2.2. SOME CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING THE CONTRIBUTIONS CARRIED BY CAJAL AND MARINESCU TO THE RESEARCH OF THE "UNIVERSE OF NEURONS"
Liviu A. Sofonea
Unjversitatea Transilvarua, Brasov (Rumanía)
l. ARGUMENTUM
The characteristics of the beginnings and evolution of the scientifically discipline named Neuro-logia is extremely complex: this branch of the science th
Medicina was constituted only during the years of XIX century, in its -
its
an
the
pro
curriculum -an impressive part of Historia Scientiae- are remarkable the The
with
ones
have
have have
have
were
lived
sorne
in
contributions of sorne scientists (physicians; chemists; biologists) which have (1852-
critics)
science
also
THE
cerebral
practica!
of made pertinent observations on men ill or/and in normal health, have lived persons
is
principies,
competent
have
the
by
al.)-
which actively original intuitions, have enounced ideas (hypothesis-es, principIes, of
scientifically
studied
Cajal
OF
of
by
(medica!
CAJAL
therapeutical),
patients,
sorne
century, affirmations concerning sorne findings, recornmendations of sorne practical y
et
remarkable Medicina,
medica!),
Medicinae.
the
etc.
neural-reflexions,
consequences
was rules, et al.) with various implications pro Scientia et pro Ars Medicina,of have
health,
eminent
of
Ars
are
BY operated verifications (rational; observational, experimental) of sorne it
branch
of
many
studied
XIXth
doctrine
adhesions,
biologists)
(1863-1938) statements and methods (physical, chemical, biotical; medical), have Ramon
pro
research;
sorne
this
of
experimental)
of
institutions
Historia
are
CONCERNING
biotical;
(hypothesis-es,
et conceived, constructed and applied techniques (of research; therapeutical),normal
(Rumanía)
(by
of
of
managers,
(
The
evolution have "built" (in mente) and have dynamized (by adhesions, in by critics)
the
Scientiae-
doctrine
pain Scientiae: scientific doctrina-s (accordingly appealed: The doctrineyears of cerebral
social
humanitarian),
ideas
chemists;
which
RESEARCH Santiago
multi-valenced
of
and
Marinescu lateralization, the neuron-al doctrine,Brasov the doctrine of neural-ret1exions, in
complex:
Scientia
NEURONS"
the
the
of
the
or/and
CARRIED psychoanalysis, et aL), have soothed the pain of many patients, recommendations have
chemical,
Sofonea
(with
pro
ill
dynamized
appealed: investigated a lot of pathological cases (with multi-valenced consequences pro techniques
Historia OF
organizers,
THE
observational,
contributions
A.
Antología
analysts
worked Scientiae
didactical, Scientia, pro Horno patiens), have worked in social institutions (medicalenounced ones
of
during
Gheorghe
activity
cases
men
beginnings
(physicians;
extremely
soothed
the
expressis verbis; social insurances, didactical, humanitarian), etc. have
findings,
doctrine,
the
TO
and
of
is
Transilvania,
on
have
applied this complex activity the contributions ofthe sorne eminent persons -
In have
part
Liviu
(physical,
only
of
and
social scientists (theorists, practicians, organizers, managers,of et al.)- were
have
implications
sorne (rational;
and
Antología
activity
determinant. (accordingly
practicians,
insurances,
scientists
and
page"
activities
The scientific and social activity of Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852- al.),
the
scientists
pathological
neuron-aI
patiens),
CONSIDERATIONS
mente)
it methods various 1934) is a "golden page" of the Antologia Scientiae: was studiedintuitions, with
of
Neuro-logia
of
et
"UNIVERSE
social
impressive
sorne
Universitatea
observations
constituted attention by many scientists and analysts of the Historia Medicinae. The the
complex
(in
lot
social
of
many
Horno
conceming
with
a
and scientific and social activities of Gheorghe Marinescu (1863-1938)-an is also an
"golden
constructed
scientific
page
characteristics
CONTRIBUTIONS (theorists,
doctrina-s
t.
was
verifications
named
this
and
by
a prestigious page of the Antologia Scientiae which are studied by competent verbis;
pro
original
MARINESCU
SOME
al.)
The
In
is researchers. The
pertinent
"built" et
THE
2.2.
ARGUMENTUM
AND
1.
discipline currículum
contributions actively affirmations operated Medicina made 1934)
statements
scientific
conceived,
rules, lateralization, scientists
investigated have expressis psychoanalysis,
determinan
attention
scientific
Scientia,
prestigious
researchers. 186 L. A. S%nea
2. CURRICULUM VITAE EMERlTUS DOCTUS RUMANUS
1863, 28 February. Marinescu is born in Bucharest. Gheorghe, one of the sons of family Marinescu, a Romanian family with modest social position; the endowed child has lost his father and was bring up with severe sacrifices by his mother; the sensitive and subtle young man has attended the curriculae and has participate to the practical exercises of the Seminarul Central de Teologie in the capital of Romanian Kingdom; even in this period was "visited" by the ardent intellectual desire to know more scientiae the causes of natural phenomena; the young intellectual enter as regular student in the Facultatea de Medicina: irnmediately it was adequately appreciated by the didactical experts his extraordinary capacity of work, his tenacity, the exemplar correctness, his spiritual inclination for serious researches. 1889. Obtains a state stipendium which enabled the young student to obtain a specialized training in Paris in the advanced medicine (mainly the Neurology); the generous support of the great Romanian bacteriologist
Victor Babes was decisive; the granted student is in short time
a a
of of as as
appreciated by sorne magisters: it is engaged by the reputed doctor La
the the
the the
the the
the the
the the
this this
and and
non non
this this
vast vast
was was
time time
sons sons
sorne sorne sorne sorne
Charcot in the famous hospital more La Salpetri(~re in Paris as assistant.
celule celule
a a
of of
years: years:
doctor doctor
central central
in in
it it
various various
Sofonea Sofonea
enter enter
obtain obtain
spiritual spiritual the the
1889-1907. The eight years of external activity were fruitful years: a
La La
and and
sacrifices sacrifices
assiduous assiduous
school school
A. A.
Cajal, Cajal,
with with
Seminarul Seminarul in in
conceptum conceptum
review review
to to
of of
short short opened opened
improvement of speciality (in theoria; in application), assiduous y
know know
L. L.
begin begin
(mainly (mainly
medicus medicus
even even
his his
Intemational Intemational
position; position;
attended attended
extraordinary extraordinary
bacteriologist bacteriologist
achieve achieve
World. World.
organizations, organizations,
the the
anthropologist anthropologist the the
researches, diplome en médicine at Sorbonne, the doctor in achieve sorne
fruitful fruitful
reputed reputed
to to
one one
year year
and and
severe severe
assistant. assistant.
of of
the the
the the
has has entitled entitled
lectures, a long studious travel supported by the French review La on
active active
the the
roumanean-french roumanean-french
his his
is is
student student
French French
social social
constitute constitute
volumes volumes
as as
Ramon Ramon
the the
intellectual intellectual
development development of of
semaine médicale with the aim to know in situ the development of the to
the the
immediately immediately
doctor doctor
Romanian Romanian
were were
with with
the the
desire desire
medicine medicine
man man
with with
by by Kingdom; Kingdom;
Neurology in various highly operative universitarean and non the
the the
two two
very very
work work
of of
will will
application), application),
multilateral multilateral
Romanian Romanian
up up
Paris Paris
the the
correctness, correctness, young young
univeristarean scientific centres (in Italy: contacts with the anthropologist universitarean
Romania Romania
young young
in in
Gheorghe, Gheorghe,
first first
is is
exercises exercises
modest modest
experts experts
student student
by by
focussed focussed
paper paper
in in
RUMANUS RUMANUS
in in
situ situ
Santiago Santiago this this
Cezare Lombroso); the special attention was focussed on the conceptum in later later
investigations; investigations;
the the
the the
young young
great great
neurology neurology
bring bring
1897. 1897.
in in
the the
activity activity
contacts contacts by by
et organum "the nervous cell", which few later will constitute a central was
with with
Medicina: Medicina:
autumn autumn
engaged engaged
in in
advanced advanced
few few
researches; researches;
printed printed
of of
Romanian Romanian
the the
topic in the majority of his intellectual prominent researches; the roumanean-french
was was
exemplar exemplar
is is
de de
practica! practica!
Sorbonne, Sorbonne,
world; world;
granted granted
medicus medicus
the the
fundamental fundamental
know know
of of
subtle subtle operative operative
intellectual participate with a contributed paper to the International ltaly:
Bucharest. Bucharest.
of of
theoria; theoria;
enabled enabled
DOCTUS DOCTUS
the the
supported supported
it it
didactical didactical
signed signed
Salpetriere Salpetriere
at at
family family
in in
and and
consacred consacred
the the
the the
the the
contributed contributed
to to
in in
Congress of Medicine hold in Moskow in 1897. didactical;
Neurology Neurology
which which
(in (in
his his
externa! externa!
the the
attention attention
prominent prominent
in in
La La
ardent ardent
and and
(in (in
creator creator
in in
to to
a a
phenomena; phenomena;
Moskow Moskow the the
1907. He returned to the homeland, in the autumn of the year opened the of
language, language,
which which prominent prominent
aim aim
capital capital
have have
of of
travel travel
in in
bom bom
father father
support support
highly highly
the the preface preface
lectures on the first Catedra of Neurology in Romania and begin a vast cell",
Paris Paris
the the
most most
by by
kind kind
is is
París París
Facultatea Facultatea
his his
with with
centres centres
the the
the the
médicine médicine
special special multilateral multilateral
and intensive activity (clinical, didactical; tenacity, investigations; organizations,
his his
in in
Romanian Romanian
magisters: magisters:
(clinical, (clinical,
as as
natural natural
the the by by
hold hold
hospital hospital
the the
researches. researches.
homeland, homeland,
EMERITUS EMERITUS
of of
in in
years, years, decisive; decisive;
a a
this this
in in
en en
years years
French French sensitive sensitive
et al.) which, in few years, have consacred this multilateral medicus and Catedra
the the
the the
of of
of of
his his
participate participate
speciality speciality
lost lost
with with
of of
in in studious studious
lucid generous civis as the creator of the first Romanian school of the
with with
nervous nervous
various various
generous generous
in in
few few
civis civis
stipendium stipendium
the the
sorne sorne
first first
was was
one one
has has
of of has has
Neurology and one of the most prominent neurology of the World. to
scientific scientific
serious serious
famous famous
activity activity
in in
Marinescu Marinescu
first first
VITAE VITAE
eight eight
humanist humanist
the the
in in publishes publishes
causes causes
by by
"visited" "visited"
participate participate
Medicine Medicine
"the "the
majority majority
work, work,
training training
appreciated appreciated
long long
the the
diplome diplome
Teologie Teologie and and
1910. Marinescu publishes in Paris his fundamental state work entitled La celule
for for
the the
and and
pages, pages,
written written
the the
of of
a a
Marinescu, Marinescu,
a a
situations; situations;
child child
the the
of of
médica/e médica/e on on
nerveuse, written in French language, printed in two volumes with sorne the
in in
student student
de de
The The
Babes Babes
The The
Lombroso); Lombroso);
mother; mother;
was was
which, which,
generous generous was was
thousands pages, with the preface signed by Santiago Ramon y Cajal, this in
retumed retumed
intensive intensive February. February.
work was the first his of this kind in the world; al.)
organum organum
family family
He He
Marinescu Marinescu
Obtains Obtains
28 28
work work
practica! practica! thousands thousands
nerveuse, nerveuse,
and and
lucid lucid Neurology Neurology
et et
lectures lectures
topic topic
Congress Congress
intellectual intellectual
et et univeristarean univeristarean
Cezare Cezare
Neurology Neurology
researches, researches,
lectures, lectures, semaine semaine
appreciated appreciated
improvement improvement
Charcot Charcot
Víctor Víctor
specialized specialized
adequately adequately Neurology); Neurology);
inclination inclination
Central Central
regular regular capacity capacity
scientiae scientiae
period period curriculae curriculae
endowed endowed by by
1910-1914. The of humanist multilateral medicus is very active in various O. O.
practical CURRICULUM situations;
1910-1914. 1910-1914.
191 191
1907. 1907.
1889-1907. 1889-1907.
1889. 1889.
