base not bulbous, not rooting, whitish at first, then pale straw-yellow to ochraceous, pubescent at least at apex. Context concolorous with sur- face. Smell and taste weak, not distinctive. Spore print not recorded. Spores 13.5-20.5 x 7.5-10.5(-l 1.0) pm, av. 14.5-17.0 x 8.3-9.6pm, Q = (1.5—)1.6— 2.0, Q av. = 1.65-1.85,not flattened, ellipsoid-oblong to ovoid-oblong in frontal view, ellipsoid-oblong to subamygdaliform in side-view, ochre-brown, brownish orange to in ammonia, thick-walled with orange-brown (0.5-2.0 / pm wide. Basidia 20-28 x 12-14 pm, 4-spored. Lamella edge sterile. Cheilocystidia 17-28 6.0-13 with clavate basal short x lecythiform subglobose, ellipsoid or part, to moderately long neck (1.0-4.0 x 1.0-1.5pm) and small capitulum, 3.0-4.0(-5.0) pm. Hymenophoral trama made up ofcylindrical hyphae and inflated, globose elements, 6.0-20pm broad.Pileipellis an epithelioid hymeniderm, made up of clavateand sphero- pedunculate cells, 29-51 x 11-30/ a cutis, made of up parallel hyphae, 2.0-5.0 broad, with clusters of caulocystidia. Arnolds & Hausknecht: Notulae F.A.N. XLI - Conocybe and Pholiotina 243 Caulocystidia predominantly clavate to lageniform, 16-22 x 4.0-7.0pm, intermixed 5.0-10.0 4.5-9.0 and scattered with numerous subglobose elements, x pm cylindrical Chem- hairs up to 70 x 2 pm\ lecythiform cystidia absent. Clamp-connections present. ical reactions: Ammoniareaction negative. Habitat& distribution — Saprotrophic, solitary or in small groups on dung of horse far in such heathlandand forest and cow. In the Netherlands so only poor habitats, as soil. described from North also recorded from on acidic, sandy Originally America; France and Sweden. Febr.-Oct. Josserand Collections examined. FRANCE: Dep. Rhone, Lyon, sur un crottin, 22 Feb. 1945, M. — (det. R. Kiihner) (G, as Conocybe siliginea var. neoantipus). THE NETHERLANDS: prov. Drenthe, 1999, Orvelte, 'Orvelterzand', Emmen,Bargerbos, on horse dung, 2 Oct. R. Chrispijn (L); Westerbork, on dung of Scottish highland cattle, 12 Sept. 2001,E.Arnolds (Arnolds 01-58) (L). — SWEDEN: Vast- mannland, Sala, Skuggan, on horse dung, 3 Aug. 1947, R. Morander (UPS, as Conocybe pubescens) — USA: Florida,Levy County, Gulf Hammock,on cow dung, 8 March 1942, W. A. Murrill (holotype, FLAS); Florida, Alachua County, Gainesville, on cow dung, 8 July 1943, R. Singer (F); Tennessee, ofTennessee horse 24 Feb. S. L. Knox County, Knoxville, University campus, on dung, 1941, Meyer (det. L. R. Hester) (MICH, as Conocybepubescens). This is the first report ofConocybe magnispora in Europe. This species has originally been described from North Americaand was later also recorded from South America (Singer, 1950). It is characterized by the very large sporesin combinationwith 4-spored basidia and stipe covering exclusively with cylindrical hairs and clavate to lageniform elements, without lecythiform cystidia. The second author investigated the holotype and two other collections from the southeastern USA and found no essential differences with the European collections. Murrill, thick-walledand The spores in the holotype, collected by were orange-brown, x 8.5-10.5 the 15.6 x 9.6 2F). The measured 15.0-16.5 pm, on average pm (Fig. stipe was only covered with clavate, lageniform and filiformcystidia (Fig. 2H). In Meyer's in collectionthe spores were intensely ochre-brown, averaging 15.1 x 8.7 pm, Singer's measured the 16.0 8.8 collection they were pale reddish brown and on average x i //m. Conocybe magnispora belongs to section Pilosellae. In that section two other spe- cies combine very large spores with 4-spored basidia. Conocybe singeriana