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Czech Panelã Architecture Publications Architecture 2012 Czech paneláks are disappearing, but the housing estates remain / České paneláky miznú, ale sídliská zostávajú Kimberly Elman Zarecor Iowa State University, [email protected] Eva Špačková Vysoká škola báňská - Technická univerzita Ostrava Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/arch_pubs Part of the Architectural History and Criticism Commons, and the Slavic Languages and Societies Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ arch_pubs/47. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Architecture at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Architecture Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Czech paneláks are disappearing, but the housing estates remain / České paneláky miznú, ale sídliská zostávajú Abstract A common lament about the legacy of communism in Europe is the damage that it did to the built environment. Particular ire is directed at the concrete prefabricated housing blocks, known in Czech and Slovak as paneláks (structural panel buildings), groups of which were arranged in housing estates (sídliště in Czech and sídlisko in Slovak) to create the region’s characteristic postwar districts. Paneláks were not only signs of the increased production of new housing, but also indicated the acceleration of urbanization in the region as residents moved from rural areas to towns and cities for work. According to United Nations statistics, 75 percent of the Czech population lived in urban areas by 1980, compared to only 54 percent in 1950 . These new residents were the first inhabitants of the panelák housing estates, and many of them and their families remain there today. -- Komunistickému režimu v E urópe sa zvyčajne vyčíta, že poškodil výstavbu. Hnev vzbudzujú najmä betónové prefabrikované bloky domov, v Č echách a na Slovensku nazývané panelákmi, ktoré sa v povojnových štvrtiach miest zoskupovali do sídlisk. Masová výstavba týchto budov sa často pripisuje sovietskemu vplyvu, ale príslušné technológie a ich logika majú aj lokálny pôvod, a to najmä v Č eskoslovensku, kde stavebný priemysel v medzivojnovom období bol v rámci Európy dobre rozvinutý. VČ eskej republike v súčasnosti existuje okolo 1 165 000 bytov v 80 000 panelákoch. V panelákoch žije vyše 30 % obyvateľov krajiny (približne 3,1 miliónov ľudí), z toho 40 % obyvateľov Prahy. Sídliská sú extrémne štandardizované a nachádzajú sa vo všetkých mestách. Príspevok je venovaný otázke zaznamenávania a pamiatkovej ochrane tohto dedičstva komunizmu v súčasnej podobe v protiklade k spontánnemu procesu renovácie a zmien, ktorým v súčasnosti panelové domy prechádzajú. Disciplines Architectural History and Criticism | Slavic Languages and Societies Comments This article is from Architektura & urbanizmus 46 (2012): 288–301. Posted with permission. This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/arch_pubs/47 Commercial center in Fifejdy Housing Estate, 2012 obchodné centrum na sídlisku fifejdy, 2012 Photo Foto: kimberly elman zarecor kimberly elman zarecor, eva špačková czecH PANELÁKS are disappearing, bUt tHe HoUsing ESTATES REMAIN české PANELÁKY Miznú, ale SÍDLISKÁ ZOSTÁVAJÚ komunistickému režimu v Európe sa zvyčajne režim otváral medzinárodným kontaktom a verej- vyčíta, že poškodil výstavbu. Hnev vzbudzujú naj- ným debatám, architekti začali bezprostredne rea- mä betónové prefabrikované bloky domov, v Če- govať na globálne trendy povojnového urbanizmu. chách a na slovensku nazývané panelákmi, ktoré Upustilo sa od tradičných diagramov mestských sa v povojnových štvrtiach miest zoskupovali do blokov s definovanými ulicami a paneláky sa sídlisk. Masová výstavba týchto budov sa často stavali podľa voľných kompozícií v prirodzenom pripisuje sovietskemu vplyvu, ale príslušné tech- prostredí, tak, ako to predstavovali modernisti ako nológie a ich logika majú aj lokálny pôvod, a to Le Corbusier. V sedemdesiatych a osemdesiatych najmä v Československu, kde stavebný priemy- rokoch 20. storočia sa paneláky stavali rýchlym sel v medzivojnovom období bol v rámci európy tempom, ale ich kompozícia sa čoraz väčšmi dobre rozvinutý. V Českej republike v súčasnosti podriaďovala ekonomickým obmedzeniam a ne- existuje okolo 1 165 000 bytov v 80 000 panelá- prihliadalo sa na zistené nedostatky stavieb. archi- koch. v panelákoch žije vyše 30 % obyvateľov tekti sa snažili reagovať na kritiku vzťahujúcu sa na krajiny (približne 3,1 miliónov ľudí), z toho 40 % anonymitu a monotónnosť stavieb, ktorým chýbal obyvateľov prahy. sídliská sú extrémne štandar- autentický mestský duch, a navrhovali pestrejšie dizované a nachádzajú sa vo