1863, 1863,
186 186 2. 2. The contributions ofCajal and Marinescu to the "Universe ofNeurons" 187
1914-1919. Sorne events of the First World War implied him directly: he has continued the medical activity in Iassy -the not occupied capital of the Moldavia- where he take refugee (helping the hard works of sanitarian crew in hospitals, military lazarettos, rural posts et al.; making valuable observations; taking again the relations with sorne Russian scientists: mainly with the reputed physiologist 1. Pavlov); was charged by the authorities to participate to the intemational congress devoted to professional re-education of the persons severely maimed in the war, and, in this quality, have visited Petrograd -the capital of Russian tsarist Empire- where he published (in Russian language) a monograph about the marrows wounded in war, expose sorne lectures in the Meditinskii Facultet, paya visit to the important laboratories (the "towers of silence" where the team leaded by Pavlov studied the mechanisms characteristics of the conditioned reflexes); his sejour of eleven month in the capital of British Empire, London, was fruitful for the next medical contributions (the considerations about cornmotions, lethargical encephalitis et al. produced in sorne battles to wounded persons were published in English); has made a documentation in the capital of France, Paris (mainly in the laboratory of Institute Pasteur): here, in one of the day in which has
y
to
of
in
of
in in
al.
an 187
the the
for
the has
the
the
has
deeply continued to study the pathogen agent of the terrible morbus the
and,
new
with
with
about
man
et
of
tsarist
in
as
sc1erosishe in plates, has heard the announcement of the cessations of
by
by
of
morbus
al.;
silence"
devoted
valuable
Genova,
military hostilities onwar, all the fronts;
English);
onorario
sanitarian
capital
scientists:
relatively
which
of
et
section
Meditinskii
devoted
institutions
in
c. 1919. Retumedof to his country the médicin savant have rapidly realized many the
abroad;
scientifically
contributions
Italia:
the
capital
cessations
in
transferred
realized
characteristics
investigations from
(mainly
mentioned
was
Russian
the the
directly: in changes in the after war society, inc1uding new social problems,problems, new
charged
y
terrible
in
making
pavilion
(in
monograph
the
in
day
perceivable perspectives,of concretes working conditions: the section for
Russian
a tuberculosis;
encephalitis
"towers
works
new
a
him
scientific centres
membro
the
indifference Paris
cultural
reflexes,
al.;
team directed
was
the cure and researches of nervous illness were abusivelyof transferred in often Pendé
in exigent
rapidl
medica! congress
published
social
status
the
by
et
month
published occupied
of
(the
the Colentina suburb maimed of Capital where was located in a pavilion devoted
abusively
the
is
ve
al.);
ofNeurons" the
hard
sorne
of
the
Europe
great
its to the first help offeredcapital to persons attacked by tuberculosis; with
lectures
ha
next
mechanisms
conditions:
not were
new
et
implied
France,
Nicola
the
in posts
located
indignation the scientist virulently criticised the indifference of the award:
were
agent
one
Pavlov); eleven results
language)
with
lethargical the
the
of
-the
Romanian
sorne
-the authorities; however he promptly take again the exigent scientifically again
severely attacked
l. sorne
of
in
conditioned
War
and
was savant
"Universe "office"
rural
in
for multilateral activity; institution
criticised
persons
laboratories
(with intemational
working:
working
announcement
on
illness
take
(
the
including (helping
Iassy
many
hospitals;
1920-1928. The medical laboratory is working: itscapital status was relatively studied
the
here,
Russian
is
sejour
to
italiani;
pathogen relations
World
where
persons
expose in the modest, but in this technical-scientific institution the teamthe directed by the
persons
by
Petrograd
médicin
the
fruitful
travels:
(in works
his magister have achieved many works (with results published abroad; with and
the the
the
fronts;
to
endocrinologist
commotions,
wounded
to
in
lazarettos,
nervous
First
Argentina)
important
war,
refugee
physiologist
virulently
Pavlov
society,
concretes
local applications etof al.), and the "office" is often mentioned in
was
Genova);
to
promptly
heard
long
assistants
the
of
Capital
many
institutes,
in
activity
the
Pasteur):
al.),
by
the
Marinescu specialized literature; visited
di
again
study laboratory
take he
war
all
of
about
scienziati
of
honoured to has
reputed
et
1928-1930. New professional longpublished travels: in sorne great scientific centres in
ve
reflexes);
offered and
military country the
to
technical-scientific
on
he
battles
reputed
scientist
ha
worthy
South America (Brazilia, Argentina) and in Europe (in Italia: as an (Brazilia,
London,
leaded he the after
participate
was visit
his
medica!
taking Medica
this
achieved
lnstitute
suburb
invited guest tothe the reputed endocrinologist Nicola Pendé from Genova, wounded
with scientific
events
of
to
researches help
plates,
to re-education
medica!
the
to sorne
perspectives,
documentation
however professional
the
in
activity;
where
ofCajal literature; connexions with scienziati italiani; award: of membro onorario
the
team
a
in
in
paya
where
have
and in
hospitals,
hostilities
with del! 'Academia Medica diquality, Genova);
but
first
continued
Empire,
team
guest
The
Sorne
the
America
conditioned
New
applications
in
considerations c. 1931. Marinescu was honoured by many Romanian cultural institutions a
marrows
made
Marinescu
cure
Colentina
this
the
Retumed (universities, scientific institutes, hospitals;the et aL); new investigations
continued observations;
crew authorities Moldavia- mainly
the
professional in Empire- where
of (the
British Facultet, sclerosis has deeply produced laboratory
military changes
the perceivable the to authorities; indignation multilateral magister specialized modest, local
South (universities, invited connexions dell'Academia
with
contributions with a team of worthy assistants (on conditioned reflexes, et al.; the
1931.
1919.
The 1914-1919.
c.
1920-1928.
1928-1930.
c. 188 L. A. So/anea
results were published in an impressive volume awarded by Academie de Médicine de Paris, 1934. He is invited to participate to the 1 Congresso Internationale di elettro radio logia in Venice: aforum with a selected participation (was received enthusiastically by the ltalian et al. colleagues, was elected member of comitato d'onore and presidente del congresso); 1935. Marinescu was nominated Ehren-mittglied des Academie aus Halle in Germany: he is the unique Romanian which have had this honourable position awarded by the venerable institution; 1935-1938. With all his remnant energies the recognized multilateral scientist continue his scientific and civic (philanthropical et al.) activity; 1938. The Mors break off his life and this eminent man enter in the "universe of shadows"; his vita et opus prepare the memory (of a nation, of Humanity) for the responsibility to preserve the essential "passages & halts" with enjoys, pains, illusions, lasting achievements of this personality in the Pantheon of Minerve. The testimonies -on good faith expressed by persons which have known
this medicus emeritus and benefactor and all honestly integrated by the correct a
in in
in in
of of
an an
& &
be be
of of
of of in in
of of
has has
de de the the
biographers- put in evidence the vivid features of his character: Gheorghe that
of of
was was
this this
have have
ever" ever"
social social to to
Marinescu was honest, extremely modest, a constant worshiper of the cult of just
cult cult
elevate elevate ethical; ethical; correct correct has has
Sofonea Sofonea
of of
elettro
(without (without
between between
scientist scientist
rectitude rectitude
. .
sacrifice, sacrifice,
Halle Halle
received received respected respected
work, was animated by the spirit of fair co-operation'co-Iaboration between show
his his
"for "for
"universe "universe
Gheorghe Gheorghe
A
founder founder
(fruitfully, (fruitfully,
nation, nation,
di di
regard regard
the the
the the
competent, competent,
understood understood
mentor mentor
member member
honourable honourable which which of
( (
professor/mentor and assistantlfellow-worker/servant, have dearly understood remained
known known have
L. L.
a a
"passages "passages
aus aus
a a
of of
Academie Academie
was was
the the
with with
by by
located located
desired desired the the consequencia) consequencia)
that the progress (was in modern science imply often the work in good (competent,
govemment govemment
have have
with with
this this
in in
axis axis
by by
has has
in in
(of (of
spirit spirit
splendid splendid good good
loyal) team (animated by a deontological co-operation) and have (fruitfully, present
was was
scientist scientist
dearly dearly
Scientifer Scientifer
activity; activity;
principia! principia!
which which
a a
only only
animated animated
elected elected
he he in in
a a and and
fairly), applied this norm; was exemplarily multilateral correct, his patientia/patience was had had
character: character:
he he
enter enter
by by
this this
al.) al.)
his his
co-laboration co-laboration must/is must/is (and, (and,
essential essential patientia/patience patientia/patience
(professional; (professional;
achievements achievements
not not
1 have have
proverbial, his admirable tenacity has energitized a splendid elevate humanist
harmony harmony have have
Academie Academie
worshiper worshiper
was was
integrated integrated
attitude attitude
his his
et et
of of
awarded awarded
Marinescu Marinescu
lnternationale lnternationale
work work
his his this, this,
perseverance, the moral (humanitarian, charitable) attitude with regard the Romanian
have have
memory memory
the the
in in
for for
man man
persons persons
which which
Sapiens Sapiens
participation participation
and and
was was
of of des des
(spiritual, corporal) sufferings of the people -to which he has remained in behavioural
the the
the the
which which
by by
vitae vitae
efficiently efficiently
he he
the the
a a
-to -to
than than lasting lasting
integrum attached during whole his life- was a behavioural axis which have animated
recognized recognized
didactica didactica
constant constant
which which energitized energitized
honestly honestly
volume volume
rigorous rigorous
correct, correct, Humanitas; Humanitas;
organized the passions of this sensible person animated by a spirit of sacrifice, co-operation)
Hamo Hamo
has has
a a
often often
co-operation
eminent eminent
duty duty
was was
the the
preserve preserve
selected selected
Gheorghe Gheorghe
colleagues, colleagues,
scientist scientist
charitable) charitable)
all all
manners: manners:
Congresso Congresso
congresso); congresso);
features features more more
living a fervent love for his patria and for Humanitas; his principial rectitude activity
a a
for for
1 1
institution; institution;
has has
people people
to to
the the
philantropy philantropy
but but
person person
al. al.
prepare prepare
this this
fair fair
that that
expressed expressed del del
was actualized in generous affective philantropy in harmony with (without Dr.
and and
life-
materia materia
(philanthropical (philanthropical
but, but,
imply imply
the the
curriculum curriculum
et et
illusions, illusions,
sorne sorne
and and
Minerve. Minerve.
with with
of of the the
hiatus-es) the elevated conviction that Homo Sapiens Scientifer vivid has an
Mundi Mundi
modest, modest,
and and social social
Ehren-mittglied Ehren-mittglied
Romanian Romanian
his his
to to
impressive impressive
energies energies
was was
in in
of of
faith faith
opus opus
responsibility; responsibility; the the
extraordinary role in Theatrum Mundi duty which mustlis desired to be of
civic civic
exemplarily exemplarily
the the
sensible sensible
an an
life life
and and
tenacity tenacity
Muzeul Muzeul
of of
affective affective
et et
venerable venerable on on
achieved with dignity based on responsibility; he was not only the spirit founder of
deontological deontological
Italian Italian
patria patria
scientists. scientists.
science science
pains, pains,
in in
and and
good good
multivalenced multivalenced
aforum aforum
a a
was was
important important
presidente presidente
whole whole his his
the Romanian school of neurology, but, more than this, he benefactor was a mentor of a
world world
this this
(humanitarian, (humanitarian,
conviction conviction
unique unique
of of
the the
the the
neurology, neurology,
the the
his his
academically academically
responsibility responsibility
the the
remnant remnant
vita vita
extremely extremely benefit benefit
school in which the most important materia didactica (and, in consequencia) Theatrum
of of
by by
-on -on
Pantheon Pantheon
off off
based based
this this
and and
by by
the the
of of
nominated nominated
participate participate
assistant/fellow-worker/servant, assistant/fellow-worker/servant,
and and
the the
by by
for for
by by
most most
sufferings sufferings evidence evidence
the most valuable benefit was his the rigorous (professional; ethical;
not not
the the
exegesis exegesis
in in
scientific scientific
his his norm; norm;
modem modem
of of
in in
to to
generous generous
the the
during during
is is
moral moral
enjoys, enjoys, Venice: Venice:
deontological) behaviour of scientists. in
admirable admirable
and and
scientific scientific
all all was was
Paris, Paris,
in in
published published
the the
for for
in in
break break
love love
in in
elevated elevated
in in
honest, honest,
was was
he he
'onore 'onore
this this
and and
behaviour behaviour Bucuresti Bucuresti
The detailed exegesis of the of this scientist show that school
curriculum vitae dignity
role role
the the
de de
passions passions
d d
his his
awarded awarded
put put
valuable valuable
emeritus emeritus
his his
fecund fecund
with with (animated (animated
the humanism was not academical1y but has efficiently animated his social in
invited invited detailed detailed
were were
With With
animated animated
the the
testimonies testimonies
was was
memory memory
corporal) corporal)
Mors Mors
the the
which which
attached attached with with
opus. The memory is of this multivalenced scientist and humanist was respected
and and
fervent fervent
shadows"; shadows";
progress progress
applied applied
in in
The The
country country
The The
a a team team
in his country and in the world in sorne manners: for have present was "for ever"
The The
Marinescu Marinescu
The The
He He
most most
actualized actualized
personality personality
Humanity) Humanity)
halts" halts"
of of
continue continue
position position
Germany: Germany:
comitato comitato
enthusiastically enthusiastically
radiologia radiologia
Médicine Médicine
results results
the the
humanism humanism
medicus medicus Romanian Romanian his vast and fecund scientific and social activity the Romanian government has vast
established in Bucuresti the Muzeul Dr. Gheorghe Marinescu located just in his
established established
his his
opus. opus.
in in
the the
deontological) deontological)
the the
school school
achieved achieved the the
extraordinary extraordinary
hiatus-es) hiatus-es)
was was
integrum integrum
organized organized
(spiritual, (spiritual,
living living
perseverance, perseverance,
proverbial, proverbial,
fairly), fairly),
that that
work, work, loyal) loyal)
professor/mentor professor/mentor
1938. 1938.
this this Marinescu Marinescu
biographers-
1935-1938. 1935-1938.