Hauskn. also but differsin much with the 10-40 grows on dung, larger basidiocarps pileus mm bulbous base & and the stipe (45-)60-90(-l 10) mm with a distinctly (Hausknecht Krisai-Greilhuber, 1997; Arnolds, in prep.). Conocybe watlingii Hauskn. is another (14.5-18.0 x 7.5-9.5 on coprophytic species in this groupwith very large spores pm, 16.0-16.7 8.5-9.0 but it has base and the average x pm), a rooting stipe stipe covering is intermixed with some scattered lecythiform cystidia (Hausknecht, 1996). confused with C. much Conocybe magnispora may also be easily ( pubescens, a more viz. common coprophytic species with similarhabitand comparable spore size, (13.0-) 8.2-9.2 14.0-18.5(-20.0) x (7.0-)7.5-10.0 pm, on average (14.6—)15.8-17.0 x //m. However, the latter species always has a considerableproportion oflecythiform cystidia among the caulocystidia and therefore belongs to section Mixtae. 3. Conocybe farinacea Watling — Fig. 3 Conocybe farinacea Watling, Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 25 (1964) 309. 244 PERSOONIA - Vol. 18, Part 2, 2003 3. A. F. G. Fig. Conocybe farinacea. Basidiocarps (x 1); B, spores (x 1500); C, cheilocystidia; D, H. caulocystidia; E. pileipellis (all x 1000). (A-E from E. Arnolds 02-18, F-H from P.D. Orton, 6 Oct. 1960,holotype.) - Pileus 18-27 mmbroad, 10 20mmhigh, conico-campanulate to hemispherical, hy gro- phanous, when moist atcentre rusty brown (K. & W. 7D8), towards themargin paler or- 3/4ofthe ange-brown (6D8), translucently striate up to radius, on drying fading to pale at at orange-brown or slightly greyish orange (5B4,6C7), pubescent first, then glabrous, centre smooth or slightly wrinkled.Lamellae, L= 28-33,1 = 3, fairly crowded, adnexed, segmentiform, yellow-brown at first, then orange-brown, with slightly paler fimbriate edge. Stipe 35-78 x 2-4 mm, cylindrical, at base slightly thickened to subbulbous, up to 7 mm thick, not rooting, pale orange (5A5, 5B5), at first pubescent, slightly striate lengthwise, then becoming glabrous. Context concolorous with surface. Smellofentire basidiocarp weak and not distinctive, but readily farinaceouswhen crushed or cut; taste strongly farinaceous. Spore print not recorded. Arnolds & Hausknecht: Notulae F.A.N. XLI - Conocybe and Pholiotina 245 Spores 12.0-15.0(-17.0) x 7.0-9.5(-10.5) pm, av. 13.0-14.1(-15.6) x 7.7-8.4pm, ovoid-ob- Q = 1.6-1.9, Q av. = 1.65-1.7, not or weakly flattened, ellipsoid-oblong to long in frontal view, ellipsoid-oblong to slightly phaseoliform in side-view, brownish thick-walled (0.5-2.0 with orange to rusty brown (5C7, 6D8, 7D8) in ammonia, / 1.8-2.5 wide. Basidia 20-29 12-14 Lamella large, apical pore, pm x pm, 4-spored. edge sterile. Cheilocystidia 18-25 x 6.0-10.0pm, lecythiform with ellipsoid or clavate neck 1.5-2.0 and small 3.0-4.5 basal part, moderately long (2.5-4.5 x //in) capitulum, pm broad. Hymenophoral trama made up of cylindrical hyphae and inflated, globose wall. elements, 4.0-18 //m broad, often with yellow-brown Pileipellis an epithelioid ofclavate and cells, 20-47 x 10-20 often hymeniderm, madeup spheropedunculate //m, with pale brown pedicel, intermixed with scattered cystidia. Pileocystidia rare to scat- tered, mainly filiform, up to 60 //m long and 2.5-4.0 pm wide, often tortuous, hyaline or with yellow content; occasionally with few capitate cystidia, c. 23 x 4.5 pm with cutis, made of neck 2.0 pm and capitulum 4.5 pm broad. Stipitipellis a up parallel hy- of phae, 2.0-6.0 pm broad, with clusters caulocystidia. Caulocystidia predominantly subglobose and ellipsoid, often in chains, 7.0-14 x 5.0-11 pm, intermixed with clavate and lageniform elements, 16-33 x 4.5-11 pm and scattered cylindrical hairs, 18-160 x 2.0-5.5 pm\ lecythiform cystidia absent or very rare. Clamp-connections present. Chemical reactions: Ammonia reaction negative or weak. — in small in the Nether- Habitat & distribution Saprotrophic, solitary or groups, in woodlands. Also recorded from Great Britain and lands on dung ofhorse and donkey Iceland. Aug.