všetkých mestách. plány so špecifickými charakteristikami; avšak len príspevok je venovaný otázke zaznamenávania a málokto z nich uspel pri prekonávaní spomenu- pamiatkovej ochrane tohto dedičstva komunizmu tých problémov. v súčasnej podobe v protiklade k spontánnemu po udalostiach roku 1989 sa viacerí domnie- procesu renovácie a zmien, ktorým v súčasnosti vali, že české paneláky budú nahradené novými panelové domy prechádzajú. stavbami, keďže sa nevyhnutne rozpadnú a pri- existuje rozdiel medzi štandardizovanými bu- pomínajú ľuďom komunistickú minulosť, na ktorú dovami na sídliskách a ich urbanizmom. štandar- by radi zabudli. nestalo sa tak: obytné bloky dizácia budov nemusela nevyhnutne znamenať komunistickej éry zostali nedotknuté a stále sa identickosť, ale možnosti boli obmedzené. bytové využívajú. táto situácia nastoľuje pre architektov jednotky a stavebné plány sa mohli prispôsobiť a pamiatkarov dva problémy: takýchto budov je lokálnym podmienkam a v niektorých prípa- veľa a je potrebné sa rozhodnúť, čo je dostatočne doch architekti mali prostriedky či povolenie na hodnotné pre zachovanie a ochranu. súpis má to, aby navrhli špecifické riešenie. Urbanizmus hodnotu ako historický prameň, ale keď nemá za sídlisk však zodpovedal lokálnym podmienkam cieľ identifikáciu dedičstva, celoštátna inventa- a populárnym predstavám o urbanizme, ktoré boli rizácia panelových sídlisk by bola zbytočná, ob- KIMBERLY ELMAN rozšírené v čase ich projektovania. všetky sídlis- ťažná a drahá. systém identifikácie a pamiatkovej ZARECOR, PhD. ká zdieľali dve základné charakteristiky: obytné ochrany budov v českej republike je skôr byrokra- budovy boli postavené masovo podľa jednotnej tický než participačný a ešte väčšmi komplikuje Iowa State University Department of Architecture urbanistickej koncepcie a ich architektúra zod- situáciu, lebo neberie do úvahy verejnú mienku. 156 College of Design povedala štandardizovaným typom, ktoré boli v viacerí majitelia aktívne vystupujú proti tomu, aby Ames, Iowa 50011 danom roku bežné. sa budovy označili ako historické dedičstvo, lebo U.S.A. prvé sídliská boli vybudované na začiatku päť- to zvyšuje náklady a vedie k neželanej kontrole [email protected] desiatych rokov 20. storočia, ešte predtým, ako sa plánovaných zlepšení. začali bežne uplatňovať technológie prefabrikácie. otázka vlastníctva ešte väčšmi komplikuje veci. ing. arch. EVA ŠPAČKOVÁ tieto príklady socialistického realizmu zachovávali paneláky boli postavené väčšinou socialistickým vysoká škola báňská - tradičnú štruktúru mestských blokov so systémom štátom, niekedy tiež bytovými družstvami, ktoré technická univerzita ostrava hlavných a vedľajších ulíc a čiastočne uzavretých fakulta stavební štát kontroloval, alebo štátnymi podnikmi, ktoré katedra architektury nádvorí. počas druhej polovice päťdesiatych rokov potom rozdeľovali byty svojim zamestnancom. ludvíka podéště 1875/17 sa architektúra začala prikláňať k panelovej tech- po roku 1989 sa domy a bytové jednotky pre- 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba nológii a urbanistická štruktúra ulíc bola oslabená. vádzali na obce, ktoré tento majetok postupne Czech republic na začiatku šesťdesiatych rokov, v čase, keď sa predávali, sprvu výhradne nájomníkom bytov, [email protected] 290 XLV I, 2012, 3 – 4 alebo ich spoločenstvám. postupne sa predaj a pomaľované výraznými farbami. dokonca aj bytov a domov stal aj predmetom otvoreného v prípade panelákov v najkvalitnejších sídliskách trhu. budovy v rámci jedného sídliska často patria je ochrana problematická. architekt viktor rudiš, rôznym vlastníckym štruktúram. preto sídliská, jeden z tvorcov sídliska lesná v brne, verejne vy- ktoré boli naplánované a postavené ako celok, sú stúpil proti jeho zaradeniu medzi pamiatky, lebo v súčasnosti rozdelené medzi mnohými majiteľmi podľa neho sídlisko stratilo svoju architektonickú a záujmovými skupinami a pokusy koordinovať či hodnotu kvôli rozsiahlej rekonštrukcii. napriek udržiavať sídliská ako kompletné celky alebo do- tvrdeniam autorov, že národný súpis s cieľom stať pod ochranu všetky ich časti sa neuveriteľne zaradenia do zoznamu pamiatok nie je v Českej komplikujú. republike možný, budovy podliehajú ochrane na rozdiel od ochrany v iných kontextoch nik- v inom zmysle: poskytujú domov pre tri milióny to nemá záujem o ochranu „pôvodnej hodnoty“ ľudí. ich demolácia nie je možná. aj keď sa to, čo panelákov, keďže ich nedostatky boli zrejmé od zostáva, líši od pôvodného návrhu, budovy stále začiatku ich existencie. problém sa komplikuje plnia potreby svojich obyvateľov, čo môže byť rozsiahlou rekonštrukciou mnohých paneláko- najväčším prínosom
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