Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background: Detection Methods in Non-Gaussian Regimes

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Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background: Detection Methods in Non-Gaussian Regimes Stochastic gravitational wave background : detection methods in non-Gaussian regimes Lionel Martellini To cite this version: Lionel Martellini. Stochastic gravitational wave background : detection methods in non-Gaussian regimes. Other. COMUE Université Côte d’Azur (2015 - 2019), 2017. English. NNT : 2017AZUR4031. tel-01587686 HAL Id: tel-01587686 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01587686 Submitted on 14 Sep 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. École doctorale Science Fondamentales et Appliquées Unité de recherche UMR 6161 Thèse de doctorat Présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de docteur en Astrophysique Relativiste de l’UNIVERSITE COTE D’AZUR par Lionel Martellini Le Fond Gravitationnel Stochastique: Méthodes de Détection en Régimes Non-Gaussiens Dirigée par Tania Régimbau Soutenue le 23 Mai 2017 Devant le jury composé de : Mme Chiara Caprini, chargée de recherche CNRS, APC Examinatrice M. Nelson Christensen, directeur de recherche CNRS, OCA Examinateur M. Jean-Daniel Fournier, directeur de recherche CNRS, OCA Examinateur Mme Tania Regimbau, chargée de recherche CNRS, OCA Directrice de thèse M. Joseph Romano, professeur, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Rapporteur Mme Mairi Sakellariadou, professeur, King's College London Rapporteure École doctorale Science Fondamentales et Appliquées Unité de recherche UMR 6161 Thèse de doctorat Présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de docteur en Astrophysique Relativiste de l’UNIVERSITE COTE D’AZUR par Lionel Martellini Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background: Detection Methods in Non-Gaussian Regimes Dirigée par Tania Régimbau Soutenue le 23 Mai 2017 Devant le jury composé de : Mme Chiara Caprini, chargée de recherche CNRS, APC Examinatrice M. Nelson Christensen, directeur de recherche CNRS, OCA Examinateur M. Jean-Daniel Fournier, directeur de recherche CNRS, OCA Examinateur Mme Tania Regimbau, chargée de recherche CNRS, OCA Directrice de thèse M. Joseph Romano, professeur, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Rapporteur Mme Mairi Sakellariadou, professeur, King's College London Rapporteure "Trop peu d'un firmament pour des millions d'astres" Louis Aragon Contents Acknowledgments 1 Résumé 2 Summary 3 Résumé Substantiel 4 1 Introduction 11 2 Gravitational Waves: Theory, Detection and Sources 17 2.1 Introduction to General Relativity, Cosmology and Gravitational Waves . 17 2.1.1 Introduction to General Relativity . 18 2.1.2 Application of GR to Cosmology . 35 2.1.3 Gravitational Waves . 48 2.2 Detectors of Gravitational Waves . 61 2.2.1 Resonant Detectors . 62 2.2.2 Laser Interferometers . 63 2.3 Sources and Types of Gravitational Waves . 71 2.3.1 Inspiral GW Signals . 73 2.3.2 Periodic GW Signals . 79 i 2.3.3 Burst GW Signals . 81 3 Definition and Detection of the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Back- ground 84 3.1 Definition and Origins of Stochastic Gravitational Wave Backgrounds . 85 3.1.1 Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background of Astrophysical Origin 85 3.1.2 Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background of Cosmological Origin 89 3.2 Standard Detection Methods for Stochastic Gravitational Wave Backgrounds 91 3.2.1 Frequentist Approach to SGWB Data Analysis . 92 3.2.2 Bayesian Approach to SGWB Data Analysis . 110 3.3 Analysis of Non-Gaussian SGWB Distributions . 116 3.3.1 Stylized Analysis of the Distribution of the GW Signal Given by the Superposition of a Random Number of Sources . 117 3.3.2 Non-Gaussian SGWB Distributions and the Edgeworth Expansion 126 4 A Semi-Parametric Approach to the Detection of Non-Gaussian Sto- chastic Gravitational Wave Backgrounds 139 4.1 Detection Methods for Non-Gaussian Gravitational Wave Backgrounds . 141 4.1.1 Gram-Charlier and Edgeworth Expansions . 142 4.1.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimators for the Cumulants of the SGWB Signal ................................. 150 4.1.3 Implications for SGWB Signal Detection . 155 4.2 Numerical Illustrations . 162 4.2.1 Edgeworth Expansions of Usual Distributions . 162 4.2.2 Monte Carlo Simulations and Predictions . 166 4.3 Extending the Approach to the Detection of Signals in the Popcorn Regime169 5 Efficiency of the Cross-Correlation Statistic for Gravitational Wave Stochastic Backgrounds with Non-Gaussian Noise and Heterogeneous ii Detector Sensitivities 174 5.1 Performance of the Standard Cross-Correlation Statistic in the Presence of Non-Gaussian Noise (and Signal) Distributions . 