American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 5-6, May-June 2019 [email protected]

SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

Manuscript info: Received April 12, 2018., Accepted May 17, 2018., Published June 20, 2019.

APPLICATION OF BIONIC ARCHITECTURE IN BUILDINGFACADES OF MODERNMATERIALS

Yasaman Esfahanian1, Mansour Yeganeh2 M.A in architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, Email: [email protected] Corresponding author, Assistant professor of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, TarbiatModares University, Tehran, Iran, Email:[email protected]

http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2573-5616-2019-6-19

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to recognize the concept of Bionic architecture and its application in pursuit of sustainable architecture compatible with nature as well as the production of absorbentlight materials in the facade of the building. The present research is based on the purpose of the applied research type. Applied research is a type of research that is conducted in accordance with the needs and activities of the communities and humanity and is based on the nature and method of the type of descriptive-analytic blend. Related Information are collected based on the library resources, articles, and site books and then analyzed. The research results show that although the bionic architecture seems to cost more, the long-term cost will be offset by saving energy, avoiding maintenance, and long and useful life. Research findings also show that the LSF structure, which is a very lightweight and earthquake resistant structure, can be used in the bionic architecture. Keywords: Bio architecture, Facades, Material, Smart, Energy

Recommended citation: Yasaman Esfahanian, Mansour Yeganeh. APPLICATION OF BIONIC ARCHITECTURE IN BUILDINGFACADES OF MODERNMATERIALS. 5-6. American Journal of Research P. 192-202 (2019).

1-introduction human's pursuit of nature is seen in Humanity always has long been the works of engineering and the art inspired by nature in its of architecture, which has created construction.Throughout the history beautiful and diverse works. The of evolution, if the path of human bionic architecture is the inspiration movement is distanced from the for nature in the design of the behavior of nature, it causes the building. means biodiversity phenomena to appear as natural or the use of fictitious organs of damage or special dilemmas.The nature. What is nowadays a special

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192 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 5-6, May-June 2019 [email protected] feature of engineering projects is that consisting of an architect, structural experts from different angles of designer, designer of electrical and architecture and engineering are mechanical installations with a view trying to move onthis way.But what to utilizing nature and the principle is needed in designing buildings in of minimum energy consumption the third millennium is the subject and green architecture with each of coordination and interaction other so that the design is created between architecture and technology optimally (Fayez, 1396).In recent in this regard (yeganeh. et al. years, many happiness fell to the 2018).This paper tries to investigate ecology of the planet caused people the originality of the project from a to reconsider in many industries.In structural and architectural point of the area of architecture, the study view and in line with the natural of the type of materials and how behavior and life-style needs of to construct structures and their technology based on this centuryand design led architects to inspire suggests that in the third nature in various forms to millennium, the path of training and definitions such as Bionic designing of buildings should be architecture of sustainable shaped by the creation of a team architecture and energy uptake.

Fig1: Natural ecosystems are characterized mainly by locally adopted and integrated processes

In the meantime, exploring the desert climate and use a variety of design of structures based on the materials (clay and brick) to make Bionic architecture and inspiration the best stand.The past architect also from nature in the past also brings lived in nature, and, besides utilizing the way to their future. Our nature, always paid attention to the traditional architecture, in the same fact that he did not harm to nature beautyhasa very good performance but he learned most of the lessons and strength, and it shows well in from natural design techniques ancient times, with the least facilities (salighe, 2016).Considering the and the best design, they have made technology and cost of consuming the climate more desirable in the materials and the use of the latest

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193 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 5-6, May-June 2019 [email protected] technology achievements in the first used by Jack Steel at a conference construction industry was the first called "Vital Models, a Key to New statement in this style of architecture Technologies" in the 1960s. Bionic of the Bionics, followed by structural science examines the structures and systems and new building materials patterns in nature and their use in entered into the realm of architecture solving human problems. This which featured the science does not seek to copy or technology.Bionics' term consists of imitate nature only, but aims at the combining the two words of biology proper patterning of knowledge to mean biology and technique, derived from nature. (Golabchi, which means an art. This word was 2014).