1935. 1935.
1934. 1934. 188 188 The contributions ofCajal and Marinescu to the "Universe ofNeurons" 189
the house where the rewarded person has lodged from 1910 until his death, an expressive biography (written by Maria Gh. Marinescu, I. Floda, dr. Radovici) was written and printed, the first centenary of his birth was honourably celebrated in Romania and in the world by many academic societies, the Mondial Council of Peace has recornmended this anniversary as one of the first officialized remember of illustrious men recognized citizens of Mankind.
3. OPUS EMINENTI DOCTOR RUMANUS (1)
The scientific activity of Gheorghe Marinescu is prodigious: this multi lateral medicus -therapist, complex researcher (which was an expert and a medico-Iog), founder of a national school (educator, adviser and councillor), organizer, publisher, social militant, philanthropic- has given several contributions (sorne of them classicised) or perceivable "signs of presence" in almost all the domains of Science & Art & Philosophy named Medicina and mainly in Neurologia (normal/pathologic).
a
is
in
of 3.1. Neurologyan
189
the
the
(of
are
the the
and
also
them
"
is
and
of
multi
factual
severa!
A.1. The status ofneuro-Iogy in XIX-th century of
ideatical
death,
currandi.
used
Radovici)
discipline
generated
nozologic
academic,
this
one
Mankind.
elaborated,
honourably
them
Medicina
first
presence"
his
dr.
each
expert
methodology
societies,
of
Ars
The scienceas of nervous system is made up as a scientifical discipline
Medicina
functions;
(in
has
of
,
/
etc.,
given
of
and councillor),
confruntation
was only during the XIX-th century: with the first scientific nozologic the
an
named
"ideologies determinations.until The history of this important part of the Science Medicina is
each
main
O
the
Floda,
has
truth-
cases
Science
moral)
scientific
the
norms
named
are
scientifical
was
citizens
marked byl. sorne doctrinae - sum of ideas, knowledges, norms etc., used also
"signs
is
prodigious:
birth
cerebral
given conceived,
191
a
Medicina
or
academic
the
adviser anti-localisation-ists
the
the
neuro-doctrines/isms/.
is ofNeurons" (specifically) in the cases which compose the praxis of Medicina/Ars currandi.
,
anniversary
of
as
the
his
sorne
of
first
or The doctrinae in Neuro-logy were intuited, conceived, elaborated,of
has
for
and
from
of
(which
"organs";
in
up applied in of processus Historiae by eminent scientists; the "ideologies" are
many
this
essential
;
part
scientists;
the
(I)
doctrinae
intuited
recognized named after the main phenomenon considered, or the main methodology praxis
Philosophy
al
Marinescu,
by
"Universe
perceivable
knowledges,
(educator,
n=28
Marinescu
(intellectual
& (investigational; therapeutical analysis), etphilanthropic- al; in sorne cases (in academic,
made
lodged
et
the
or
autopsy-
anthology
the
men
"struggle
Gh.
which
century
,
with
by didactical et al. societies) the important doctrinae are named is ideatical
were
considered,
Art
to
has
researcher
ideas, centenary
world
eminent currentlism-s. -in
the
the
localization
rich
school
important
&
faculty
of The anatomo-c1inical method -in which essential is the confruntation of important
Maria
in
localisation-ists
by
of
the
RUMANUS
the
recommended
XIX-th
compose
Gheorghe
first
militant
system
this the symptoms with the results of the autopsy- has given the first factual analysis),
person
by
in
in
illustrious
the
sum
in
of
century:
classicised)
composed
method
of
has
Marinescu elements for ascertaining a rational localization of the cerebral functions; the
rational
complex
the
-
of
national
Science
Neuro-logy
is
a
which
results
researches -passionately enlisted in the a "struggle for the truth- has generated
enlisted
and
between and
phenomenon
social
of
them
in
nervous determined
the famous controversy between localisation-ists and anti-Iocalisation-ists (of Historiae
of
(written
DOCTOR
(normal/pathologic).
Peace
activity
a
the
rewarded
history
recorded
of
brain
XIX-th
of
different "degrees"), recorded in the rich anthology of neuro-doctrines/isms/. cases
societies)
printed,
of
of
neuro-logy
main
doctrinae
therapeutical
the
-therapist,
remember
o/Caja!
the
The
localisation-ism
of
with
the
domains
Romanía
al.
A.1.1. Doctrina localisation-ism (sorne
and
the
founder
in
ascertaining
human
doctrinae
publisher,
controversy
science
scientific
in
processus
anatomo-clinical sorne
biography
et
-passionately
the
where
position
Neurología
Council
EMINENTI
for
status
"degrees"),
in
The a. Radical position generator
by
after
all
in
medicus
The
The
The
The
during a.1. The human brain is composed by n=28 "organs"; each of them is the Doctrina
written
The
officialized
Neurology
l.
symptoms
contributions
house
famous generator of a determined faculty (intellectual or moral), each of them a.1.
OPUS
1.
l.
Radical
.
The
the was
3. expressive celebrated
first
Mondial
organizer, contributions
almost
medico-log), lateral 3.1. mainly
A
(specifically)
only
determinations.
applied marked (investigational;
named
the didactical current/ism-s.
elements
different
researches
the a.
A. 190 L. A. Sofonea
determine/is located in a peculiar palpebral prorninence which exist on the surface of the skull/cranum/calvaria. a.2. The radical conceptldoctrina/ is (only) noticeable: it is opposed to the c1assical doctrina of indivisible soul/psyhé, is without scientific foundation (is excessive: exc1usivist, simplistic), has stimulated the investigation of the brain.
b. Modem positions
b.l. The human brain is composed of sorne specialized zones -which correspond, each of them, to sorne functional psychical features/properties i.e. for moral dispositions, for social ego/myself/ etc. b.2. The doctrina/frenology: is important, it was "professed" with sorne exagerations.
A.I.2. Doctrina anti-Iocalisationism
a. Extremal forms
its its
by by
the the
the the
the the
the the
the the
the the
the the -but -but
a.l. The brain is not regional1y specialized: it works in totalum/in its have
exist exist
sorne sorne
to to
of of
of of
on on
by by
shown shown
critics) critics) -which -which
totality -i.e. the intellectual facuIties can not be localized various in various
scientific scientific
complex) complex)
psychical psychical
exist exist on/by on/by
regions (bark/cortex, ring, ... ); because they belong/are generated in by
with with
which which
has has
ego/myself/ ego/myself/
which which
L.A.Sofonea L.A.Sofonea
unity unity sorne sorne
the "unitary vivid organum, the functional differentiation exist generated -but
totalum/in totalum/in
zones zones
depend depend
differentiation differentiation
stimulated stimulated
not not opposed opposed
not as a brainly regional differentiation then as an perturbation of the by
expressed expressed
in in
is is
without without
social social
perturbation perturbation has has
balance of "mental substance" i.e. the functional deficit depend on the excessive.
it it
and and
localized localized
deficit deficit
also also
is is
is is complex complex
quantity of the destroyed cerebral substance and not on/by an the
functional functional
for for
(harminized, (harminized,
really really
"professed" "professed"
be be
researches researches
belong/are belong/are
works works
motric-sensitiv-sensorial motric-sensitiv-sensorial
as as prominence prominence
localization of the lesions; the contest of the functional differentiation investigators
differentiation differentiation
functional functional
and and
the the
specialized specialized
it it not not
of all the various regions of the organum mentis is excessive. not
was was
mentis mentis
the the
vivid vivid
they they
is is
then then
the the
sorne sorne
it it
noticeable: noticeable:
simplistic), simplistic),
substance substance
subtle subtle
of of
functional functional
can can
its its
"felt" "felt" sorne sorne
b. Moderate forms results
soul!psyhé, soul!psyhé,
palpebral palpebral
to to
the the
analytical analytical
by by
for for
dispositions, dispositions,
functional functional
of of
(only) (only)
because because
have have
organum organum
i.e. i.e. contest contest
b.l. Exists precise localizations for the motric-sensitiv-sensorial sorne
specialized: specialized:
is is
the the
); );
the the
cerebral cerebral
faculties faculties
the the important, important,
projections, the absence of localization is not really expressed by the localization
......
moral moral
the the
(even) (even)
researches: researches:
(by (by
them, them,
exclusivist, exclusivist,
peculiar peculiar
of of
differentiation differentiation is is
echipotential-ism because the analytical researches has shown of
a a
realm" realm"
indivisible indivisible for for
anatomo-functional differentiations; composed
new new
of of
ring, ring,
in in
skull/cranum/calvaria. skull/cranum/calvaria.
differentiations; differentiations;
of of
brain. brain.
is is
i.e. i.e. because because
b.2. The doctrina has opened (by sorne resuIts and also by sorne critics) organum,
lesions; lesions;
localizations localizations
regionally regionally
for for
opened opened
ensured ensured
destroyed destroyed
regions regions the the
wide perspectives for new researches: subtle investigators intellectual which have
absence absence
regional regional
the the
excessive: excessive:
the the
of of
each each
not not has has
explored the "cerebral realm" have "feIt" the complex unity of the "cerebral
of of
the the
vivid vivid
brain brain
located located
the the
the the
of of
concept!doctrina/ concept!doctrina/ (is (is
is is substance" substance"
brain integral-ity ensured (even) by its vivid (harminized, complex) "mental
the the
doctrina doctrina
of of
activities. activities.
precise precise
brainly brainly of of
sectional activities. (bark!cortex,
-i.e. -i.e.
physio-center-ism physio-center-ism
anti-localisationism anti-localisationism
a a
surface surface
integral-ity integral-ity
the the various
perspectives perspectives
brain brain
human human
doctrina doctrina
doctrina/frenology: doctrina/frenology:
radical radical
"unitary "unitary
forrns forrns
forms forms the the
A.I.3. Doctrina physio-center-ism all
positions positions
sectional sectional
anatomo-functional anatomo-functional
wide wide
explored explored
brain brain
echipotential-ism echipotential-ism
The The
Exists Exists
projections, projections,
localization localization notas notas of
quantity quantity
balance balance
the the
regions regions
totality totality
The The
exagerations. exagerations.
etc. etc.
correspond, correspond,
The The
features/properties features/properties
The The
investigation investigation
classical classical foundation foundation
on on
determine/is determine/is
The The
Doctrina Doctrina Doctrina Doctrina
a. Empirical "radical" position l.
b.2. b.2.
b. b.
a.1. a.1.
b.2. b.2.
b.1. b.1.
a.2. a.2.
Moderate Moderate
position position "radical" Empirical
Modero Modero
Extremal Extremal
a. a.
A.1.3. A.1.3.
b. b.
a. a.