177 5.1.1 Assumptions and Notation . 177 5.1.2 Evidence of non-Normality in LIGO Data . 178 5.1.3 Distribution of the Cross-Correlation Detection Statistic . 179 5.1.4 Distribution of the Cross-Correlation Detection Statistic . 182 5.1.5 Implications for the SGWB Signal Detection with the Standard CC Statistic ................................ 183 5.2 Estimation and Detection Methods for Non-Gaussian Signal and Non- Gaussian Noise Distributions . 194 5.2.1 Full Gaussian Case . 195 5.2.2 Gaussian Signal and Non-Gaussian Noise . 196 5.2.3 Non-Gaussian Signal and Noise Distributions . 200 5.2.4 Derivation of the Optimal Cross-Correlation Statistic in the Pres- ence of Non-Gaussian Noise and SGWB Distributions . 204 6 Conclusions and Perspectives 213 Bibliography 217 iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to Tania Regimbau for starting a research collaboration with someone from a different academic field, and for making it work. Your continuous support over the last 5 years as a coauthor, as a PhD advisor, and also as a person, has truly meant a lot to me. I can only hope that we will maintain the same level and quality of interactions over the next 5 years and beyond. I also would like to thank Chiara Caprini, Nelson Christensen, Jean-Daniel Fournier, Joseph Romano and Mairi Sakellariadou for accepting to be members of my thesis committee. I feel fortunate to have such a distinguished group of astronomers and astrophysicists look over my work and provide comments and suggestions. A particularly large piece of gratitude goes to Nelson Christensen, who has offered extremely detailed feedback on a preliminary version of the document, and to Joe Romano, who has identified an inconsistency in the analysis presented in a previous version chapter 5 and has provided most helpful guidance in the revision process. Frans Pretorious and Paul Steinhardt, who have let me sit in their General Relativity and Cosmology PhD courses at Princeton University and gracefully answered my many naive questions along the way, have played an important role in my formal education in relativistic astrophysics, and for this I am grateful to them as well. On a different note, I would like to thank my father for having given me the taste for science, and my mother for having given me the taste for happiness. I finally would like to thank Daphne, Adhara, Calypso, Raphael and Theodore for their love, that mysterious form of energy that fuels every one of my steps. 1 Résumé Les interféromètres de nouvelle génération devraient nous permettre de détecter le fond stochastique d’ondes gravitationnelles engendré par la superposition d’un nombre élevé de signaux gravitationnels aléatoires indépendants d’origine astrophysique ou cos- mologique. La plupart des méthodes de détection du fond gravitationnel stochastique re- posent sur l’hypothèse simplificatrice selon laquelle sa distribution ainsi que celle du bruit des détecteurs sont Gaussiennes. Le sujet principal de cette thèse est la mise en place de méthodes améliorées de détection du fond gravitationnel stochastique qui tiennent compte explicitement du caractère non-Gaussien de ces distributions. En utilisant un développe- ment d’Edgeworth à l’ordre 4, nous obtenons dans un premier temps une expression analytique pour la statistique du rapport de vraisemblance en présence d’une distribu- tion non-Gaussienne du fonds gravitationnel stochastique. Cette expression généralise l’expression habituelle lorsque la skewness (ou coefficient de symétrie) et l’excès de kur- tosis (ou coefficient d’aplatissement) de la distribution du fond stochastique sont non nuls. Sur la base de simulations stochastiques pour différentes distributions symétriques présentant des queues plus épaisses que celles de la distribution Gaussienne, nous mon- trons par ailleurs que le 4eme cumulant peut-être estimé avec une précision acceptable lorsque le ratio signal à bruit est supérieur à 1%, ce qui devrait permettre d’apporter des contraintes supplémentaires intéressantes sur les valeurs de paramètres issus des modèles astrophysiques et cosmologiques. Dans un deuxième temps, nous cherchons à analyser l’impact sur les méthodes de détection du fond gravitationnel stochastique de dévia- tions par rapport à la normalité dans la distribution du bruit des détecteurs. Pour des valeurs raisonnables des paramètres, nous montrons que tenir compte explicitement de la non-normalité de la distribution du bruit a un impact substantiel sur les méthodes de détection, et conduit à des estimations plus élevées des probabilités de non-détection pour des niveaux donnés de probabilités de fausse alarme. 2 Summary The new generation of
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