Marmi Di Elgin

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Marmi Di Elgin Marmi di Elgin Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera. I marmi di Elgin, conosciuti anche come marmi del Partenone, sono Marmi del Partenone una raccolta di sculture greche di età classica in marmo (per lo più opera di Fidia e dei suoi assistenti), iscrizioni ed elementi architettonici che in origine facevano parte del Partenone e di altri edifici collocati sull'Acropoli di Atene.[1][2] Nel 1811 Thomas Bruce, VII conte di Elgin, ottenne dalla Sublime porta, che governava la Grecia, il permesso, molto controverso, di "non rimuovere le statue, ma solo quello che avesse scoperto in uno scavo specifico". Dal 1801 al 1812 gli uomini di Elgin rimossero circa la metà delle sculture superstiti del Partenone insieme ad elementi architettonici e scultorei dei Propilei e dell'Eretteo.[2] I marmi furono trasportati via mare in Gran Bretagna, dove alcuni sostennero l'arrivo delle statue,[3] mentre altri Autore Fidia e collaboratori paragonarono le azioni di Elgin ad atti di vandalismo[4] o Data 447-438 a.C. [5][6][7][8][9] saccheggio. Materiale Marmo pentelico A seguito di un dibattito pubblico in Parlamento[10] e al conseguente Ubicazione British Museum, Londra scagionamento di Elgin i marmi vennero acquistati dal governo britannico nel 1816 e trasportati al British Museum,[11] dove ora si trovano disposti nella galleria Duveen, costruita appositamente per essi. Dopo aver ottenuto l'indipendenza dall'Impero Ottomano la Grecia diede il via a grandi progetti per il restauro dei monumenti del Paese ed espresse il suo disappunto per le azioni di Elgin,[12] che aveva spogliato il Partenone, uno dei più importanti monumenti del mondo,[13] e contestò l'acquisto dei Marmi da parte del governo britannico. I Greci sostenevano che il taglio e la rimozione delle sculture dal monumento,[14][15][16] eseguiti con l'uso di seghe,[17][18][19] fosse un atto illegale e palesemente vandalico contro un monumento di rilevante valore storico, e rivendicò la proprietà intellettuale sui Marmi.[20] La Grecia continuò a premere per il ritorno dei Marmi nel paese d'origine e portò la questione in campo internazionale nel 1980 grazie a Melina Mercouri, allora Ministro della Cultura della Grecia. L'UNESCO ha accettato nel 2014 di mediare tra la Grecia e il Regno Unito per risolvere la disputa sui Marmi di Elgin.[21][22] Indice Acquisizione Descrizione Rimozione Reazione dei contemporanei Danneggiamenti Morosini Guerra di Indipendenza Elgin British Museum Atene Ricollocazione Tesi per il ritorno ad Atene Tesi per la permanenza a Londra Opinione pubblica Sostegno popolare alla restituzione Sondaggi Altre decorazioni del Partenone delocalizzate Note Bibliografia Altri progetti Collegamenti esterni Acquisizione Nel novembre del 1798 Thomas Bruce, conte di Elgin, venne nominato "Ambasciatore Straordinario e Ministro Plenipotenziario di Sua Maestà Britannica alla Sublime Porta di Selim III, sultano dell'Impero Ottomano" (la Grecia era allora parte del regno ottomano). Prima della sua partenza per la Grecia aveva contattato almeno tre funzionari del governo britannico e aveva chiesto loro se fossero interessati ad assumere degli artisti per eseguire calchi e disegni delle sculture del Partenone. Secondo Lord Elgin, "la risposta del governo […] era del tutto negativa".[3] Lord Elgin decise di effettuare i lavori a proprie spese e assunse degli artisti per prendere calchi e disegni sotto la supervisione del pittore napoletano Giovanni Battista Lusieri.[3] Tuttavia durante le ricerche scoprì che alcune delle sculture del Partenone che erano state descritte in uno studio del XVII secolo erano mancanti. Secondo la testimonianza di un locale le sculture in marmo locali che erano cadute erano state bruciate per ottenere della calce.[3] Anche se era venuto solamente con l'intenzione di studiare le sculture, nel 1801 Lord Elgin iniziò a rimuovere le decorazioni dal Partenone e dalle strutture circostanti[23] sempre sotto la supervisione di Lusieri. Lo scavo e la rimozione furono completati nel 1812, con un costo, sostenuto interamente da Elgin, di circa 70 000 sterline.[2] Elgin voleva che i marmi fossero collocati al British Museum, e li vendette al governo britannico, che li acquistò per meno del costo di scavo e trasporto, benché altri possibili acquirenti, tra cui Napoleone, avessero offerto molto di più.