A.1.2. A.1.2.
b. b. 190 190 The contributions ofCajal and Marinescu to the "Universe ofNeurons" 191
a.l. The anatomo-c1inical investigations has given many proofs which show the existence of sorne functional centrums localised in creerum: i.e. zones from which are given the "nervous commands": these "points" of "nervous authority" were evidenced in various circumstances of the praxis (observations; neuro-physiological experiments: ablations/exitations operated on animal s and of men). a.l.l. The discovery of the "centre of the speech": in an autopsy operated on the brain of an afazic man has showed a lesion placed on the level of the third frontal circumvolution of the left herni-sphere of the brain. a.l.2. The discovery of the centre of sight: in the parietal zone. a.1.3. The discovery of cortical representation of the heart: in the temporal cortex. a.l.4. The discovery of the localization of many zones which command the motions of various segments of the body: the use of the method of electrical excitations has pennitted the very fructuous (point with point) exploration of such zones identified on the superficial part of the brain of the dog which compose the motor cortex.
of
191
the on be
the
left the
the use a.l.S. The maps of the localization on the cerebral ring of zones which the
this
very
these
sorne
using
to
which
lesion
which in
which
command important motion of the body: were drawn after theof
the
various
the
autopsy
a
of
the
men).
creerum: after interpretation of the phenomenological "imago" of sornelevels precisely
of
identified
of
excitation
developed
placed
an
in
of inchirurgical interventions on the human brain operated using
zones
compose
zone.
concept:
heart:
of
proofs zones
body:
in
"
electrical exciting. is/seems
of
and operated
motions
the
drawn
zones
levels
zones
the
showed
the
a.l.6. The information about the localizationthe at the different levels of
different
commands":
circuits
permitted
which
neuro-physiological
ring
"imago" urons
many of
by
of
of the brain of zones which commandmany important motions of the
parietal
localised e
such
has
were
the
brain
N
species
organism were obtained by the use of the developed sorne
has
dog
evidenced
animals
speech":
of
of
at
the
possibility of
circumvolution
use
neuro stereotaxical surgery which offers the possibility of excitation all
important
man
given
on
in
of
the
Hamo.
the
cerebral body:
the
of "nervous and of take away from function of sorne zones precisely
of
replaced
refined.
human
of
of
segments
centrums
the were
of
has
localized. the is
the
frontal
Universe sight:
the net
and
afazic
" a.2. The radical doctrine was interpreted and refined. the
on
of
excitations
representation offers
by
brain (observations; of
exploration
operated
localization
function
an command
localization
the
third on
bio-active-receptive
various
the
"centre
functions to
given b. Empirical "nuanced" position phenomenological
subtle of
the
functional of
localized
the
the
of
which
a
bio-evolution
authority"
motion
from
the
cortical
praxis
which
are
of
interpreted
brain. the
electrical
of
b.l. The motion centre "strictIy localized is replaced by the concept: the of
the centre
obtained be
investigations
part
brain about
of
sorne
of localization
with point)
superior
of of "circuit cortical-subcortical".the
the
of
to
was
of
motions
Marinescu away
level
"strictly
the
the
surgery
zones
b.2. The brain is/seems toof be a sub tI e net of neuro circuits placed on
which
the
interventions
were
of
of
important the the and
of
(point
different"nervous "command-atorial" bio-active-receptive levels of this
on
position to exciting. cortex.
principie
take
ablations/exitations
discovery
on
"organon". method
centre
superficial
discovery
cortex. discovery
from
doctrine
of
is/seems
discovery
information
maps
Cajal
also of "command-atorial"
existence
brain
the
the
of
cortical-subcortical".
"
The
evolutive-ism
A.l.4. Doctrina evolutive-ismThe
The
the The
The The
anatomo-clinical
operated
placed hemi-sphere temporal
command of fructuous on motor
command interpretation chirurgical electrical the stereotaxical organism and
localized.
zones
brain
motion
radical
"nuanced"
postulated
evolution a. Cerebral evolution l. l.
show
The i.e. "points
circumstances a. experiments:
a.1.2. a.1.3.
a.1.4.
a.1.5.
a.1.6.
The
"circuit
The different The
"organon".
the applicable
Doctrina
contributions a.l. the postulated principIe of bio-evolution of all species is/seems to be
a.1.
a.2.
b.1. b.2.
a.1.
Empirical applicable also to the superior functions of Hamo. Cerebral
The
b.
A.1.4.
a. 192 L. A. Sofonea
a.l.l. The structure of the brain being constituted in the bio-evolution of the species Homo: it has a superposed "bio-architecture" i.e. the nervous system is composed by superposed floors more and more evaluated. a.l.2. The progressist superpositoned cerebral "horizons" is ascertained by/explain: during any nervous illness is generated an "oriented" phenomenon which is inverse to the evolution involution/partial dissolution in which are taken away from the function different levels of the brain in inverse order of their apparition; consequently it is produced an exaggeration of the function of the low/inferior levels which are "eliberated" from the control of the superior functions: this physiological disturbance are expressed in the symptoms of the nervous illnesses (exaggerated reflexes, unwillingly motions, psychical troubles)' a.2. The cerebro-evolutive doctrina was agreed by sorne evolutionists: anthropologists.
b. Cerebral evidenced evolution
is is
the the
the the
the the
the the
test test
the the
the the
i.e. i.e.
bio bio
b.l. The and superposed "floors" of brain are searched;
their their
from from
of of
of of
optical optical and and
b.2. The knowledge of the structure of the cerebral configurations b.3.
Sofonea Sofonea
the the
of of
between between
nervous nervous
from from
reception reception
psychical psychical psychical psychical
(nervous system: evolution brain, nervs) is increased. more more
A. A.
generated generated
the the
appropriate appropriate
corpus, corpus,
silver/nitrat silver/nitrat
resolute resolute
researches. researches.
L. L.
the the
is is
the the
the the
of of
evolutionists: evolutionists:
physiological physiological
bio-evolution bio-evolution the the
order order
configurations configurations
minuscule minuscule
away away "horizons" "horizons"
A. 1.5. Doctrina nervous-cell-ism of
of of
of of
floors floors
existence existence
to to
more more
the the
structures, structures,
"eliberated" "eliberated"
identified identified
descriptions descriptions
calosus calosus
distinction distinction
this this motions, motions,
sorne sorne
illness illness
exaggeration exaggeration
in in sorne sorne
a. Ancient opinions the
taken taken
are are
"bio-architecture" "bio-architecture"
place place
are are
inverse inverse
the the
the the
an an
by by
cerebral cerebral
nitrate nitrate
use use
are are description description
inverse inverse
cerebral cerebral in in
impregnations impregnations
the the
correct correct
macroscopical macroscopical obtained obtained
a.l. Observations and considerations: a.l.l. is demonstrated the reception demonstrated
. .
symptoms symptoms
superposed superposed
is is
are are
nervous nervous
the the
which which a.1.5. a.1.5.
the the
a.1.4. a.1.4. is is
by the brain of the visual excitation: is the description of the optical on
neuro-small neuro-small
evidence evidence
are are
with with
functions: functions:
agreed agreed
is is
by by
first first
brain brain
unwillingly unwillingly
constituted constituted
which which the the
nerve/nervum opticum; a.l.2. is indicated the place of the of psychical
searched; searched;
of of
severa! severa!
any any in in
produced produced
hipophisis, hipophisis,
superposed superposed
in in only only
life: in the brainlthe hart; a.l.3. the first correct descriptions of the a.1.1.
the the
which which
levels levels
the the
plexs; plexs;
in in
a a
indicated indicated
cuadrigemen/; cuadrigemen/;
are are
is is
was was
increased
nerves; nerves;
put put
the the being being
ventricular cavity of the coroidal plexs; a.lA. the distinction between used
it it
is is
of of
is is
has has
during during
researches: researches: based based
the motor nerves, an sensitive nerves; reflexes, a.1.5. are identified the bio
superior superior
has has
a.1.3. a.1.3.
brain brain
composed composed
it it
excitation: excitation:
superpositoned superpositoned
structure structure preparation, preparation,
brain brain structures named the epiphisis, the hipophisis, the calosus corpus, the
coroidal coroidal
is is
of of
a.1.2. a.1.2.
impregnated impregnated
levels levels
nervs) nervs)
doctrina doctrina
the the
were were dissolution dissolution
four-twined tuberculs/tubercules cuadrigemen/; sensitive
expressed expressed
investigations investigations
the the
hart; hart; the the
this this
epiphisis, epiphisis,
/ow/inferior /ow/inferior
the the
visual visual phenomenon phenomenon
a.2. The ancient oppinions were based only on macroscopical researches. efficient
of of
an an
Horno: Horno:
of of
are are
of of
considerations: considerations:
by by
of of
are are
the the
brain, brain,
the the
system system
by/explain: by/explain:
consequently consequently
"floors" "floors"
the the
exaggerated exaggerated
examination examination
opticum; opticum; ( (
b. Modero opinions different
of of
and and
neuro-histologos neuro-histologos
progressist progressist
evolution evolution
and, and,
of of
oppinions oppinions tuberculs/tubercules tuberculs/tubercules
brain/the brain/the
cavity cavity
species species
nerves, nerves,
named named
which which
evaluated. evaluated.
the the
structure structure control control
b.l. The microscopical efficient researches: are use sorne minuscule system: bio
nervous nervous
"oriented" "oriented"
nervous-cell-ism nervous-cell-ism
the the
microscopical microscopical
the the
The The brain brain
textures which are impregnated with nitrate of silver/nitrat b.2.
The The
knowledge knowledge
in in
microscopical microscopical
troubles)" troubles)"
disturbance disturbance
illnesses illnesses
the the
apparition; apparition;
function function
an an
function function
involution/partial involution/partial ascertained ascertained cerebro-evolutive cerebro-evolutive
ancient ancient
the the
more more
of of
superposed superposed
motor motor the the
usargenteus and, by this preparation, are obtained more resolute test the
evidenced evidenced
opinions opinions
opinions opinions
usargenteus usargenteus microscopical microscopical
for for tube, tube,
textures textures
The The
The The
structures structures
four-twined four-twined
the the
ventricular ventricular
life: life:
nerve/nervum nerve/nervum
Observations Observations
tube, b.2. the neuro-histologos used several impregnations appropriate by
(nervous (nervous
The The
The The
anthropologists. anthropologists.
The The
a.1.2. a.1.2.
a.1.1. a.1.1. Doctrina Doctrina
for the microscopical investigations of neuro-small structures, b.3. . the
b.1. b.1.
a.2. a.2.
a.1. a.1.
b.2. b.2. b.1. b.1.
microscopical examination has put in evidence a.2. the existence and the
1.5
Modem Modem
Ancient Ancient
Cerebral Cerebral
b. b.
a. a.
A. A.
b. b. 192 192 The contributions 01 Cajal and Marinescu to the "Universe 01 Neurons" 193
extensions of the nervous cells; bA. the exploration of these visualized rninuscule bio-entities made with this efficient experimental organons has perrnitted to a pleyade of brilliant neuro histologs to give the phenomenological demonstration of the existence and complexion of the bio-pieces which were named neurons.
A.2. The status of neurology in the first part of XX-th century
A.2.l. The Doctrina neuronal-ism
a. The first enunciation of neuronal theory: the human nervous system is composed by basic (morphological, physiological) structures named the neurons, bio-units morphologically delirnited and physiologically articled.
b. The inter-neuronal configurations in the neuronal vivid ensemble was a problem which has generated a major controversy. b.l. The reticularists: the bio-units are ensembled by linkers/anatomosis forrning a continuous net.
a
is
l.
is
of
193
b.2. The neurbanalists:the the bio-units are (geometrically) independent
the
the
d.
The
these
from
placed not in continuity but in contiguity. sorne
b.1.c.
was
neuro
named
of
of
vector"
efficient
of
of
different
system
perceived
motion
b.1.b.
c. The importance of the neuronal theorynamed was decisive for the motion of
brain
heat;
in
independent
articled.
were Science: C.l. became a paradigma, c.2. the researchers have rapidly perceived fundamental
this
human/animal
"
the
brilliant
mechanism
the fire;
the developed:
"ideatic
that from the outside of this conceptual frameensemble the explanation of the
the
rapidly
of
of
existence
nervous
of for
linkers/anatomosis
the
physiology of the nervous system is impossible and this is the "ideatic vector"the
the
explanation
was
which
in
reflexes-unconscious
with
exploration
is
by
it
structures which direct trend of science of brain/neurology. the
vivid
have
demonstration
of described),
between
part
with
century
effect
o/Neurons
the
the
this
pleyade
the
human
the
d. The conceptual impetuses of the theory on this basis it was developed:decisive d.l. basis a
the
physiologically
by
(geometrically)
made
and
the
the Neuro physiology;to d.2. the Neuro-cybernetics.