-Sept. Collections examined. THE NETHERLANDS: 'Vledderhofon horse prov. Drenthe, Vledder, dung, 2 Aug. 1998,R. Chrispijn s.n. (L); Vledder, 'Boschoord', on decayed heap ofmanure of donkey in forest, 24 Aug. 2002, R. Chrispijn (Arnolds 02-18) (L) — UNITED KINGDOM: Scotland, Perthshire, Rannoch, Dall Wood,6 Oct. 1960,P.D. Orton (E, holotype); laboratory cultures grown from holotype, in culture 10 1961 Nov. 1960 (L, MICH, NY, UPS); pure on paper pulp, Aug. (E). Conocybefarinacea was originally described from three localitiesin Scotland (Wat- ling, 1964) and later collected in the New Forest in England (Watling, 1982). Outside Great Britain it was recorded from Iceland (Watling, 1985), but not from continental Europe. The species is characterizedin the first place by the farinaceous smell and taste, in It shouldbe noticed that in the collectionfrom a unique feature the genus Conocybe. the Netherlands this smell was absent or weak in undamaged basidiocarps. It became much more apparent when basidiocarps were crushed or cut. The microscopic characters of the quoted collection were compared with those of the holotype and dried basidiocarps from cultures of the type collection, harvested in 1960and 1961. All essential characters were similar.The spores in the holotype meas- ured 13.5-17.0x 7.0-9.5pm, on the average 15.6 x 8.2 (Fig. 3F); the spores in the cultured collection from the holotype in L measured (12.0-) 13.0-15.0 x 7.5-9.0 /im, on average 14.1 x 8.3 pm. In the original description of C. farinacea, Watling (1964) stated: "The stipe has in well similar cells those the long narrow hairs, 1.5-2.5 pm diameter, as as to on gill edge and/or elliptical, subglobose, non-capitate and slightly capitate cells". Therefore the species was placed by Watling (1982) in section Mixtae. In the collection from the absent the In the the Netherlands lecythiform cystidia were on stipe. type collection, second author found only two slightly capitate caulocystidia (Fig. 3H) and such cells 246 PERSOONIA - Vol. 18, Part 2, 2003 could be found all in the cultured collections. Therefore not at type we place C.farinacea in section Pilosellae. Conocybe farinacea may be confused at first sight with the common coprophytic species C. pubescens. The latter species differs not only in the absence of the fari- naceous smell, but also in the larger spores, measuring (13.0-)14.0-18.5(-20.0) x of (7.0-)7.5-10.0 pm, on average 15.8-17.0x 8.3-9.2pm, and the frequent occurrence demonstrated that cultures of lecythiform caulocystidia. Watling (1964) C.farinacea are incompatible with cultures of C. pubescens, as well with two non-coprophytic species of section Mixtae, viz. C. pseudopilosella Kiihner & Watling (= C. pulchella (Velen.) Hauskn. & Svrcek) and C. subpubescens P.D. Orton (= C. digitalina (Velen.) Singer). Within section Pilosellae, Conocybe singeriana Hauskn. shows much resemblance to C. farinacea. Conocybe singeriana is also a coprophytic species with rather robust basidiocarps. It differs in the absence of a mealy smell, a strongly bulbous stipe base, 5-12 mmbroad, and broader spores, measuring (12.0-) 13.0-17.0(-l 8.5) x (7.0-)8.0- 11.0pm, on average 14.0-16.5 x 8.2-9.7pm (Hausknecht & Krisai-Greilhuber, 1997; Arnolds, in press). comb. — 4. Conocybe incarnata (Schaeff.) Hauskn. & Arnolds, nov. Fig. 4, 5 Basionym: Galera incarnata Schaeff., Z. Pilzk. 