Ghana Social Science Journal V GHANA SOCIAL SCIENCE olume 13, Number 2, December 2016 JOURNAL Volume 13, Number 2, December 2016 SPECIAL ISSUE ON GOOD GOVERNANCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS School of Social Sciences, YAMENS PRESS LTD. University of Ghana, Legon 0302 223222 GHANA SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL Volume 13, Number 2, December 2016 SPECIAL ISSUE ON GOOD GOVERNANCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS School of Social Sciences University of Ghana, Legon Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 13, Number 2, 2016 Ghana Social Science Journal Volume 13, Number 2, December 2016 Guest Editor Joseph Atsu Ayee Editors James S. Dzisah Cynthia A. Sottie Editorial Committee Charity Sylvia Akotia Chairperson Kwabena Asomanin Anaman Member Ama de-Graft Aikins Member Maxwell Asumeng Member Mavis Dako-Gyeke Member Akosua K. Darkwah Member Victoria Ellen Smith Member Alidu Seidu Member Edward Nketiah-Amponsah Member Martin Oteng-Ababio Member Supporting Staff Afia Serwaa Attrams Research Development Officer Cynthia Asantewaa Boateng Editorial Assistant International Editorial Advisory Board Emmanuel Akyeampong, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA. Eugenia Amporfu, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. ii Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 13, Number 2, 2016 Timothy Insoll, University of Manchester, United Kingdom. Michael Lofchie, University of California, Los Angeles, United States. Lawrence Mundia, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam. James Obben, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. John Onu Odihi, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Mohammed Salih, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Wilson Kwame Yayoh, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. © School of Social Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana, 2016. ISSN: 0855-4730 All rights reserved; no part of this journal may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this journal will be liable to prosecution and claims for damages. Published by the School of Social Sciences, College of Humanities, University of Ghana, Post Office Box LG72, Legon, Accra, Ghana Telephone Number: +233-302-500179 Electronic mail address: [email protected] Production editing of this issue was undertaken by Joseph Atsu Ayee; James S. Dzisah; Afia Serwaa Attrams. Printed by Yamens Press Limited, Post Office Box AN6045, Accra, Ghana. Telephone Number: +233-302-223222/235036. Electronic mail address: [email protected] iii Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 13, Number 2, 2016 The views expressed in the papers are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editor or the Publishers or the University of Ghana. Ghana Social Science Journal is indexed and abstracted in the ProQuest Periodicals Acquisition Databases, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. The Ghana Social Science Journal is visible on the Web of Science through the Thomson Reuters’ Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI). iv Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 13, Number 2, 2016 CONTENTS Acknowledgement Charity S. Akotia……………………………………….……………..vii Editorial: Reflections on some Dynamics of Development: Good Governance and the Sustainable Development Goals Joseph Atsu Ayee………………………………………………...…...1-21 Working Children in the Kente Economy of Bonwire, Asante: The Context of the SDGs Dede Amanor-Wilks……………………………………………...…22-49 To what extent does Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme Protect Members from Out-of-Pocket Payments in Hospitals? Aaron A. Abuosi, Edward Nketiah-Amponsah, Joshua Yindenaba Abor and Kwame Ameyaw Domfeh……………………………….………50-73 Reducing Exclusion through Social Intervention Programme: Lessons from Implementation of MDGs in Ghana and South Africa Imrana Mohammed and George Domfe……………………...……..74-95 Green Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Development in Ghana: A Review Benjamin Bilalam Jabik and Simon Bawakyillenuo………………96-123 Rehabilitation of Offenders in Ghana: A Study of Nsawam Medium Security Prison Alex Antwi…………………………………………………..……124-148 Sustaining Good Governance, Political Accountability and Development in Ghanaian Politics: The Role of Political Songs Samuel Bewiadzi…………………………………………………149-174 Application of the Hypergeometric Model in Electoral Disputes Settlement v Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 13, Number 2, 2016 N.H. Somaayin, K. Tibie and K. Doku-Amponsah………………175-184 The State and Mango Export Crop Production in Ghana Paul Kofi Dzene Yidu; Dan-Bright S. Dzorgbo………………….185-208 A Gendered Perspective of Underemployment in Ghana Priscilla Twumasi Baffour and Peter Quartey……………...……209-231 Changing the Dynamics of Human Resources Management in the Public Services of Ghana: An Organizational Learning Perspective Frank Ohemeng and Emelia Amoako Asiedu………………...…..232-262 vi Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 13, Number 2, 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The publication of this Special Edition of the Ghana Social Science Journal (GSSJ) would not have come to fruition without the support of some organisations and institutions. I would therefore like to give my appreciation to the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) which partnered with the School of Social Sciences in holding the School’s International Conference in April 2016. We are also most grateful to them for their financial support that helped in publishing this Special Edition. I must also acknowledge the support of the Office of Research, Innovation and Development (ORID) of the University of Ghana, the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) and the Institute of Fiscal Studies (IFS) over the years with regard to the Annual Conferences of the School of Social Sciences. Professor Charity S. Akotia Dean/Chairperson, Editorial Committee vii Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 13, Number 2, 2016 EDITORIAL: REFLECTIONS ON SOME DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT: GOOD GOVERNANCE AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 1 Joseph Atsu Ayee (Guest Editor) The multidimensionality, complexity, sustainability and vicissitudes of development have been at the heart of scholarly debates and have attracted the interest and attention of governments, citizens and development partners in Ghana and other African countries (Goulet 1971; Bryant and White 1982; Sen 1999; Todaro 2000; UN 2000; UN 2015; World Bank 1978-2016, among others). In fact, the post-colonial state in Africa has largely been preoccupied with issues, processes and strategies of development since the attainment of independence. Even though there is no universal definition of development, it is largely seen as the capacity and capability of a country to formulate and implement strategies and interventions which are meant to reduce inequality, unemployment and poverty. Development also entails building effective institutions, providing basic services, and ensuring the judicious management of human and physical resources, accelerated growth, social changes and stability. In this connection, development encompasses political, economic and social spheres (Goulet 1971; Bryant and White 1982; World Bank 1991; 2001; 2003; 2004; United Nations 1994; Todaro 2000). This has been reinforced by Sen (1999: 1) who views development “as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy”. To him, even though growth in gross national product, rise in personal incomes, industrialization, technological advancement and 1 Professor/Independent Scholar/Adjunct Senior Fellow, Institute of Economic Affairs; immediate past Rector, MountCrest University College and Deputy Vice Chancellor, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (E-mail: [email protected]). 1 Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 13, Number 2, 2016 social modernization are important means to expanding the freedoms of individuals, they present a narrower view of development. Accordingly: If freedom is what development advances, then there is a major argument for concentrating on that overarching objective, rather than on some particular means, or some specially chosen list of instruments. Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over-activity of repressive states (Sen 1999: 1). Sen’s views on the centrality of freedom to the development process are informed by two factors: (i) the evaluative reason, that is, “assessment of progress has to be done primarily in terms of whether the freedoms that people have are enhanced”; and (ii) the effectiveness reason, that is, “achievement of development is thoroughly dependent on the free agency of people” (Sen 1999: 2). From this viewpoint, therefore, it is possible to say that at the heart of development is people and the satisfaction of their wants or demands – a view earlier on pursued and shared by Schumacher (1973). The conclusions of Sen (1999) and Schumacher (1973) seem to have resonated with what the UNDP refers to as “inclusive development” which implies the contribution of all groups of people to create opportunities, share the benefits of development and participate in decision-making. This follows the UNDP's human development approach and integrates the standards and principles of human rights: participation, non-discrimination and accountability (UNDP 2010). Governance and