XX-th
on
by
b.4.
bio-pieces
frame
this
neuronal
and
was
kinetics
relations
are
ensembled
of
"works"/act
"Universe
medium. approach)
researchers
considering
on
A.2.2. Doctrina reflexes-ism (conceived,
the
the
the
the
are
the
physiological)
part
the
cells;
theory:
contiguity.
tracted
in
to
traction of
controversy.
theory
"animated"
really
permitted
in a. Biorejlex: the nervous activity is "animated" by the reflexes-unconsciousimpossible
a
theory
delimited
c.2.
first are
manner
phenomenological
bio-entities
is
bio-units
is
(direct/in deterrnined acts by which are executed the relations between human/animalconceptual
has
but
the
brain/neurology.
the
major
executed
bio-units
Neuro-cybemetics. organism and the physico-chemical-biotical medium. net.
considered
the
nervous
exert
a
the
neuronal
in
of
of
this
"pulse"
Marinescu thread
neuronal
is
are
the
the
system
activity
of
contact
neuro-reflex:
the
of
b. Bio-rejlex-es: complexion the reflex is considered (conceived, described), in different
and
give
the
nerve
configurations
paradigma,
organons
(morphological,
d.2.
terms; this kind of vivid "pulse" really "works"/act in thecontinuity fundamental
minuscule
vivid
descriptional subtle
a
of
science
reflex
neuronal-ism
of
which
to
and
in mechanisms. generated
continuous
in
morphologically impetuses
neurology of
of
nervous
nervous
come in
physico-chemical-biotical a
the
thin
by o/Caja! b.l. The "abstract" neuro-reflex: the kinetics of the mechanism is
reflexes-ism
basic of
not
has
phases.
the
neuroanalists:
"abstract"
the
leg
explained in descriptional manner consideringreticularists: the existence of sorne
the
enunciation
became
trend
"pressed"
kind
acts
by
the outside
of linked phases. Doctrina
physiology;
status
and
The bio-units
extensions
experimental visualized
histologs c.1. neurons. existence
which
The forming The
placed
explained
The
linked
the
nervous
first
ínter-neuronal b.l.a. The leg come in contact (directlin approach) with the fire; importance b.l.b. The
this
conceptual
The
direct
Doctrina
from
nervous thin subtleThe thread are tracted by the effect of the heat; b.l.c.
contributions
b.1.
b.2. Neuro
b.1. The
b.1.a.
The
The
Bioreflex:
Bio-reflex-es: the "pressed" nerve exert a traction on the part of the brain from The
The
A.2.
a. A.2.1.
neurons, composed
b.
problem
Science: c.
that
which
physiology d.
the
A.2.2.
a.
determined organism
terms;
b.
mechanisms. 194 L. A, Sofonea
where start these threat; b.l.d. the result of the modification of the nervous terminal: it is opened sorne cerebral pori/pores through which penetrate the "animal spirits"/spiritus animalius which, following the way of motor nerves, reach to the musc1e of the leg; b.l.e. the provoked musc1e suffer a contraction. b.2. The experimented reflex: the marrow of the back bone have the capacity to generate reflexes; these spinal reflexes express the persistence, at the level of the marrow, of a quantity of "vital principIes" originated from the brain; the conscience is not connected exc1usively with the brain but it is present also in the marrow of back bone even when this vital structure/organ is separated from the brain' b.3. The physiologised neuro reflex: is the passage of the inner nervous flux from the sensitive nerves to the motor nerves-"migration" in which the marrow is a bio-active "substance". The majority of these reflexes have the centre in the cerebral trunk/trunchiul cerebral; and all are "physiological agents", Le. aH the cerebral activities (the vegetative, the psychical) are animate/moved by reflexes because these phormae vitae are (specificaHy) involved in them. The erectus fundamental quality of species Horno, i.e. the normal
vertical position of men is explained: reflexes are generated to much higher is
in in
the the
the the
the the
the the
are are
al.) al.)
the the
the the
the the
the the the the
segments of the nervous axis by sorne interactions of numerous reflexes named their
back back
of of
focal; focal;
et et which which
in in
"vital "vital
of of
higher higher
of of which which
named named
severa! severa!
brain· brain· normal normal
of attitude and .e. of redressing which bring the body to normal position,
produce produce
of of
Sofonea Sofonea
produce produce
aphasia, aphasia,
of of
is is
methods methods
capacity capacity
because because
nervous nervous
cerebral cerebral
cerebral cerebral
l l
arranged arranged
. .
reflexive reflexive
position, position,
which which
of of have have
A respective the position of body became normal again; other situations are
b. b.
connected connected
considered considered
the the
to to
the the
to to
the the
the the
of of
(dogs, (dogs,
L. L.
express express
the the
much much the the
similarly explained. (in
activity activity
situations situations
following following
study study
inner inner are are
not not
established established
all all
through through
reflexes reflexes
leg; leg; newest newest
bone bone
to to
i.e. i.e.
from from
situations situations
marrow marrow
reflexes reflexes
is is in in
hysteria, hysteria,
normal normal
explained explained
is is
the the
used used
the the i.e. i.e.
c. Conditioned reflexes connexion
quantity quantity
the the
by by
the the
is is
enrich enrich the the
other other
modification modification
to to
which which
subjects subjects
of of
neurosis, neurosis,
which, which,
a a
back back
electric electric
in in
it it
reflexes reflexes
possibility possibility
complex complex
in in
nerves-"migration" nerves-"migration"
to to
of of
( (
situations situations
Horno, Horno,
with with
the the when when
c.1. Reflexes "induced": experiments are centre made with subjects (dogs, et al.)
of of
animals' animals'
numerous numerous
the the
the the
pori/pores pori/pores separated separated
bio-conditionality); bio-conditionality);
with with
generated generated
troubles: troubles:
the the
body body
also also
agents", agents", of of
submitted to repeated similar excitations (complex of again; arranged
of of
conscience conscience
of of
is is
temporal temporal
them. them.
methods methods
of of
the the
spinal spinal
reflexes reflexes motor motor
circumstances which define passage the empirical bio-conditionality); in the
are are
systems systems
in in
muscle muscle
the the
animalius animalius
the the
made made
species species
interpretations of these new experimental situations (in which is organism
the the
result result the the
the the
pathological pathological "behaviour"
cerebral cerebral
new new
experiment; experiment;
marrow, marrow,
experimental experimental
present present
anímate/moved anímate/moved
nervous nervous
normal normal
have have
the the excitations excitations
active the cerebral function) the concept temporal of connexion is focal;
are are
empirical empirical these these
is is
"substance". "substance".
concept concept
to to
the the
rinencephal rinencephal
of of
is is
corroborated corroborated
the the
marrow marrow
bring bring
experimental experimental brain; brain;
it is explained the capacity of the organism are to enrich the reflexive
to to
reflexes reflexes
and and
the the
it it
nervous nervous
sorne sorne
of of
interactions interactions
the the
registration registration
the the
involved involved
"decorticated" "decorticated"
sorne sorne
demonstrated demonstrated
.d. .d. sleep, sleep,
bom activity by the acquisition of new reflexes which are considered the
the the
"physiological "physiological
l l
later later
of of
of of
but but
new new
reflex: reflex:
structure/organ structure/organ
of of
reflexes reflexes
quality quality
similar similar became became
a positive contraction. result of the individual experiment; it is explained several b. b.
nerves nerves the the
of of
(the (the
reflexes reflexes
individual individual
reach reach which which
are are
a a
sorne sorne
was was reflexes; reflexes;
phenomena of the normal and bio-active pathological "behaviour" of the
define define
to to
from from
spirits"/spiritus spirits"/spiritus
normal normal
opened opened
were were
experiments experiments
it it
acquisition acquisition
a a
vital vital
all all
level level
brain brain
by by
the the
capacity capacity psychical) psychical)
nervous system (inhibition, sleep, experimental neurosis, the capacity types
study study
reflex: reflex: the
is is
these these
explained: explained: function) function)
neuro neuro
body body
is is
threat; threat;
these these
it it
of of
suffer suffer
the the the the
to memorize; the types the of nervous systems in the study of their
is is
(inhibition, (inhibition,
the the
this this
and and
the the
the the
of of
of of
axis axis
the the
nerves, nerves,
the the
(specifically) (specifically)
repeated repeated which which
memorization; the study of sorne sensitive nervous troubles: hysteria, aphasia,
of of
by by
of of
"animal "animal reflexes reflexes
generate generate
reflexes reflexes
at at
redressing redressing
fundamental fundamental
are are
these these conditioned conditioned
with with
to to
men men
connection. connection.
originated originated
infantile neurosis); it was demonstrated the possibility to produce participation
result result
the the
cerebral cerebral
when when
marrow marrow
neurosis); neurosis);
to to muscle muscle
"induced": "induced":
the the
system system
of of of of
conditioned motor reflexes to the "decorticated" animals' situations which
terminal: terminal:
nervous nervous
neurophysiology neurophysiology
the the
the the
position position
cerebral; cerebral;
reflexes reflexes
start start
the the vitae vitae
show the participation of the rinencephal when is established the activity
explained explained
vegetative, vegetative,
even even
of of
from from
experimented experimented
physiologised physiologised
and and the the
majority majority
memorize; memorize;
the the erectus erectus
temporary connection. is
the the
positive positive
of of
(the (the
explained. explained.
of of
conditioned conditioned
Complex Complex temporary temporary
show show
conditioned conditioned
infantile infantile
memorization; memorization;
a a to to
nervous nervous
phenomena phenomena
bom bom
active active
it it
submitted submitted
interpretations interpretations
circumstances circumstances
Reflexes Reflexes
c.2. Complex conditioned reflexes which the methods used to produce
flux flux
bone bone
The The exclusively exclusively
principies" principies"
persistence, persistence, capacity capacity
position position
way way
provoked provoked The The
nervous nervous
penetrate penetrate
where where The The
conditioned reflexes were later corroborated The with the newest methods
phormae phormae
c.2. c.2.
c.1. c.1.
attitude attitude b.3. b.3.
of the neurophysiology b.2. (the registration of the electric activity of the
Conditioned Conditioned
c. c.
similarly similarly
segments segments
respective respective of of
vertical vertical
these these activities activities
trunkltrunchiul trunkltrunchiul 194 194 The contributions ofCaja! and Marinescu to the "Universe ofNeurons" 195
cortex, or of the subcortical forrnations and of sorne isolated neurons which participate to the process of condition-alisation; the ablation/cutoff of sorne nervous structures, the neuro-pharrnacological procedures, et aL).
A.2.3. Doctrina psyhanalism
Conceived and applied in Psychiatry are also, in sorne cases, a derivative use also in Neurology: in norrnal/pathological situations.
A.3. The status of Neuropathology in XIXth century.
a. The mind troubles, the illness of the nervous system were known and recognized by the medicus in Antiquity long time as morbus having only mindly manifestations, these types of morbus were confounded with theirs symptoms; few symptomatic classifications of the "spiritual" illnesses are perforrned containing in the summa epilepsy/epilepsia, the paralysis/paralisia, headache/migrena, the delirium, the lethargy/letargie, madness/follia.
a
d.
195
the of
are
for
and the
the
the the
the
only b. The neurosis are known and described: a. motor, b. sensitive, c. logo, d. was
theirs
plates
lateral
of
by of
neurons
trofo. logo,
cases,
in
accurate
school
c.
with
known
the
treatments,
, having tuberculosis role
illnesses
c. The anatomo-clinical systematisation was tried: the lesion in tuberculosis produced
the
contributions
"
magíster
sorne
in
of
isolated
researches,
al. directed
meningitis, cerebral abces/abscess/infection, cerebral hemoragy/hemoragia, the
in
of
were
sclerosis
in
have
et
paralysis/paralisia, cerebral artery sclerosis, cerebral infarct, sclerosis in plates, et al. description
these
studies,
are
morbus
sensitive
situations.
sorne
lesion the
hemoragy/hemoragia,
neuro-pharmacological
the
brainlcerebellum,
of th the
confounded b.
as
condition-alisation;
madnesslfollia.