[23] Descrizione I Marmi del Partenone di Elgin comprendono circa 17 statue provenienti dai due frontoni, 15 (in origine erano 92) metope raffiguranti battaglie tra Lapiti e Centauri, e 75 metri, a partire da un originale di 160, del fregio interno del tempio. Rappresentano più della metà di quello che oggi resta della decorazione scultorea del Partenone. I Marmi di Elgin includono anche elementi provenienti da altri edifici dell'Acropoli: sono presenti una cariatide dell'Eretteo, quattro lastre del fregio del tempio di Atena Nike e una moltitudine di altri frammenti architettonici del Partenone, dei Propilei, La parte sinistra del frontone orientale del Partenone dell'Eretteo, del tempio di Atena Nike e del Tesoro di Atreo. Rimozione Dal momento che l'Acropoli era ancora una fortezza ottomana, Elgin richiese il permesso di entrare nel sito, che comprendeva il Partenone e gli edifici circostanti; tale autorizzazione venne concessa a lui e agli artisti al suo seguito dal Sultano. Il documento originale è andato perduto, esiste ancora una copia del tempo tradotta in italiano.[24] Vassilis Demetriades, professore presso l'Università di Creta, sostiene che "qualsiasi esperto in linguaggio diplomatico ottomano può facilmente capire che l'originale del documento che è sopravvissuto non è un'autorizzazione",[25] e la sua autenticità è stata messa in discussione.[26] Il documento è stato inserito in un allegato del 1816 ad un rapporto di una commissione parlamentare. Tale comitato era stato convocato per valutare l'offerta di Elgin dell'acquisto dei Marmi. Il rapporto sosteneva che il documento[27] in allegato era una traduzione accurata in inglese di un permesso ottomano datato luglio 1801. Secondo Elgin ciò equivaleva ad un'autorizzazione a rimuovere le sculture. Al comitato fu detto che il documento originale era stato consegnato ai funzionari ottomani ad Atene, ma, nonostante gli archivi ottomani ancora esistenti presentino un numero eccezionale di documenti analoghi risalenti allo stesso periodo, l'originale non sarebbe ancora stato rinvenuto.[26] Inoltre il rapporto dei parlamentari dice che la copia italiana del documento non fu presentata al comitato da Elgin stesso ma da uno dei suoi collaboratori, il sacerdote Philip Hunt, che all'epoca risiedeva a Bedford, che fu l'ultimo testimone a comparire dinanzi alla commissione e che sostenne di possedere la traduzione dell'originale. Spiegò più volte che non aveva portato il documento perché, al momento di partire da Bedford, non sapeva che avrebbe dovuto testimoniare di fronte alla commissione. Hunt presentò ai parlamentari la copia inglese, ma mai quella italiana che sosteneva di possedere. William St. Clair, un biografo contemporaneo di Lord Elgin, affermò di avere la traduzione italiana di Hunt e garantì l'accuratezza della traduzione inglese. Il rapporto della commissione afferma a pagina 69 erano presenti il sigillo e la firma di Seged Abdullah Kaimacan, ma ciò era inverosimile dato che si trattava di una copia in inglese di una copia in italiano dell'originale,[28] e non poteva avere né sigillo né firma, come confermò St. Clair.[26] Le parole con cui Elgin sarebbe stato autorizzato a compiere lavori dicevano che avrebbe potuto innalzare impalcature, fare disegni, eseguire calchi in gesso, misurare i resti degli edifici in rovina, riportare alla luce le fondazioni che erano coperte di detriti e "asportare alcune parti di marmo con antiche iscrizioni o sculture su di esse". L'interpretazione di queste righe venne messa in discussione[29] e ci si soffermò soprattutto sulla parola "qualche", cioè "pochi". Secondo alcuni la vera autorizzazione all'acquisizione dei marmi venne dalle autorità ottomane solo con un secondo documento, in cui si permetteva di spedire i Marmi al Pireo.[30] Nonostante la controversa autorizzazione, molti hanno messo in dubbio la legalità dell'operato di Elgin. Uno studio condotto dal professor David Rudenstine afferma che tale documento potrebbe benissimo essere falso.[31] Rudenstine si basa in parte su una divergenza di traduzione tra l'autorizzazione in italiano e quella in inglese presentata da Hunt alla commissione parlamentare. Nel testo del rapporto parlamentare si legge "Abbiamo quindi scritto questa lettera a Voi, e inviata tramite il signor Philip Hunt, gentiluomo inglese, Segretario del suddetto ambasciatore", ma secondo St. Clair il documento in italiano dice "Abbiamo quindi scritto questa lettera a Voi e inviata tramite N.N.". Secondo Rudenstine questa sostituzione di "Mr. Philip Hunt" con le iniziali "N.N." difficilmente può essere un semplice errore. Egli sostiene inoltre che il documento è stato presentato solo dopo che il comitato insistette per ottenere una qualche forma di autorizzazione scritta ottomana per la rimozione dei marmi. Così, secondo Rudenstine, "Hunt si mise in una posizione in cui avrebbe potuto contemporaneamente garantire l'autenticità del documento e spiegare il motivo per cui lui solo aveva una copia di esso quindici anni dopo che fu presentato agli ufficiali ottomani ad Atene". In due occasioni precedenti Elgin dichiarò che gli Ottomani gli concedettero permessi più di una volta, ma che non aveva tenuto nessuno di essi. Hunt testimoniò il 13 marzo, e una delle domande
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