9 (1930) 165 sensu Galera (1935) 112; Cono- Misapplied names. Conocybe siliginea \ar.fragilis Kiihner,Genre cybe fragilis sensuWatling, Br. Fung. Fl. 3 (1982) 76, sensu Mos., Rohrlinge Blatterpilze 5. Aufl. (1983) 282, sensuauct. Eur. 5-12 conical then conico- Pileus7-20 mm broad, mm high, obtusely to campanulate, to wine red brick red at convex, hygrophanous, when fresh and moist pinkish red or first, then discolouring to brown-red or flesh-coloured brown, finally loosing all red colour, translucently striate up to halfofthe radius or more, rapidly drying and becom- ing non-striate, pallescent to flesh-coloured or ochraceous-vinaceous, dull, glabrous. Lamellae,L= 18-28,1= 3, fairly crowded to crowded, slightly ventricose,ochraceous at first, then orange-brown to rusty brown, with slightly paler, fimbriate edge. Stipe 30 25-50 x 0.7-1.5 mm, cylindrical with base tapering into a pseudorhiza up to mm long, fistulose, pink to vinaceous, then becoming brown-red from the base upwards, concolorous minutely pruinose-striate and pubescent, in particular near apex. Context with surface, fragile. Smelland taste weak, not distinctive. Spore print orange-brown. Spores (7.0-)7.5-10.0 x4.0-5.5(-6.0) pm, av. 7.9-9.0x4.5-5.8pm, Q= 1.6-1.9, Q av. = 1.65-1.8, not or weakly flattened, ellipsoid- to ovoid-oblong, in side-view oc- casionally slightly amygdaliform, yellow-brown to pale orange-brown (5C7,6B6/C6, 6C7) in ammonia, slightly thick-walled (± 0.5 pm), with central germ pore, 1.0-1.5 //m wide. Basidia 14-20(-25) x 6.0-9.0pm, clavate, 4-spored. Lamellaedge sterile or heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia 13-20(-25) x 5.0-9.0 pm, lecythiform with subglobose small to clavate basal part, rather short neck (1.0-3.5 x 1.0-1.5 pm) and capitulum, 3.0-4.5 broad. Pleurocystidia absent. Hymenophoral trama made up of cylindrical and inflated elements, 4.0-20 broad, with hyaline or pale yellow wall. Pileipellis an made ofclavate and elements, 23-50 epithelioid hymeniderm, up spheropedunculate x 10-32pm, some with brownish, slightly thick-walled pedicel, in fresh basidiocarps with reddish intracellularpigment. Pileocystidia absent. Stipitipellis a cutis ofcylindri- Arnolds & Hausknecht: Notulae F.A.N. XLI - Conocybe and Pholiodna 247 4. Fig. Conocybe incarnata. A. Basidiocarps (x 1); B, F. spores (x 1500); C, G. cheilocystidia; D, H. caulocystidia (all x 1000); E. dried basidiocarp (x 1). (A-D from J. Daams 520; E-H from J. Schäffer, 1929, holotype.) 5. A. B. C. D. Fig. Conocybe fragilis. spores (x 1500); basidia; cheilocystidia; caulocystidia; (all x 1000). (A-D from E. Bartholomew 2313, holotype.) cal 2.0-7.0 with with clusters of hyphae, nm broad, hyaline or pale yellow wall, cau- locystidia. Caulocystidia predominantly globose to broadly clavate, 6.0-18 x 5.0-10 / and with /tm, thin, cylindrical hairs up to 120 long, 1.0-2.0 pim broad; lecythiform but and difficult cystidia lacking. Clamp-connections present scarce to find. Chemical reactions: Ammoniareaction negative. - 2003 248 PERSOONIA Vol. 18, Part 2, Habitat & distribution — Saprotrophic, solitary or gregarious to subfasciculate, on humus-rich also when mixed with wood in disturbed compost or soil, chips, places flower-beds.Also in very rich in nutrients, such as gardens, orchards, fields, lawns and Netherlands Also recorded unheatedglasshouses with e.g. cucumber. In the very rare. from Austria, Germany and Finland. Outside buildings Aug.