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Water Crisis and Agricultural Development in Palestine

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Water Crisis and Agricultural Development in Palestine ISBN: 978-9950-391-00-0 Water Crisis and Agricultural Development in Palestine WCADP 2012 Published by: Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie Tulkarm , West Bank, Palestine. 2012, Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie Edited by: Mahmoud Rahail, Basel Natsheh. Printed by: ii Conference Proceeding LIST Of CONTENTS LIST Of CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgement.................................................................................................................................................................................. v CONFERENCE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE ...................................................................................................................vii CONFERENCE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ......................................................................................................................viii Conference Chairman ........................................................................................................................................................................xi An Updated Water Budget for the Western Aquifer Basin and Potential for Agricultural Development in the West Bank, Palestine .............................................................................................................................1 Agriculture and the Need for A Water Strategy in Palestine ....................................................................................19 Future Trends in Agricultural Water Management and Institutional Innovations in Palestine .............25 Climate Change and Opportunities to Reduce its Impacts on Agriculture and Water, and Conflict Risks in Palestine. ..................................................................................................................................................39 Agriculture Water Demand Management Under Vulnerable Climate Changes in Gaza Strip ...........53 Impacts of Potential Climate Change on Rainfed Agriculture in Jenin District, Palestine .....................61 Drought-Induced Socioeconomic Changes Among Herding Communities in Southern West Bank Area ....................................................................................................................................................................................75 Evaluation of Treated Wastewater Reuse Regulations and Standards in Palestine ................................85 Characterization of Grey Water from Country-Side .......................................................................................................95 Decentralized Water Treatment Stations in Northern Palestine ............................................................................95 Wastewater Sector Status in Palestine and Reuse Opportunities .................................................................... 103 Anaerobic Treatment of Strong Domestic Sewage in up Flow Reactors Under Fluctuating Ambient Temperature .................................................................................................................................................................... 125 Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Its Reuse for Irrigating Home Gardens (Case Study) ......... 137 Application of Different Water Harvesting Techniques as a Tool to Maximize the Plant Crop Water Requirements and Better Manage the Water Resources ........................................................... 149 Annual Variation in Spring Water Quality and Discharge in the West Bank ............................................... 155 Water Crisis and Agricultural Development in Palestine iii Tracing the Common used Agrochemicals Residues in the Groundwater System from Lower Jordan Valley Basin (Jericho/ West Bank) ........................................................................................................ 171 Using of Phytoremediation to Clean up Contaminated Soil in Wad Asamin Valley – Hebron District ................................................................................................................................................................ 177 Agriculture Practices and its Effect on Fruits, Soil and Water Quality ........................................................... 189 (Case Study: North Jordan Valley) ........................................................................................................................................ 189 Phytotoxicity and Bioconcentration of Boron in Typha Latifolia and Schoenoplectuscalifornicus ....................................................................................................................................................... 