"spiritual" ofNeurons
of
also,
AA. The status of Neuropathology in XX century of
system
plates,
the
the
presence
performed
description
of in
the
and
are little
map"
researches
time were
analysis
cooperation:
semiological
a. The microscopic study of the lesions: the analysis are directed by the "
the
motor,
cerebral
of
tried:
the procedures; "vectors" of the doctrine cell-ar pathology; these researches have produced for of
"Universe
a.
century.
the
nervous
long these
The the science a decisive forward step. century
structures,
was
the
sclerosis acromegalia/acromegaly,
localizations,
which
process morbus
afazia,
delimitations
the
to
Paris:
topics,
formations XIXth
XXth
of
Psychiatry b. The anatomo-clinical systematic investigationsof perforrned in the school of normal/pathological
lethargylletargie, epilepsy/epilepsia, of
investigations
lesions:
the the
in
personally/in
in
Charcot in Salpetriere hospital in Paris: the description of the lateral behaviour
in
described:
infarct,
nervous
the
brain,
Antiquity
cortical
pathology;
,
classifications
amyotrophic sclerosis, the gnosological delimitations of the sclerosis in pI ates the
types
(cases, to
step.
in
in
Marinescu illness and summa
analysis precised by evidence of sorne cortical localizations, the description of the contributions.
of
sorne
little
subcortical gnosological
hereditary ataxia of the little brain, afazia, semiological researches, the sorne
systematisation hospital
the cell-ar and
applied
systematic
of cerebral the
these the
halucel.
al.).
delirium
performed the the symptoms of the pathologieal behaviour of little brainlcerebellum, the of
in
Neurology: the
abces/abscess/infection,
forward of
et in
study
known
medicus situations
of
pathological discovery of the signs of halucel.and
the in
Neuropathology in
of
Neuropathology in
participate
al.)
symptomatic
o/Caja! or are
psyhanalism
hypophizis
of doctrine
signs the
of
Marinescu's
the
also sclerosis,
troubles, c. The George Marinescu' s contributions. The "map" of these contributions et
decisive
sclerosis, Salpetriere
evidence
the cerebral
by the few
various
of show many various situations (cases, topies, procedures; studies, treatments, a
containing ataxia
use
of status
of
cortex,
which ablation/cutoff
procedures,
status in
by
artery
considerations et al.) in the analysis ofmind which the presence of magister was manifestations,
Contributions gland microscopic
neurosis
anatomo-clinical Conceived
Doctrina
anatomo-clinical
George
resolute/important. many
The
contributions
The
science
The
The
The c.1. c.l. Contributions perforrned personally/in cooperation: the roleThe of the
The
The
The
A.2.3.
derivative A.3. a.
mindly recognized symptoms;
performed headache/migrena, b. trofo. In c.
meningitis, cerebral
gland hypophizis the acromegalia/acromegaly, accurate A.4. a. "vectors" the
Charcot b. amyotrophic
precised symptoms hereditary discovery
c. show
considerations
resolute/important. 196 L. A. S%nea
descriptions of sorne status morbidus (the lesied plates in the senility/obsolescence, botulism, the lesions in the illness of Friederich, the mielopaty, the diabetes), contributions to the normal anatomy of the brain (the connexions of the frontal cortex with the nerves; the localization of sorne nerves the motor nuclei of the nerve striat, respectively of the nerve pneumogastric). c.2. Contributions performed in the school founded in Romania: c.2.l. the infra-cells structures, c.2.2. the physio-pathological mechanisms at the level of n euro n , c.2.3. the studium entitled La cellule nerveuse, published in París, in 1909 (deep analysis, detailed observations), c.2A. the reaction of the neuron after the sectionlcut off ofaxon, c.2.5. the phenomena of degeneration and regeneration, c.2.6. the metamorphosis of the granules of Nisse, c.2.7. important changes of the neuro-fibrilar harmony under the influence of sorne physiological factors (physical agents: hunger/inanition, anemy/anemia, toxical factors), c.2.8. the biochemical sub-stratum of neurological diseases: the involvement of special enzymatic substances (oxidazes, glicogen; ferrum/steel), in the nervous structures, c.2.9. the description of sorne
morbus: the phenomenon of neurono-phagia, a new familial illness,
in in
of of
by by
of of
the the
on on
the the
of of
oligotrenia with cataract, et al. (with his co-workers), c.2.l0. the the
the the
the the
the the
the the
the the
the the
with with
these these
sorne sorne
etiological systematization of nervous illness (the herpetical vritis; virus on
axon, axon,
at at
nerve nerve
toxica! toxica!
illness, illness,
in in
nervous nervous
normal normal
Sofonea Sofonea of of
the long of nervouses fibres produce herpes; the septine virus vritis;
of of
diseases: diseases:
Medicina Medicina
with with
glicogen; glicogen;
acting acting
c.2.1. c.2.1.
nerveuse, nerveuse,
the the
c.2.6. c.2.6.
A. A.
(Salpétriere (Salpétriere
c.2.10. c.2.10. changes changes
degenerative illness factors which "induce" degradations of the nervous
attracted attracted
the the
the the
enriched enriched
L. L.
of of
off off
the the
mathematized mathematized
action); action);
physiological physiological
continued continued procedures: procedures:
"apparatus") . septine
observations), observations),
to to
plates plates
of of
familia! familia!
development development
cortex cortex
was was to to
The the most part of the disciples and co-workers have continued the
cellule cellule
France France
mechanisms mechanisms
the the
herpetical herpetical
and and
otorino-laringology, otorino-laringology,
investigations investigations oxidazes, oxidazes,
sorne sorne
nuclei nuclei description description
anatomo-clinical preoccupations of the generous magister· have
Romanía: Romanía:
positively positively
( (
new new
in in
in in
important important
central central
La La
neurological neurological
lesied lesied
of of a a
The use of sorne physical in new methods: the scientist was attracted by
(the (the
detailed detailed
the the
anemylanemia, anemylanemia,
frontal frontal
regeneration, regeneration,
7. 7.
inhibitors) inhibitors)
co-workers), co-workers),
section/cut section/cut of of
the methods and procedures produced by the spectacular development of scientist
magnitudes, magnitudes,
motor motor
drugs drugs
absorbed) absorbed)
herpes; herpes;
pharmacology pharmacology
the the (the (the c.2. c.2.
Physics and remain consequentIy attached (not absorbed) to the Medicina spectacular
school: school:
contributions contributions
methods methods
his his
the the
and and
the the
magister· magister·
degradations degradations
c.2.9. c.2.9.
lesions lesions and/or and/or
the the
illness illness of of
Physika: he has used cronax metria, entitled galvanometry, magnitudes, mathematized
founded founded
substances substances
co-workers co-workers
influence influence
(not (not
the the procedures: procedures:
functions, et al., X rays, cinematography. analysis,
after after
Nisse, Nisse,
the the
(with (with
the the
by by ophthalmology, ophthalmology,
The use of sorne chemical new procedures: investigations produce with
and and
nerves nerves
sub-stratum sub-stratum
of of
school school
new new
generous generous
pneumogastric). pneumogastric).
tranquilizers, tranquilizers,
physio-pathological physio-pathological
methods: methods:
diabetes), diabetes), al. al.
nervous nervous
"induce" "induce"
mescaline, and four main groups (deep of therapeutical drugs positively acting the
neurono-phagia, neurono-phagia,
studium studium
therapeutical therapeutical
structures, structures,
galvanometry, galvanometry, stomatology, stomatology,
peripheral peripheral
attached attached
psychiatrical psychiatrical of of
the the et et
hunger/inanition, hunger/inanition,
the the
enzymatic enzymatic
under under
the the
nervous vegetative system (with peripheral neuron and/or central action); these
connexions connexions psychiatrical psychiatrical
of of
degeneration degeneration
sorne sorne
of of
new new
fibres fibres
the the
in in nerve nerve
psychotropic substances (sedatives, tranquilizers, inhibitors) enriched the of
1909 1909
of of
status status morbidus
of of
of of
botulism, botulism,
produced produced the the
disciples disciples
granules granules
which which (the (the
psyho pharmacologia. (with
c.2.2. c.2.2.
the the
metria, metria,
nervous nervous
in in
chemical chemical
special special of of
reputed reputed
biochemical biochemical
agents: agents:
groups groups
the the
(sedatives, (sedatives,
of of
the the
c.2.3. c.2.3.
cataract, cataract,
harmony harmony
of of
the the
sorne sorne
physical physical
cinematography. cinematography. brain brain
B. Psychiatry of
the the
mielopaty, mielopaty, the
of of
cases. cases.
factors factors
nervouses nervouses
in in
performed performed
sorne sorne
epidemiology, epidemiology,
París, París,
sorne sorne
cronax cronax
consequently consequently
system system
of of
phenomenon phenomenon
main main
with with
the the
systematization systematization
localization localization
the the
rays, rays,
of of phenomena phenomena
procedures procedures in in
sorne sorne
reaction reaction structures, structures,
Contacts with sorne reputed psychiatrical school: in France (Salpétriere Application
part part
of of
neuron, neuron,
the the
of of
c.2.8. c.2.8.
preoccupations preoccupations
with with
X X
(physical (physical
used used
four four
of of the the
et aL), Austria. Application of psychiatrical methods and procedures: in obstretrics-gynecology,
the the
substances substances
the the
of of
and and
respectively respectively
remain remain
al., al., long long
various clinical/social cases. use
has has
involvement involvement
most most
neuro-fibrilar neuro-fibrilar
use use and and
C. Surgery, obstretrics-gynecology, ophthalmology, otorino-Iaringology, et
vegetative vegetative
he he
Austria. Austria.
and and
degenerative degenerative
"apparatus"). "apparatus").
clinical/social clinical/social the the
etiological etiological
oligotrenia oligotrenia
morbus: morbus:
the the
factors), factors),
factors factors
the the
metamorphosis metamorphosis
c.2.5. c.2.5.
c.2.4. c.2.4.
ferrum/steeI), ferrum/steeI),
published published
level level
infra-cells infra-cells
Contributions Contributions striat, striat,
nerves; nerves;
anatomy anatomy
Friederich, Friederich,
senility/obsolescence, senility/obsolescence,
descriptions descriptions Contacts Contacts
dermato-venerology, epidemiology, stomatology, pharmacology The
The The
The The
pharmacologia. pharmacologia.
Surgery, Surgery,
methods methods
al.), al.),
Psychiatry Psychiatry
c.2. c.2.
dermato-venerology, dermato-venerology,
C. C.
various various
et et
B. B.
psychotropic psychotropic nervous nervous
mescaline, mescaline,
functions, functions, psyho psyho
Physics Physics
Physika: Physika:
the the
anatomo-clinical anatomo-clinical 196 196 The contributions ofCajal and Marinescu to the "Universe ofNeurons" 197
These disciplines were studied by this medicus eruditus in their general lines, in connection with "pure" medical problems (neurological, endocrinal, psychiatrical, et al.).
D. Medical radiology
The radio-methods derived from the properties of the X rays, which are the new "force" of radio-graphy, and radio-terapy were used irnmediately and with good results.
a. The practicant -in work in Paris, in the service of professeur docteur Charcot,- has used the princeps installation Hurmusescu-Benoist, which was at hand; with this good instrumentum he has obtained radiographies of sorne interesting cases (acromegalle, poli-dactilia, et al.), later have used routinearly such graphies'
b. The radio-images of members of sorne persons with acromegalia are the first in history
at
of
197
of
are
of
by
and by
has
first
has
E. Hygienic and Social Medicine sorne
book
was
and which
general
docteur
the
of
contacts
personal
which in
interprete
1909
results
life
(studies
endocrina!,
The activity was intensive, quasi permanentroutinearly in various forms (studies of
mainly
are
prevention,
their
which
in difficult situations, organization of sorne medical actions, prevention, by
the
in and
rays,
hypophysis
used
works profilaxia, social help, education,immediately enquires, controls, phylantropia, contacts
of
forms
X
prestigious
and
known
with "social dealers" (in factories, schools; in polítical positions), personal Paris professeur
positions),
the
actions,
the
have
used
example, co-workers with efficient personalities; the humanist-scientist has gland
in
of
humanist-scientist
radiographies
phylantropia,
eruditus
of
appear 1892). was acromegalia
ofNeurons"
by
secretion condemned the existence of the extremely difficult conditions of thevarious life and of
(neurological,
system
the
later
in
the
were
in
the work of peasants and industrial workers. conditions
with
al.),
political
of
printed
service
inner medical
al.),
et
century medicus
in
obtained F. Endocrinology controls, et
"Universe
properties nervous
Hurmusescu-Benoist,
the
problems
operated
difficult
with
this
has
of persons
the
the
sorne In the last two decades of in the XIX-th century appear works in which
by
to
radio-terapy
was XIX-th nerveuse
he
personalities;
schools;
destruction Romanian scientists describe the glands with inner secretion and interprete neurohisthology:
of
enquires,
sorne
workers. from
glands
medica! the
quasi permanent and their bio-acti vity . acromegalia.