Fig2: Sustainable Buildings based on Bio Architecture

2. Theoretical foundations and countries. Most of the energy used research background in the building is used for heating, Inspiration from nature is not a cooling, ventilation, lighting, and new idea. Over the past fifty years, so on. A small percentage of energy many biotechnologies, such as flying is used to produce building materials mechanisms based on flying birds and destruction of about 10 to 20 and insects, hardened ceramics percent. Renewable energy sources based on pearls, rubber and hard should be used to prevent the global composites based on fiber and the destruction orientation in wood, etc., represent of non-renewable resources. The the inspiration from nature and purpose of this research is to bionic. In the first decade of the 21st recognize the concept of Bionic century, the amount of Bionic architecture and its application in research has been developed. pursuit of sustainable architecture Climate change, reducing fossil fuels compatible with nature as well as and increasing energy consumption the production of light absorbing are one of the biggest problems materials. today.The building sector consumes 2-1.Bionic in architecture more than a third of the total energy The goal of architects is to get and is the largest source of into the Bionic world of architectural greenhouse gas emissions in most innovation. Architects are

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194 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 5-6, May-June 2019 [email protected] investigating in common areas of 4 Form: Form is one of the most architecture and biology to identify important criteria in architectural appropriate patterns and discover design. In Bionic architecture, the innovative ideas and transfer mere transfer of natural forms to biological properties to architecture. architecture is not significant. Bionic architecture can be divided Therefore, the relationship between into six major groups: form, function, structure, and 1. Role and pattern: The nature material is very important. Form's use inspired roles are usually used in includes four subset forms of decorations; in some cases, they also animal, human, plant, and still life. have a functional role. 5. Function: Natural organisms 2. Structures: The inspiration for have evolved over hundreds of the structure of the organisms and thousands of years and have evolved its application in architecture is in terms of complexity, variety, and possible by understanding the adaptability. Humans can transform structures and mechanisms of the certain functions that come from form of living organisms. To translate natural organisms, according to natural structures into architecture, their needs, and apply them in we need to have a deep architecture. understanding of the structure and 6- Process: Inspiration for how to transfer the load in them. processes in nature that leads to the formation of phenomena is much more attractive than functional and modeling. (Golabchi 2014).

Fig3: structures inspired form bio morphs

3. Materials: Characteristics of living organisms can be transported to artificial human handmade Fig3: Bionic architecture materials. Dimensions

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2-2. Solar cells recycled materials, valuable parts of Energy demand in the modern second-hand materials are used, society and the desire for renewable however, the resulting product is and environmentally friendly energy usually of lower quality than the are constantly increasing with original material. Nowadays, the use minimal dependence on fossil fuels. of recycled materials has been very Many scientists believe that the sun much considered with regard to the as a renewable energy source can be principles of sustainable a good solution to this energy architecture. demand crisis. Therefore, solar cells 2. Biodegradable materials: The can be a good solution for using constituents of this material are solar energy. In nature, sunlight is degraded by microscopic animals in absorbed by the leaves, and when it the soil after their life and buried moves in its branches, it is converted underground. Therefore, they do not to the required chemical force by pose a threat to environmental contact with chlorophyll and carbon . and water. Plants do the 3. Biomaterials: Includes plastics photosynthesis by absorbing and other materials made from sunlight(yeganeh, Bamanian, 2012). renewable sources. a research that is currently being considered on these materials is the use of a specific bacterium that consumes 2CO gas and is able to disassemble these plastics. 4 Intact Materials: Materials that do not affect the physical and chemical influences on them. An example of this kind of material is steel alloy. Fig4: solar application in 5 Intelligent Materials: These buildings materials, which are the main 2-3-Application of types of argument of the paper, are materials materials in architecture and products that are variability and The materials described below are able to change their intrinsic or materials and materials that have intrinsic properties in response to special and practical potential in the physical and chemical effects in a field of architecture and construction. reversible manner. This list is based on the 6 Hybrid or Linked Materials: characteristics, structure, and These materials are made up of at characteristics of these materials: least two different combinations. Like 1. Recycled Materials: These the combination of natural and materials are mainly made of artificial compounds. second-hand materials and clean 7. Materials with Fossil Layer waste. Used for the preparation of Structure: These are a kind of

