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Roofkunst En Rechtvaardigheid Roofkunst en Rechtvaardigheid De Elgin Marbles als voorbeeld van een moreel dilemma Ellen Taal Master Kunstgeschiedenis: Beeldende Kunst tot 1850 Universiteit Utrecht Roofkunst en Rechtvaardigheid De Elgin Marbles als voorbeeld van een moreel dilemma Door Ellen Taal Schieland 122 1274 LE Huizen 0616576636 [email protected] Studentnummer: 3014290 Masterthesis Kunstgeschiedenis Beeldende Kunst tot 1850 Faculteit Geesteswetenschappen Begeleidend docent: Dr. K.A. Nieuwenhuisen Tweede lezer: Dr. H. Henrichs Maart 2011 Universiteit Utrecht 1 Inhoudsopgave VOORWOORD ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 INLEIDING .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 HOOFDSTUK 1 - KUNSTROOF ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Kunstroof in het verleden ............................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Regelgeving in oorlogstijd ........................................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Tweede Wereldoorlog ................................................................................................................................ 13 1.4 Het UNESCO-verdrag uit 1970 .............................................................................................................. 14 AFBEELDINGEN ............................................................................................................................................ 16 HOOFDSTUK 2 – LORD ELGIN EN DE PARTHENONSCULPTUREN ............................................... 21 2.1 Geschiedenis van het Parthenon .................................................................................................................. 21 2.2 Lord Elgin en de Parthenonsculpturen ......................................................................................................... 23 2.3 Verkoop van de Elgin Marbles aan het British Museum ................................................................................ 29 AFBEELDINGEN ............................................................................................................................................ 32 HOOFDSTUK 3 – DISCUSSIE OVER DE ELGIN MARBLES.................................................................... 42 3.1 KRITIEK OP LORD ELGIN ........................................................................................................................ 42 3.1.1 Verontwaardiging bij tijdgenoten ............................................................................................................ 42 3.1.2 Pleidooien voor teruggave ...................................................................................................................... 44 3.1.3 Schoonmaakpraktijk in British Museum ................................................................................................ 47 3.1.4 Verzoek tot teruggave na Tweede Wereldoorlog ......................................................................................... 48 3.1.5 Angst voor precedent ongegrond .............................................................................................................. 50 3.1.6 Artistieke eenheid van het Parthenon ...................................................................................................... 51 3.1.7 Ophef over de ‘witwas’-actie in het British Museum .................................................................................... 52 3.2 VOORSTANDERS VAN LORD ELGIN .......................................................................................................... 53 3.2.1 Bewondering van tijdgenoten .................................................................................................................. 53 3.2.2 Invloed van de Parthenonsculpturen op de kunsten ..................................................................................... 54 3.2.3 Vervuiling in Athene .......................................................................................................................... 57 3.2.4 ‘Cultureel fascist’ ................................................................................................................................ 59 3.2.5 Legaliteit .......................................................................................................................................... 60 3.2.6 Missie van het British Museum ............................................................................................................. 61 3.3 DE GRIEKEN ........................................................................................................................................... 64 3.3.1 Grieks sentiment ................................................................................................................................ 64 3.3.2 Griekse wederopbouw .......................................................................................................................... 65 3.3.3 Melina Mercouri ................................................................................................................................ 67 3.3.4 Het Nieuwe Akropolis Museum ........................................................................................................... 67 3.3.5 Erfgoedkwestie ................................................................................................................................... 68 AFBEELDINGEN ............................................................................................................................................ 70 HOOFDSTUK 4 - RECENTE ONTWIKKELINGEN ............................................................................... 77 4.1 RESTITUTIECLAIMS .................................................................................................................................. 77 4.1.1 Egypte .............................................................................................................................................. 78 4.1.2 Turkije ............................................................................................................................................ 82 4.1.3 Italië ................................................................................................................................................ 84 4.1.4 Restitutie menselijke resten ................................................................................................................... 85 4.2 GEVOLGEN VOOR MUSEA ........................................................................................................................ 86 4.2.1 Louvre ............................................................................................................................................. 88 4.2.2 J. Paul Getty Museum ........................................................................................................................ 89 2 4.2.3 Metropolitan Museum of Art ................................................................................................................ 89 4.3 GEVOLGEN VOOR DE KUNSTHANDEL ...................................................................................................... 91 4.3.1 Antiekhandel .................................................................................................................................... 91 4.3.2 Illegale kunsthandel ............................................................................................................................ 92 4.3.3 Onderzoek naar geroofde kunst ............................................................................................................. 93 AFBEELDINGEN ............................................................................................................................................ 94 CONCLUSIE ....................................................................................................................................................... 97 LITERATUUR .................................................................................................................................................. 102 VERANTWOORDING AFBEELDINGEN .................................................................................................. 104 BIJLAGE 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 108 BIJLAGE 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 110 BIJLAGE 3 ......................................................................................................................................................... 111 BIJLAGE 4 ......................................................................................................................................................... 112 BIJLAGE 5 ......................................................................................................................................................... 113 BIJLAGE 6 ........................................................................................................................................................
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