-Oct.j_in glasshouses the entire year. Collections examined. AUSTRIA: Niederosterreich,Krems-Land, Dross (MTB 7559/1), 5 Aug. 1989, A. Hausknecht (WU 22743). — FINLAND: Etela-Hame, Jamsa, Lokalahti, 9 Sept. 2001, L. Kosonen etal. (WU 21897). — GERMANY: Brandenburg,Potsdam, Ruinenbergerstrasse 25, 1929, J. Schaffer — THE NETHERLANDS: 's 9 Oct. (UPS, holotype). prov. Noord-Holland, Graveland, 'Boekensteijn', 1967 ,J. Daams s.n. (L); Idem, 20 Sept. 1969,./.Daams 520 (L); Idem, 13Aug. 1971 , J. Daams 71 - 204 (L); Kortenhoef, glasshouse 'Steenvoorde',26.III.1971,J. Daams 71-62 (L). Conocybe incarnata is a striking and beautiful species with its pink to vinaceous pileus. Another important diagnostic character is the clearly rooting base of the stipe. Schaffer (1930) supposed that his Galera incarnata could be identical with Galera fragilis Peck, described from NorthAmerica. This hypothesis was accepted by Ktihner (1935), who therefore namedthe European collections Conocybe fragilis (Peck) Singer. That name was also adopted by Watling & Gregory (1981). Watling (1982), Moser (1983) and other European authors, although nobody compared the European collec- with of from North America. The American Hesler tions the type C. fragilis mycologist indicatedalready in unpublished notes that the stipe in the holotype of Galerafragilis is covered with numerous lecythiform cystidia, intermixed with few non-lecythiform cystidia and cylindrical hairs. Recent examinationof the type collection [USA, Kansas, Rooks County, on ground in short grass, E. Bartholomew2313(NYS)] by the second author confirmed this observation (Fig. 5D). In addition, three specimens in this col- lection had a slightly bulbous stipe base withoutpseudorhiza. In the well-preserved holotype of Conocybe incarnata, lecythiform caulocystidia elements are completely lacking. The stipe covering is a mixture of non-lecythiform of six show and hairs (Fig. 4H). In addition, at least two out type specimens a distinct, This characterof taxonomic although broken, pseudorhiza (Fig. 4E). great significance was neither mentionedin the original description, nor noticed by other authors. Also the studied collectionsfrom the Netherlands, Austria and Finlandshow a stipe without lecythiform cystidia and a pseudorhiza up to 30 mm long. The spores in the type col- 4.5-6.0 the 8.7 5.2 lection of C. incarnata measured 7.0-9.5 x pm, on average x ; The size of the in the of Galera was almost identical, (Fig. 4F). spores type fragilis x 5.0-6.0 the 9.1 x 5.4 However, measuring 8.5-10.0 / the spores ofC. incarnatahave a considerably larger germ pore (1.0-1.5 /im) than the spores of C. fragilis (0.5-0.8 pm). It is evident that C. fragilis and1 C. incarnata are distinct species that are probably not ofthe the former section even closely related:In view stipe covering species belongs to Mixtae whereas C. incarnata is a memberof section Pilosellae. 6. Pholiotinasulcata Arnolds & Hauskn., spec. nov. — Fig. 6, 7 Pileus 6-18 mm latus, plane convexus, distincte umbonatus, centra cinnamomeus, castaneus, margine pallidior flavo-brunneus, ochraceo-brunneus, hygrophanus, margine ad medium pilei striatus undulate leviter inflexus. Lamellae et sulcatus, partim incisus, margo anguste adnatae, Arnolds & Hausknecht: Notulae F.A.N. XLI - Conocybe and Pholiotina 249 aliquantum distantes, ventricosae, flavo-brunnescentes, demum pallide brunneae, acies lamellarum 1-1.2 mm latus, filiformis, indistincte, leviter inaequalis. Stipes 25-35 mm longus, cylindraceus, basi leviter inflata, stramineus,pallide ochraceo-brunnescens, parte superiore pruinatus, cetera gla- simile. 