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196 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 5-6, May-June 2019 [email protected] aggregate with gradual joined layers. these materials are capable of being This material is the result of a varied and able to change their continuous change in the properties shape, form, color, and energy in a of materials. An example of this kind reversible manner in response to the of is crude oil that created from physical or chemical effects of the putting of multiple layers over many environment. If we categorize years. materials into non-intelligent, semi- 8 Nanomaterials (nanoscale intelligent, and intelligent materials, materials) are materials made of the first group, ie, non-intelligent nanoscale materials (one billionths) materials, does not have a specific and have a lot of points in common attribute; semi-intelligent materials with smart materials. Materials with can only change their shape and a nanoscale structure are used as the form for a single time or a short time, final coatings for the manufacture in response to environmental of products. For example, anti- influences, but in intelligent corrosive coatings, air purifiers, materials, these changes will be surface cleaners, and bioactive repeatable and reversible. Smart coatings are used. (Turani 1387). materials are also known as "flexible" and "adaptable" materials, due to their specific characteristics in adjusting to environmental conditions.(Ritter, 2007).

Fig5: Types of smart materials

2-4-Smart materials Smart materials are a new term for materials and products that have the ability to understand and process environmental events and show a Fig6: Smart materials in modern good reaction to it. In other words, architecture

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The following chemical and motivating factors, these materials physical influence variables are the are of various types, but some of stimuli that intelligent agents respond them are highly regarded in to themselves: architectural applications including 1. UV light: ultraviolet section and photochemical, thermochromics, visible electromagnetic radiation and electrochemical materials. These 2. Temperature: Temperature materials exhibit a change in color changes that create a physical system when exposed to visible UV light, like the human body infrared light, or electromagnetic 3. Pressure: The pressure radiation. The application of difference created in a region electrochemical materials is also in 4. Electric field: The field the architecture of electro-optical generated around an electric charge glasses. Electro-optical materials, 5. Magnetic field: The field created exposed to sunlight, change their around a magnet or a moving electric visibility, transparency(Atkins, charge 2004). 6. Chemical environment: The 2-5-3-Smart Lighting Emitter presence of a chemical element or These materials are compounds chemical composition, such as and preparations that stimulate water. molecules inside them with the 2-5-1. Smart materials effects of energies such as brightness Classification or electric field and produce the 1. Intelligent materials have the light. This phenomenon is in fact a ability to change the internal temporary state for molecules that properties: Includes intelligent occurs due to the effect of higher material transformer, Color energy, at which time a portion of changing the energy absorbed by the Smart materials, Change linker molecules is emitted in the form of materials visible electromagnetic radiation 2. Energy-intelligent intelligent without exiting heat. They refer to materials: Includes smart materials this phenomenon as "Be bright "(the of light emitter, intelligent materials same). of power supplies, intelligent 2-4-3- Smart Energy Saver materials of energy saver These materials are capable of 3. Intelligent materials have the storing both visible and hidden ability to exchange and exchange energy, for example in the form of internal materials light, heat, hydrogen, or electricity. 2-5-2-Smart materials for color It should be noted that these changing materials have the ability to be These materials are capable of reversible. Therefore, these materials reversing their color or visual are capable of storing energy in a properties in response to one or variety of ways. But in the meantime, more external triggers. Due to their intelligent heat storage (heat)

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198 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 5-6, May-June 2019 [email protected] materials have been more prominent. energy in the form of heat or cold These materials have an intrinsic (reversed heat). (Addington& property that enables them to store Schodek 2005)

Fig10:materials are capable of storing both visible and hidden energy

2-5-Structural LSF on the use of components to name A lightweight steel structure, Stud, and Track and Runners, and which is briefly described as the SSF are composed of a combination of structure, is one of the new cold rolled galvanized steel profiles construction systems used to run and in the main structure of the buildings with limited floors, usually building is set up. The sections used up to 5 floors, and are approved by in this system are U, C, and Z, civil engineers in countries which are usually connected to each Developed and modern.This other with cold connections.In most structure is made of rolled steel cases, this system runs with a light sheets to provide building stability, roof and provided in the case of gypsum boards and boards as an other types of roofs. The beams and inner covering and external wall struts of this type of light roofs are pieces as a facade. This system has like" Stud "and the walls of the" the ability to combine with other tracks". The final roof is usually structural systems. Using this system sloped using metal truss made of reduces the weight of the structure rolled cold rolled profiles. Other by up to 50 percent, and this is the parts of the building are executed highest score against the using cold rolled profiles and can earthquake.This system, which is be applied to the wall with a variety very similar to the methods of of views such as rock, bricks, PVC building wooden buildings, is based facades, wooden or aluminum,