Paris,
experimental of
the
the
installation
extremely
poli-dactilia,
of
studied
on
cellule
the
in
tectomia
Marinescu
a. Anatomo-c1inical researches on acromegalia. the
efficient
derived
"pure"
factories,
/La
were
of
industrial
and
education,
applied
intensive,
work
Medicine
instrumentum
members
princeps
(in b. Experimental endocrinology the destruction of the gland hypophysis by decades
with
organization morpho-pathology
with cell
describe
and
of
radio-graphy,
researches
cauterize/sear (the hypophize tectomia-in was operated in 1892). and was
the to
help,
hypophize
two
(acromegalle,
good
of
o/Caja!
al.). endocrinology
Social
existence
et
disciplines
used G. Morphology (anatomo-clinical,
· (the
last
dealers"
nervous
and
this
radiology
radio-methods
the
peasants
activity social cases
studied
results.
scientists
has
co-workers
situations,
connection the
"force" of
Has studied and applied thepracticant neurohisthology: was known mainly by
The
These
The
radio-images
with The
in
In
Has
good sorne contributions to morpho-pathology of nervousgraphies system and by results"social of
contributions
bio-activity.
contributions
new
Medica!
work
The
researches
Hygienic
history-
his researches (anatomo-c1inical, experimental et al.),The by the prestigious book
Experimental
Morphology
Endocrinology
Anatomo-clinical
The
lines,
psychiatrical, D.
the with a.
Charcot,-
hand; interesting such
b.
in
E. difficult with
example, condemned
the profilaxia, entitled The nervous cel! /La cel!ule nerveuse printed in Paris in 1909 has F.
Romanian their a.
b. cauterize/sear
G.
sorne his
entitled 198 L. A. Sofonea
taken the attention of scientists which has studied the normal and pathological status of Homo; has made one of the first reaction in histo-chemistry in Romania.
H. Physiology
The function of the Machina humana/masina omeneasca was a permanent challenge for the studious, tenacious, meditative multivallenced medicus.
a. Medical genetics: has made sorne investigations'
b. Bio-physical-chemistry of colloids: is an advanced particular Science of Nature which seems to give the solution to the principal problems of the organism biology because the troubles of equilibrium of bio-colloids produce sorne disease (the process of aging et al.).
c. Biotypology: reaction to the limits of monocausal etiologism, consideration
of a constitutionalist medicine (the science of "pathological"/favorable bio
in in a a
"terrain"/ground). of
of of
of of
in in
for for
has has
the the
was was
(the (the
bio
of of quality, quality,
1. Legal Medicine, Farmacy, was Veterinary medicine
Sofonea Sofonea
decisive decisive
used used
Petrache Petrache
produce produce
status status
. .
scientific scientific
A
behaviour, behaviour,
casus casus
pathogenic pathogenic
Science Science
guidance guidance
scientist scientist
of of
L. L.
the the pathological pathological
These phormae Medicinae were studied by the multilateral scientist for Romanía
consideration consideration
sorne sorne
the the
multivallenced multivallenced paysan paysan
their implications (in praxis: therapeutical situations, social situations). in
on on
sorne sorne
problems problems
and and
convinctions convinctions in: in:
Animated by humanist ideas and progressist convinctions situations). has
not not
qualities: qualities:
the the
histo-chemistry histo-chemistry
in in
practica! practica!
omeneasca omeneasca (professional (professional
"invested" an intense activity in the domain bio-colloids popularization of scientific
particular particular
of of
al.). al.).
in in
places; places;
charlatans/controversed charlatans/controversed of of
medical knowledges and afforded a great part of his energy in: the guidance multilateral of
"excentrica!" "excentrica!"
et et
normal normal
social social
etiologism, etiologism,
energy energy
1936; 1936; meditative meditative
the population which was leamed to adopt theprincipal hygienical practical behaviour,
the the
and and
popularization popularization
· ·
the the
his his
visions visions
preoccupied preoccupied
"pathological"/favorable "pathological"/favorable and and
the investigation of the reality of the social determinism in sorne pathogenic in
by by
hygienical hygienical
progressist progressist
the the
reaction reaction
of of
advanced advanced
physicians physicians
of of determinism determinism
situations (epidermias, professional diseases) and "excentrical" casus (the the
to to
the the
pilgrimage pilgrimage
extraordinary extraordinary
hypnosis, hypnosis,
also also
of of an an
miraculous cures, the danger of superstitions and charlatans/controversed situations,
equilibrium equilibrium
and and
studied studied
part part
first first
domain domain
humana/masina humana/masina
and and
monocausal monocausal
tenacious, tenacious,
medicine medicine studied studied
persons, the cures achieved in the religious is pilgrimage places; in Romania was
of of
social social
diseases) diseases)
has has
of of
adopt adopt
help help
science science
al.). al.).
with with the the
en vogue the village Maglavit in Oltenia and the visions of the paysan Petrache the
great great
superstitions superstitions
investigations
permanently permanently
solution solution
the the
to to
et et
ideas ideas
a a religious religious
Lupu; this phenomenon was searched also in 1936; not sorne decisive were
of of
the the
in in
Oltenia Oltenia
searched searched
of of
(the (the
of of
limits limits position). position).
conclusion which were published); was permanently preoccupied on the status of
the the
the the
troubles troubles
of of
in in
was was
Machina Machina
studious, studious,
colloids: colloids:
sorne sorne
therapeutical therapeutical
one one
Veterinary Veterinary aging aging
health education and of that of the help of physicians (professional quality, in
the the
was was
of of
leamed leamed
the the
endowed endowed
the the
of of
that that
the the (parapsychology, (parapsychology,
deontology, social honourable position). afforded
give give
to to
reality reality
professional professional
danger danger
activity activity
made made
humanist humanist
Medicinae Medicinae
of of
made made
was was
to to
medicine medicine
of of
for for
praxis: praxis:
scientists scientists
and and
Maglavit Maglavit
the the has has
J. Heterodoxical medicine the
honourable honourable
by by
Farmacy, Farmacy,
achieved achieved
of of
and and
published); published); (in (in
because because
of of
process process
has has
person person
activity activity
reaction reaction
intense intense
which which seems seems
Was a person endowed with extraordinary qualities: used in a
village village
(the (the
phormae phormae
experiences experiences
phenomenon phenomenon
social social
cures cures
cures, cures,
were were an an
"mediumic" experiences function (parapsychology, hypnosis, et al.).
challenge challenge
(epidermias, (epidermias,
genetics: genetics:
the the
biology biology
Horno; Horno;
ground). ground).
the the
attention attention
knowledges knowledges
/ /
Medicine, Medicine,
this this
which which
Was Was
education education
Animated Animated
These These
The The of of
K. Publicistical activity disease
the the
implications implications
constitutionalist constitutionalist
investigation investigation
population population
Publicistical Publicistical
vogue vogue
a a
medicine medicine Heterodoxical
Bio-physical-chemistry Bio-physical-chemistry
Physiology Physiology
Biotypology: Biotypology:
Legal Legal
Medica! Medica!
K. K.
"mediumic" "mediumic"
J. J.
deontology, deontology,
health health conclusion conclusion
en en
Lupu; Lupu;
miraculous miraculous persons, persons,
situations situations
the the
the the
medica! medica!
"invested" "invested"
their their
l. l.
"terrain" "terrain"
of of
c. c.
sorne sorne
organism organism
Nature Nature
a. a.
b. b.
medicus. medicus.
permanent permanent
H. H.
Romanía. Romanía.
taken taken status status 198 198 The contributions 01 Cajal and Marinescu to the "Universe 01 Neurons" 199
Was a noticeable component of the hiper conscious intellectual.
a. Participation with an important delegation of physicians to the works of the XII-th Intemational Congress of Medicine organized in 1897 in Moscow (his communication was entitled Pathology of nervous cell).
b. Has carried with dignity the message to Romanian "medical sciences" in many cities in South America (Buenos Aires, Rosario, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro, etc.) in a successfully tour of conferences.
c. Vocation to communicate: even in the years when he has studied in reputed clinics that directed by professor Charcot in the hospital Salpétriere in Paris those in Germany (in Frankfurt: in the laboratory of Weigert; in Berlin: in the laboratory of Du Bois Reymond) -where was present for perfecting his scientific formation- was attracted by scientific publication; this attraction was not "contemplative": the student expose a series of communications at Societé de Biologie, Academie des Sciences, Societé medicale des hopitaux; has published numerous scientific articles with Brissaud et al. erninent experts; has
e
in
de
in
199
the
participated to the foundation of a prestigioushis scientific periodic La révue the
in
(his de
has the 19 has
was
Paris
of with
from
in nach néurologique. révu
of
Rio
Societé
reputed
in
París:
La
at d. Was elected as correspondent memberin of Académie de Médicine de Paris: in
appropriate
de
sciences" experts;
expressions works
1890.
Moscow
Berlin:
attraction Sciences, desires collaboration
bulbaire;
thisforum was one of representative academicus. hopitaux;
perfecting
Congress
in
the
in
Neurologisches
in
International
were
studied
this des these
to
for
periodic
des the
Salpétriere
e. Any multi-Iaterally manifestations (scientific, cultural) were appropriate : collaboration
Montevideo,
eminent
1897
Rückenmarks
at
Médicine
intellectual. "medical has
Neurons"
social frames in which were affirmed the ideas, results, projects desires of theprojects 1892.
in
al.
him
in
of
de
Neurologie, he
endowed scientist or those of the schoolWeigert; founded by him: these expressions
et
des
Congres
communications
by
present
cultural)
cell).
medicine. de
respiratoire
of were, in many cases, the "voices" of thehospital Romanian medicine.
Friedreich;
scientific
Académie
medica/e
of
physicians Rosario,
results,
publication; l'
when
de
presented
conscious the
und of
was
Universe
Romanian
(II)
de "
aigue.
organized Nerventrophik;
in Académie
Brissaud
series to
centre
nervous founded
4. OPUS ENIINENTI DOCTORAires, RUMANUS (11) ideas, years
Archives the
of a
hiper Societé
Romanian
Expérimentale,
of
laboratory
(scientific,
l'acromégalie;
le to et
,
maladie
scientific Rapport
with
conferences.
the the zur
-where
prestigious
Rendu
the
Nerven
academicus. 1. Pathologie de la cellule nerveuse. Rapport presented at the Congress from the
la myélite
the
of
in de scu a
by
delegation school
Charcot Moskow.
e of
Medicine
of sur
message Moskow in 1897; published in Moskow. expose
in
de
(Buenos
de
member in 1892. RUMANUS
of
der
of
the
tour
2. Sur l'anatomie pathologique de la maladie de Friedreich;articles in collaboration
Sciences
even Médicine
Biologie
the
Pathology
Marin affirmed
Compte
nerveuse. with P. Blocq; Sociéte de Biologie et Archives de Neurologie, 1890. of
Beitrag
618,
de
de
attracted
Reymond)
student des
1900. and 3. Über die Veranderung der Nerven und des Rückenmarks nach important
professor p.
"voices"
,
manifestations
were
America
Gad;
component
Frankfurt:
Amputationen,· ein Beitrag zur Nerventrophik; Neurologisches published representative
those
was the an
DOCTOR ein
dignity
by
Congress 15, traitement entitled cellule
the
scientific
pathologique
foundation
Bois
Caja! Centralblatt, No. 15, p. 618, 1892. of pathologique
(in
or
Sociéte
la
successfully le
correspondent
with
Archives
of
expérimentales
No. was with
which a 4. Sur l'anatomie pathologique de l'acromégalie; in collaboration with Veriinderung
South
with the
1897;
de
1892.
Du
communicate:
one et as
cases,
Academie
Bordeaux
in Pierre Marie; Archives de Médicine Expérimentale, 1892. in
in in
,
to
to
directed
,
noticeable of
Blocq;
5. La nature et le traitement de myélite aigue. Congres Intemational de die was
numerous
a
Marie;
formation-
scientist
anatomie
EMINENTI ' Germany
etc.) P.
l'anatomie
many multi-laterally
carried
Médicine, Bordeaux, 1900. l that
International
as
elected nature
cities
frames in
in
6. RecherchesW expérimentales sur le centre respiratoire bulbaire; in
contributions
Über Pathologie Moskow with
Biologie Sur
Centralblatt, Amputationen; Sur Pierre
Médicine La
collaboration Recherches September,
Has
Participation
Any Vocation
collaboration with Gad; Compte Rendu de l' Acadérnie des Was Sciences, 19 OPUS
.
The
a.