6.8-8.7 4.2-5.2 in medio 7.8 x ber. Caro concolor, odore infirme Pelargonio Sporae x pim, 4.8 = = interdum leviter brunneo- /im, Q 1.4-1.9, Q av. 1.6, ellipsoideae, phaseoliformes, pallide distincte .0 aurantiacae in potassio hydroxydico, pariete leviter incrassata et poro germinativo ca. 1 pim lato. Basidia 17.5-24 7.0-9.0 clavata. Acies lamellarium sterilis vel x /tin, tetrasporigera, heterogenea. 26-45 6.5-11.5 3-5 lato, nonnullis Cheilocystidia x pim, lageniformiarostro longo cylindraceo /im elementis -15 10 immixtis. nulla. 17-50 x sphaeropedunculatis x pim Pleurocystidia Caulocystidia 5.0-12 admodum variabilia. elementis pi m, amplitudineformaque Pileipellis hymeniformis pyriformi- bus ad 12-22 lato consistens, basi incrustato. nulla. sphaero-pedunculatis pim pigmento Pileocystidia Fibulae adsunt sed rarissimae. Saprophyticus, gregarius, in pratis macilentis calcareis. Holotypus: Germany, Bayern, Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen, 'Kmenathen', 14.IX. 1993,A. Haus- knecht etal. (WU 22742). (1935) 137, in Br. Misapplied names. Conocybe plicatella sensu Kiihner, Genre Galera Watling 5. Aufl. Fung. Fl. 3 (1982)84, sensu auct. eur.; Galerellaplicatella sensu Mos., Rohrlinge Blatterpilze (1983) 282, sensu auct. eur. — Bolbitius luteolus sensu Rick., Blatterpilze (1915) 69. Pileus6-18 mm broad, convex to plano-convex with obtuse umbo; margin strongly 3/4 of radius, in and irregularily plicate-sulcate up to the splitting places; hygropha- brown reddish brown & W. 7D6, 8D5) with red- nous, when moistorangey or pale (K. ochraceous flesh-coloured brown. L brown centre (8E8, 9E6), on drying to Lamellae, = 16-25,1 = 1-3, moderately crowded, adnexed, slightly ventricose, yellow-brown, flocculose 25-37 then pale brown to rusty brown with slightly paler, edge. Stipe x swollen to 1-2.5 mm, cylindrical with slightly base, fistulose, pale ochre-yellow pale flesh-coloured, minutely white striate lengthwise, minutely pruinose at apex. Context concolorous. Smell weak, not distinctiveor reminding Pelargonium leaves. Taste not recorded. Spore print not recorded. 7.3-8.9x4.7-5.1 1.4-2.0, Spores (6.5-)7.5-10.0(-10.5) x 4.0-5.5 pm, av. pim, Q= to Q av. = 1.45-1.85, not flattened, ellipsoid, ellipsoid-oblong subamygdaliform or sometimes slightly phaseoliform in side-view; ellipsoid to ovoid or oblong in frontal view, brownish in ammonia, thick-walled orange to orange-brown (5C7,6D8) slightly with small, centralto slightly eccentric germ pore, 1.0-1.3pim wide. Basidia 16-24 x intermixed.Lamella 7.0-10.5pim, clavate, 4-spored, 2-(l-)spored or 4- and 2-(l-)spored variablein edge almost sterile. Cheilocystidia 24-56 x 6.5-14pim, lageniform, strongly shape and size, mostly with long, cylindrical neck, 2.5-4.0pim broad, often subcapitate, 7.0 broad, also with short thick neck, intermixed with some apex up to //m pyriform basidia. and spheropedunculate cells, 14-25 x 8.0-12 pim and scattered Pleurocystidia elements, 3.0-30 absent. Hymenophoral trama made up ofcylindrical and inflated pm wall. broad, with hyaline to yellow-brown encrusted Pileipellis an epithelioid hymeni- of and cells, 17-42x 10-26 with derm made up pyriform spheropedunculate pim pale brown walls; stalk often with brown encrusted pigment. Pileocystidia absent. Stipitipellis cutis of 2.0-6.0 broad with scattered clus- a hyaline or pale yellow, repent hyphae, pim to variablein size and tered caulocystidia. Caulocystidia 17-53 x 5.0-14 pim, quite shape, not also sub- mainly lageniform with short to long neck, 3.0-6.5 pim broad, capitate, cylindrical and clavate; in addition many small, subglobose cells up to 10 pim broad. Clamp-connections absent. 