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199 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 5-6, May-June 2019 [email protected] paint, tiles, ceramics, etc. Inside, 4. Research findings as with the usual walls, it is possible As you know, traditional Iranian to paint, wallpaper and ... on the architecture has been affected by plaster panels. the element of light, water, nature, The interior space is also filled wind and soil. But the Bionic with sound and thermal insulation. architecture is not just limited to The thin-walled steel sections are the use of natural elements in galvanized steel sheets that are architecture, but must also shaped using cold rolling and Roll discover the laws within the Formingtechniques. The thickness of natural components of the body the base metal (thickness of the structure of organisms to the metal, excluding protective molecular makeup of viruses in coatings) ranges from 455 to 0 mm order to create living spaces for to 3 mm, according to the human beings. Regarding the cost regulations for steel rolled steel of this type of architecture, we can sections. The production and cutting say that today, the projects that of these sections in the factory makes are called "Bionic Architecture" in it possible to produce smooth and the world or arein the design uniform sections of high volume and stage, cost more than the similar speed. The placement of these steel projects. But if we assume that the sections at distances close to each bionic architecture, the maximum other creates bearing walls that have performance at least cost, is a good resistance to the lateral loads determined in that case, although due to wind and earthquakes this architecture seems to cost more, (Yeganeh, Kamalizadeh, 2018). but in the long run, this cost with 3 - Research Method energy saving, no maintenance and The method of research is to life Useful and long-term explain and interpret the direction compensation. The cost to architects of movement in order to achieve is to spend time familiarizing the facts related to the subject of themselves with the rules and laws research (Hafez Nia, 2006: 19).) that exist in nature, which, after The present research is based on the understanding these laws, will be purpose of the applied research type. able to create the right architecture Applied research is a type of research for human. that is conducted in accordance with As always new activity is in line the needs and activities of the with a new generation then it is communities and humanity and is expected to today's generation based on the nature and method of templates Iranian architecture be to the type of descriptive-analytic blend. better know and provide new Information related to references to approaches in architecture with the library resources, articles, and site rules of traditional architecture in books are collected and then such a way that the roots of culture analyzed. and history combine with in a new

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200 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 5-6, May-June 2019 [email protected] frame to create contemporary 5. Conclusion Iranian architecture. In fact, the In this paper, we first outlined Bionic architecture is trying to the concepts of the bionic enrich the building. Therefore, LSF architecture in the building, and structures can be used in the bionic provided a few examples of this. architectural view of the building, Findings from this research show which is both very costly and cost- that projects that are called "Bionic effective.In fact, the Bionic Architecture" in the world or are in architecture is a movement that has design phase require more costs than begun since the early 21st century similar projects. But if we assume in the world and is used to design that the bionic architecture is mean and construct buildings whose the maximum performance at least original laws have come from nature. cost, is determined in that case, According to the case studies although this architecture seems to presented at the international cost more, but in the long run, this airports with the Baoon and the cost is compensated with energy Bionic Lava Tower, inspiration from saving, no maintenance and life the bionic architecture in this way Useful and long-term. The results of is costly and costly in the buildings this research indicate that the LSF of the building. Another advantage structure, a very lightweight and of this structure, lightweight, and earthquake resistant structure, can resistant to earthquakes and be used in the bionic architecture. therefore can be used in In the design of the bionic architectural bionics and inspired architectural design of the building by the views of butterfly and inspired by nature and geometric honeycomb-like case studies shapes such as butterfly and presented in this article use from honeycomb in five-story buildings, glass in whole of the facade of this design and the glass facade of building which is also a sunlight the building can be used.It is hoped absorber that reduces energy that by presenting this research, a consumption and a is a new design new step in the bionic architecture in the bionic architecture of the in the building's view can be taken, facade of the building in terms of which both reduces both energy its geometric shape. But in these consumption and cost-efficiency. structures, safety and fire are also Therefore, this scheme can save to be considered. time and money.

References

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