197 Salinity and Ambient Ozone Effects on Olive Leaf Gas Exchange .................................................................. 215 3 ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÕuLÞË l«Ë ∫wŽ«—eë ŸUDIë WO−Oð«d²Ý≈ w ÁUOLë 23 ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ Êu²¹eë ÃU²½≈ vKŽ qzUë ÍuCFë bOL²Ã«Ë wKOLJ²Ã« Ídë dŁ√ 33 ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆWŽ«—eë w WÄœUFë ÁUOLë «b ²Ý« …œUŽù wFL²−Lë q³I²Ã« ÈbÄ ‰uŠ WO¦×Ð WÝ«—œ 49 ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ WOL×Lë UŽË—eLë Í— w wMODKHë Ÿ—«eLë bMŽ —«dIë –U ð« WOì ‰uŠ WÝ«—œ 65 ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ W¹ËdLë WŽ«—eë vKŽ —«už_« WIDMÄ w ·UH−ë dOŁQð iv Conference Proceeding Acknowledgement The Water Crisis and Agricultural Development in Palestine (WCADP, 2012) Organizing committee would like to Acknowledge the Palestinian Water Authority and Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture for their generous contributions and continued support. Thanks are also extended to the following bodies for their cooperation in supporting and sponsoring the conference: • Austrian Agency for Development, • PADICO HOLDING, • GIZ, • FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization. Water Crisis and Agricultural Development in Palestine v CONFERENCE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Dr. Mahmoud Rahil Palestine Technical University Conference Chairman Dr. Basel Natsheh Palestine Technical University Dr. Daoud Abu Safieh Palestine Technical University Dr. Hajaj Hejeh Palestine Technical University Dr. Hilmi Salem Palestine Technical University Dr. Mazen Salman Palestine Technical University Dr. Nawaf Abo khalaf Palestine Technical University Dr. Saed Alkhayat Palestine Technical University Dr. Tahseen Sayara Palestine Technical University Dr. Yamen Hamdan Palestine Technical University Ahmad Ashkar Palestine Technical University Abd-Almenem Hawamdeh Palestine Technical University Kasim Abdo Ministry of Agriculture Hasan Ashkar Ministry of Agriculture Hazem Ketaneh Palestinian Water Authority Subhi Samhan Palestinian Water Authority Esam Kasim Environment Quality Authority Dr. Anan Jayousi An-Najah National University Dr. Amer Kanan Al-Quds University Dr. Nedal Mahmoud Birzeit University Dr. Shaher Hejjeh Al-Quds Open University Palestinian Agricultural Relief Committee Dr. Samer Al-Ahmad (PARC) Dr. Ayman Al-Rabi Palestinian Hydrology Group Feras Badran Applied Research Institute (ARIJ) Water Crisis and Agricultural Development in Palestine vii CONFERENCE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Dr. Basel Natsheh Palestine Technical University Head of Scientific Committee Dr. Abdel Rahman Tamimi Palestinian Hydrology Group Dr. Amer Kanan Al Quds University Dr. Amer Merie Al Quds University Dr. Anan Jayyousi An-Najah National University Prof. Christos Babajimopoulos Aristotle University of Thessaloniki- Greece Dr. Daoud Abu Safieh Palestine Technical University Dr. Hajaj Hajjeh Palestine Technical University Dr. Hani Qasem Palestinian Water Authority Dr. Hassan Abu-Qaoud An-Najah National University Dr. Hilmi Salem Palestine Technical University Dr. Karen Assaf Palestinian Water Authority Prof. Mac McKee Utah State University- USA Dr. Maher Abu-Madi Birzeit University Dr. Mahmoud Rahil Palestine Technical University Prof. Marwan Haddad An-Najah National University Dr. Mazen Salman Palestine Technical University Dr. Mohammad Abu Eid Ministry of Agriculture Dr. Munqez Shtaya An-Najah National University Dr. Nawaf Abu Khalaf Palestine Technical University Dr. Nedal Mahmoud Birzeit University Dr. Numan Mizyed An-Najah National University Dr. Saed Khayat Palestine Technical University Dr. Sameer Bsharat Palestine Technical University Dr. Tahseen Sayara Palestine Technical University Prof. Vassilis Antonopoulos Aristotle University of Thessaloniki- Greece Dr. Walid Sabbah Utah Geological Survey- USA Prof. Woodruff Miller Brigham Young University- USA Dr. Yamen Hamdan Palestine Technical University Dr. Yousef Amro Hebron University Dr. Zaher Barghouthi Ministry of Agriculture viii Conference Proceeding COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS AND SPONSORS PARTNERS SPONSERS Water Crisis and Agricultural Development in Palestine ix Conference Chairman The water problem remains one of the most controversial issues needing resolution between Israel and Palestine. The current water crisis is not only a consequence of the water scarcity in the region, but also an inherent part of the general Palestinian-Israeli conflict. For example, the Palestinians have yet to be granted their legal entitlements from the water resources they formally share with Israel. Irrigated agriculture in the West Bank constitutes less than 6% of the total Palestinian cultivated areas. There is a great potential to increase the areas under irrigation once Palestinians get their water rights from West
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