250 PERSOONIA - Vol. 18, Part 2, 2003 6. Pholiotina sulcata. E. F. G. Fig. A, spores (x 1500); B, basidia; C, cheilocystidia (x 1000; D. basidiocarps (x 1). (H. caulocystidia (x 1000);A-C from Hausknecht et al., 14 Sept. 1993,holo- type; D-H from E. Arnolds 6708.) Fig. 7. Agaricus plicatellus ('coprinoides'). A. Spores (x 1500); B. basidia; C. cheilocystidia; D. pileipellis (all x 1000). (A-D from C.H. Peck s.n., holotype.) Arnolds & Hausknecht: Notulae F.A.N. XLI - Conocybe and Pholiolina 251 Habitat & distribution — Saprotrophic, solitary or in small groups in unfertilized loam. Netherlands pastures on dry, weakly acid to basic, often calcareous In the very rare in southern Limburg. Sept.-Oct. Widespread in Central Europe but rare. Collections examined. AUSTRIA: Niederosterreich,Horn, Sonndorf (MTB7460/2), 6 Oct. 1984, A. Hausknecht (WU 8415). — GERMANY: Bavaria, Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen,Kemnathen, 14 Sept. 1993,A. Hausknecht et al. (WU 22742, holotype); same loc., 27 Sept. 1995,A. Hausknecht & F. Reinwald (WU 14468). — HUNGARY: Matra Mountains, nearParad, 25 Sept. 1968,M. Babos etal. (HUN 44194,HUN 44195);Hajdu-Bihar, Hortobagy,Ujszentmargita, 6 Oct. 1976,M. Babos et al. — 22 Oct. Arnolds (HUN 56042). THE NETHERLANDS: prov. Limburg, Wittem, Nijswiller, 1995, 6708 (L); Epen, Cottessen, 27 Oct. 2001 .Arnolds 01-170 (L). The Latin diagnosis is based on the type collection (also Fig. 6A-C). The English description is a compilation ofdata of all collections studiedby us. Pholiotina sulcata is a characteristic species with its soon expanding pileus that is irregularily sulcate-plicate, often also split at the margin in places. In view ofthe absence collections of any veil it belongs to Pholiotina section Piliferae (Ktihner) Singer. The from the Netherlandsdifferfrom most earlierdescriptions in the presence ofexclusively 2-spored or mixed 4-and 2-spored basidia. This variation explains the large range in spore size in this species (Fig. 6A, E). Also Kiihner (1935: 139) described a collection (as Conocybe plicatella) with partially 2-spored basidia. The exclusively 4-spored and collections do taxonomic since combine 2-spored not deserve a status many basidiocarps variable of basidia. is notable within the proportions of the two types It a exception Bolbitiaceaewhere usually 4- and 2-spored taxa are clearly separated and distinguished in the rank of species. Pholiotinasulcata has been synonymised by European authors with the North Ameri- can species Agaricus plicatellus Peck in the past. That name was introducedby Peck in Peck later 1878 in order to replace the name Agaricus coprinoides (1873), a homonym of Corda different Agaricus coprinoides 1831, representing a quite fungus. Agaricus coprinoides was originally describedby Peck (1873) as a small agaric with "membra- naceous, soon expanded pileus, often split on the margin, plicate-sulcate to the small even disk, yellowish inclining to ochre ... the appearance ofthe pileus is suggestive of of ofthe some the smaller Coprini". The aberrant appearance basidiocarps was reason for Earle (1909) to erect the genus Galerella, typified by Agaricus coprinoides Peck. Singer (1951) accepted this genus in his world wide survey ofAgaricales. The second author studied the holotype (New York State, Cayuga County, Sterling, well C.H. Peck, NYS) and concludedthat the pileus surface in Galerellaplicatella, as as in other tropical species assigned to Galerella, is in fact completely different from that ofPholiotinasulcata. In Galerellathe pileus margin is minutely and regularily crenulate and the pileus is deeply and