XII-th communication
b many Janeiro, c. clinics
those laboratory scientific not "contemplative": de
published participated néurologique. d.
thisforum
e. social
endowed were, l.
4.
2. September, 1892. 3.
4. 5.
6. 200 L.A. S%nea
7. La transplantation des ganglions nerveux; in collaboration with 1. Minea; Compte Rendu de l' Académie des Sciences, 25 February, 1907. 8. Des connexions du corps strié aver le lobe frontal; Société de Biologie, 2 February, 1895. 9. Sur un cas de tremblement parkinsonien hémiplégique symptomatique d'une tumeur du pédoncule cérébral; in collaboration with P. Blocq, Société de Biologie, 1893. 10. Su un cas de lésion traumatique du trijumeau et du facian avec troubles trophiques consécutifs; in collaboration with Serieux; Archives de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique, 1893. 11. Essai sur la pathologie et le traitement de l'épilepsie; in collaboration with P. Serieux. Bruxelles, 1895; Grand Prix de l' Accadémie de Medicine de Bruxelles. 12. Studií asupra evolutiei si involutiei celulei nervoase. Bucure~ti, 1900. 13. Recherches expérimentales et anatomo-cliniques sur la représentation spinale du sympathiques cervical; in collaboration with CJ. Parhon, Congres Intemational de Neurologie et l'sychologie, Amsterdam, 1907. 14. Le cellule nerveuse, 2 volumes, 1200 pages. Encyclopédie Scientifique,
Octave Doin et Fils, Éditeurs, Paris, 1909. Preface by Santiago Ramón y
of of of of
Cajal. y
2 2
the the
the the
the the
are are
but but
de de own own
15. Materia, viata si celula, 1914. from
Award Award its its
16. Recherches anatomo-cliniques Blocq, sur la régénération d'amputations,
al.)-
with with
Sofonea Sofonea
Herpin. Herpin.
Minea; Minea;
Parhon, Parhon,
1907. 1907. penetrate penetrate
scientific scientific
troubles troubles
Ramon Ramon
Medicine Medicine
Kreindler, Kreindler,
I. I.
studied studied Marinescu Marinescu et et
A. A. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1916. Award
P. P.
1900. 1900.
to to
system) system)
consider consider
Biologie, Biologie,
L. L.
persons persons
de de
Scientifique, Scientifique,
1916. 1916. C.I. C.I.
Achucarro. influences
collaboration collaboration
Archives Archives
avec avec
has has
and and
représentation représentation
de de
d'amputations, d'amputations,
with with Award Award
17. Encefalita letargica, symptomatique Bucure~ti, 1920.
with with
ambient, ambient,
tried tried
in in
1907. 1907.
and and
have have
Shrerringhton. Shrerringhton.
the the
la la
Santiago Santiago
18. Des réflexes conditionnels; with A. Kreindler, with Paris, 1934. Award Herpin.
of of
realisations realisations
activities, activities,
has has
by by
Gheorghe Gheorghe
1934. 1934.
Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
Sager Sager Bucure~ti, Bucure~ti,
19. Le tonus des muscles facian striés; with Ionescu-Sisesti, Sager and Kreindler,
(structure, (structure,
by by
London, London,
they they
sur sur
Société Société
Serieux; Serieux; scientifer scientifer
Bucure~ti, du
Accademia Romana, 1937. Accadémie Preface signed by Shrerringhton.
responsibility responsibility
and and
under under
of of
both both
et et February, February,
20. Reflexele conditionate, Bucure~ti, 1936. Encyclopédie
signed signed
Paris, Paris, 'épilepsie; 'épilepsie;
l l
collaboration collaboration
del' del'
visions, visions,
"mechanism"/inter-activity "mechanism"/inter-activity
with with
intellectuals intellectuals
25 25 régénération régénération
civic civic
Preface Preface
hémiplégique hémiplégique
conditions conditions
"items" "items"
collaboration collaboration
etc.; etc.;
Cajal Cajal
contiguous contiguous frontal; frontal;
in in nervoase. nervoase.
de de
medicus medicus
y y
Society Society
neuron neuron
collaboration collaboration
in in
Prix Prix
la la
the the
pages. pages.
l'sychologie, l'sychologie,
Preface Preface predecessors predecessors
5. LAUS MEDICORUM 1893.
lobe lobe
1909. 1909.
in in
vivid vivid
et et
trijumeau trijumeau
the the
Ionescu-Sisesti, Ionescu-Sisesti,
another another Kreindler, Kreindler,
statical statical
le le
celulei celulei
1936. 1936.
with with
sur sur
Royal Royal
Sciences, Sciences,
tiredness tiredness
1200 1200
a a
Ramon Ramon
Grand Grand
(in (in
du du
nerveux; nerveux;
erudition, erudition,
A. A.
of of
The contributions of Santiago Ramon y Cajal and Gheorghe Marinescu 1937.
complicate complicate
anatomo-cliniques anatomo-cliniques
eminents eminents
1920. 1920.
of of
París, París,
as as
traitement traitement
with with
the the
aver aver
leamed leamed des des
-articled by their temperaments, cérébral; erudition, visions, activities, scientific
many many
parkinsonien parkinsonien
collaboration collaboration
(philanthropy, (philanthropy,
et et
the the
le le
of of
with with
cervical; cervical;
1895; 1895; entity entity
vocation, personal endowments (philanthropy, civic responsibility et al.)- are not
in in
involutiei involutiei
strié strié
and and
Neurologie Neurologie
et et
their their
1914. 1914. Santiago Santiago
recognized by the scientists and many another intellectuals and persons from Bucure~ti,
Pathologique, Pathologique,
volumes, volumes,
striés; striés;
si si
ganglions ganglions
intricate intricate
patiens). patiens).
de de
of of
pressure pressure
Bucure~ti, Bucure~ti,
2 2
of of Éditeurs, Éditeurs,
"cornmon people" (sanus, patiens). et
Bucure~ti, Bucure~ti,
1893. 1893.
traumatique traumatique
continuously, continuously,
Académie Académie
corps corps
des des biotical biotical
Opposite to many pédoncule of their leamed predecessors they have consider the
the the
l' l'
celula, celula,
temperaments, temperaments,
functions); functions);
modifications) modifications)
Bruxelles, Bruxelles,
nervoasal nervoasal
Fils, Fils,
tremblement tremblement
du du
many many
nervous cell/celula nervoasal not as a statical "items" (structure, system) but endowments
scientists scientists
de de
(sanus, (sanus,
in in si si
du du
muscles muscles
Transactions Transactions
evolutiei evolutiei
anatomo-cliniques anatomo-cliniques
et et
lésion lésion
pathologie pathologie
to to conditionnels; conditionnels;
as a dynamical micro biotical entity (in vivid contiguous realisations with the and
expérimentales expérimentales
de de
sympathiques sympathiques
micro micro
consécutifs; consécutifs;
Romana, Romana,
Normale Normale
the the
nerveuse, nerveuse,
letargica, letargica,
their their
conditionate, conditionate,
Biologie, Biologie,
de de la la changing changing
environment; changing continuously, with the conditions of ambient, its own des
1895. 1895.
viata viata
temperature, temperature,
Intemational Intemational
du du
cas cas
(status, (status,
by by
Rendu Rendu
Doin Doin
contributions contributions de de
structure, forms and functions); the eminents Serieux. medicus scientifer has studied the
people" people"
tumeur tumeur
cas cas
forms forms
asupra asupra
by by personal personal
sur sur
of of
MEDICORUM MEDICORUM
cell/celula cell/celula
P. P.
réflexes réflexes
behaviour (status, un modifications) of the neuron under the influences of
connexions connexions
tonus tonus
cellule cellule
Opposite Opposite
The The
un un essentially essentially
variation transplantation of temperature, pressure of tiredness etc.; both has tried to penetrate
dynamical dynamical
Accademia Accademia
Reflexele Reflexele
Achucarro. Achucarro.
Le Le
Encefalita Encefalita
Des Des Philosophical Philosophical
Materia, Materia,
Recherches Recherches
Cajal. Cajal.
Octave Octave
Congres Congres
spinale spinale Le Le
Recherches Recherches
Bruxelles. Bruxelles. de
with with
Studii Studii
Essai Essai
Physiologie Physiologie trophiques trophiques
Société Société
Su Su
d'une d'une
Sur Sur
February, February,
Compte Compte Des Des La La
more essentially in the intricate complicate "mechanism"/inter-activity of a
LAUS LAUS
more more
variation variation
. .
structure, structure,
behaviour behaviour
as as
environment; environment;
nervous nervous
"common "common
vocation, vocation,
recognized recognized -articled -articled
5. 5.
19. 19.
18. 18.
17. 17.
20. 20.
16. 16.
15. 15.
14. 14.
12. 12.
13. 13.
11. 11.
10. 10.
9
8. 8.
7. 7. 200 200 The contributions of Cajal and Marinescu to the "Universe ofNeurons" 201
function of this complex "atom of life", they are successfully conceived new methods of investigation useful for the discovery of the causes of (nervous) illnesses and of appropriate means for the medicus engaged in the complex struggle against various the distortions of the nervous system. In their opus magnus they have clearly synthesized the knowledgement (ideas, facts, methods and procedures; problernatic aspects, sorne visions) accumulated by scientists until their up to dated moment -rnarker in the "flow of ideas" - considerable enriched with nurnerous new data fruits of their personal researches. These opus-es are in many sides, still valid a posteriori: after five decenies, even nowadays; and by this quality are a fundamental test of the modern neurology, and two examples of scientia perenis.
6. BIBLIOGRAPHIA
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the
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1963.
fundamental
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e
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successfully
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la
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romaneasca", Bratescu
istoria
in la
are 7. Marinescu, Gh.synthesized (1963): O suta de ani de la nasterea marelui savant
de
philosophy New
nervous la
Historiographie Biologiei",
medicus
nasterii
Dictionarul
"Universe
de
G.
still
Gheorghe Marinescu, "Spitalul", Bucarest, vol. LXXVI, January-March,Oxford. February,
dated Din
problematic
the
they
numerous
Gheorghe
ani
der
and discovery
central
the the
"Viata 1963. scientia
to quality
ani dr.
scienziato printed
ingrijirea Seria
clearly
of
to Bucuresti.
anide
Bucarest,
of 8. Marinescu, Gh. (1963): O suta de ani de la nasterea savantului roman de
the
up
sides,
for
al. Stuttgart.
de
(1938): de
life'', with
this
de
Berlín,
Pro! Dr. Gh. Marinescu, "Natura, Seria Biologiei", Bucarest, No. 1, pp. (1963):
neurology.
(sub have
for history following.
of
S.A.,
1970. suta nerveux
80-81. by Centenarul
Gh.
of their
suta
M. grande
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many "Natura,
suta
the
,
means O 9. Draganescu, S. (1963): O suta de ani de la nasterea Pro!Geschichte Dr. Gheorghe
procedures;
they Kultur,
The
Marinescu,
O
Trieste.
Marinescu
distortions
examples
O Milcu et
and
in
(a Symposium).
"Spitalul", Un
useful until Marinescu, "Glasul Patriei", Berlin, February, 1963. (Articles of A. nascita
"atom
enriched
C.I.
and
Patriei",
Zur
und Gh.
sisteme and the St.
and
history
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(1963):
are
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universale
A
la
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Steriade
Le
(1963): 10. Voiculescu, V. y Steriade, M. (1963): Din istoriaParís. cunoasterii creierului. (1958):
magnus Dr.
(1963):
l.
(1963):
and y
Avramescu, Romaneasca.
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(1963):
appropriate
page
y
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complex o/Caja! S. de scientists
various
Adrian, "Glasul
Gh. V.
nowadays;
Gh.
Medizin
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Prof
methods
Marinescu,
its
(1959): of
l.
opus-es
P.
A.
Gh. T.
(1899):
by
Redactorii:
F.N.L.
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Cartea
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against
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Marinescu, 80-81.
Prof Draganescu, Kreindler, ideas" Marinescu, Voiculescu,
Sofonea, Bucuresti. centenario
Assigurazzioni
Bologa), Istoria Editura Editura Medicala, Bucuresti, 1970. BIBLIOGRAPHIA
The
function methods struggle illnesses (ideas,
accumulated of
personal decenies, modern l.
6.
2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
10. 9. 11.
12. 202 L. A. Sofonea
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a a
a a
si si
istorie istorie
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Nicolau, Nicolau,
y y
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(dir.) (dir.)
y y
M. M.
Stiintifica Stiintifica
románesti. románesti.
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I. I.
St. St.
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