densely sulcate-striateup to the centre, as in Coprinus plica- tilis and allies (see also Thomas et al., 2001; Horak & Hausknecht, 2002). InPholiotina sulcata the pileus margin is irregularily wavy-lobed and sulcate only in places up to a var- iable proportion ofthe radius. It does not remindto Coprinus spp. at all. Watling & Gre- gory (1981) already noticedthat the European collections, namedConocybe or Galerella plicatella, are 'doubtfully the same' as the North American species. Watling studied also the type collection of Agaricus coprinoides Peck and added a note to the exsic- catum, reading: "After examining European material attributed to this species I doubt 252 PERSOONIA - Vol. 18, Part 2, 2003 whetherthis fungus has even been seen in Europe". Moreextensive research is needed to evaluate whether Galerella deserves the status ofan independent genus. Pholiotinasulcata and Galerellaplicatella differ also in some microscopic charac- ters. The spores in the latter species are clearly flattened and in part slightly rhomboid to slightly hexagonal in frontal view, measuring 7.0-8.5 x 5.0-6.0 x 4.5-5.0 pm, on the average 7.4 x 5.5 x 4.6 pm in the type collection (Fig. 7A). The cheilocystidia are similar. of and 20-50 rather In the type G. plicatella they are lageniform measure x 7.0-10 with neck 3.0-5.0 broad pm a pm (Fig. 7C). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study has been carried out for the project Flora agaricina neerlandica with financial support by the Rijksherbariumfonds Dr. Kits van Waveren. REFERENCES Arnolds, E. In prep. Conocybe & Pholiotina. In: M.E. Noordeloos, Th.W. Kuyper & E.C. Vellinga (eds), Flora agaricina neerlandica 6. F.S. 1909. The of the North American Gill Bull. N.Y bot. Gdn 5: 373-451. Earle, genera Fungi. Hausknecht, A. 1996. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Bolbitiaceae 3. Europaische Conocybe-Arten mit wurzelnden oder tief im Substrat eingesenktem Stiel. Osterr. Z. Pilzk. 5: 161-202. A. & I. Krisai-Greilhuber. 1997. Some with brown darker Hausknecht, rare Agaricales or spores. Fungi non delineati 2:1-32. Alassio. Horak, E. & A. Hausknecht. 2002. Notes onextra-European taxa of Bolbitiaceae (Agaricales, Basidio- mycota). Osterr. Z. Pilz. 11: 213-264. R. 1935. Le Galera. 7. Paris. Kiihner, genre Encyclopedie mycologique Moser, M. 1983. Kleine Kryptogamenflora, Die Rohrlinge und Blatterpilze, 5. Aufl. Gustav Fischer Verlag. Stuttgart, New York. Peck, C.H. 1873. Descriptions of new species offungi. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, 1873-1874: 41-72. Peck, C.H. 1878. Twenty-ninth annual report on the New York State Museum of Natural History: 29-82. New York. Schaffer, J. 1930. Die Sammethaubchen (Galera). Z. Pilzk. 9: 163-174. Singer,R. 1950. New and interesting species of Basidiomycetes III. Sydowia4: 130-157. Singer, R. 1951 (' 1949'). The 'Agaricales' (Mushrooms) in Modem Taxonomy. Lilloa22: 1-832. A. Hausknecht & P. Manimohan. 2001. Bolbitiaceae of Kerala India: New Thomas, K.A., State, spe- cies and new and noteworthy records. Osterr. Z. Pilzk. 10: 87-114. Watling, R. 1964.Observations on the Bolbitiaceae I. Anew species ofConocybe. Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 25: 309-312. Watling, R. 1982. Bolbitiaceae: Agrocybe, Bolbitius & Conocybe. In: British Fungus Flora 3: 1-139. Watling, R. 1985. The Agaricales of Iceland (Islenzkir Hattsveppir) VI. Icelandic species of Bolbitia- ceae. Observations on the Bolbitiaceae 25. Acta bot. Isl. 8: 3-19. Watling, R. & N. M. Gregory. 1981. Census Catalogue of World Members of the Bolbitiaceae. Biblio- theca Mycologica 82. Vaduz.