DOCSLIB.ORG

Collider Workshop

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Collider Workshop Collider workshop The promise of initial results after the tures. The distributions of charged experiments will shed more light on start of operations at CERN's SPS particles follow KNO (Koba/Niel- this question. proton-antiproton collider and the sen/Olesen) scaling, even at relative­ Cosmic ray experiments have ev­ prospects for high energy hadron ly high multiplicities. In contrast to ents in and beyond the energy range collisions at Fermilab (Tevatron) and the ISR data, some evidence for long attainable in the colliders. However Brookhaven (ISABELLE) provided a range correlations is seen. The aver­ this was the first time that laboratory timely impetus for the recent Topi­ age transverse momentum per parti­ and cosmic ray data could be expli­ cal Workshop on Forward Collider cle increases to 500 MeV. citly compared. Two cosmic ray Physics', held at Madison, Wiscon­ The UA1 experiment was able to findings are now confirmed — the sin, from 10—12 December. It be­ report relatively copious production rapidity plateau now extends to ±4, came the second such workshop to of events with high transverse ener­ and average transverse momentum be held, the first having been in 1979 gy. Previous experiments, notably per particle rises to 500 MeV. Pecu­ at the College de France, Paris. the NA5 study at the CERN SPS (see liar events, such as the much-publi­ The 100 or so participants had the May 1981 issue, page 155), found cized Centauro, have not yet been chance to hear preliminary results that such processes are relatively seen at collider experiments, but from the UA1, UA4 and UA5 exper­ abundant. Klaus Pretzl reviewed the could arise as a result of large high iments at the CERN SPS collider (see N A5 study with a calorimeter trigger. multiplicity fluctuations. January/February issue, page 3), to­ Events have been seen with trans­ New cosmic ray data from the gether with other new data, including verse energy of up to 18 GeV out of 'Fly's Eye' detector now operational that from proton-antiproton runs at 22 GeV available in the centre-of- in Utah were presented by G. Cassi- the CERN Intersecting Storage mass, over a rapidity range of ±0.8. day. This uses an arrangement of Rings. Jet production is certainly not evi­ mirrors and photomultipliers to ob­ As clear from the title of the Work­ dent. serve the radiation produced by ex­ shop, interest centred on interesting A related question is the effect of tensive air showers. It allows the physics from collisions whose pro­ fluctuations in the high multiplicity interaction point in the atmosphere ducts are confined in the 'forward' tail of the particle distributions. This to be located and thus determines angular region -— within 30° in the might be the reason why the events the absorption length of the proton- centre-of-mass. Nowadays, angle with large transverse energy appear nucleus collision. The aim is to meas­ has been replaced by rapidity as a to contain many particles with low ure total proton-nucleon reaction convenient variable, and this region energy. These fluctuations can pro­ rates down to millibarn levels at up to corresponds to ±5 rapidity units at duce peculiar neutral to charged pion 100 TeV in the centre-of-mass. Early the SPS and ±6 at the Tevatron, ratios and angular distributions. This results suggest that the total reac­ excluding a small central zone. might mean that particle jets are tion rate is still rising, even at these If they exist, long range correla­ there but are hard to find. energies. tions (similar phenomena seen under Related theoretical progress was Less spectacular but still important quite different kinematical con­ reported by Geoff Fox, who has been are the antiproton results emerging ditions) should be observable in this busy (with Robert Kelly) calculating from the CERN ISR. Data were pre­ angular range. Other expected pro­ QCD effects in hadron-hadron colli­ sented by P. Grannis, M. Block and cesses include production of weak sions, including gluon 'bremsstrah- L. Camilleri. bosons (the W and Z), heavy fla­ lung'. He finds that if the products of With hadron colliders promising vours), and maybe Higgs particles. high transverse momentum colli­ new discoveries, theorists were able However the copious production of sions are selected using a total trans­ to provide substantial input. One pions under these conditions makes verse energy trigger, rather than hav­ field ripe for further study is heavy for high backgrounds when trying to ing a planar jet structure, they are flavour production. Stan Brodsky pick out electrons and muons, and instead isotropic, with many gluons presented ideas of intrinsic flavours sophisticated detection techniques being radiated. This may be an expla­ in the nucleon which result in heavy are needed. nation for the non-appearance of jets flavour production at large energy The UA1 and UA5 results were under NA5 conditions. It could mean transfers. This could explain the rela­ presented by A. Kernan and that clean separation of jets from tively high charm production levels R. Meinke respectively. The data as background is difficult. Further data observed at the ISR, but production presented show three striking fea­ from the proton-antiproton collider of heavier flavours (beauty and top) 52 CERN Courier, March 1982 would provide an exacting test. on the high charm production levels the production of weak bosons, (These ideas have to be reconciled seen at the ISR, M. Jacob and R. Hor- Higgs particles, etc., were pre­ with recent data from Fermilab and gan have predicted that forward-pro­ sented. Hopefully at future such from the European Muon Collabora­ duced top particles should indeed meetings theorists will be able to fit tion's study of charm production by show up at high energy proton-anti- the observed data. high energy muon beams at the SPS.) proton colliders. At the Madison These meetings are now a regular While there is some evidence for meeting, R. Odorico presented other feature of the particle physics scene, beauty production at the ISR (pre­ arguments to explain the observed the next one being scheduled for sented at the meeting by D. Dibiton- charm production levels. Further stu­ 10-12 June in Rome. to), discovery of top flavour produc­ dies at colliders will certainly be use­ (We are grateful to D. Cline for pro­ tion at the SPS collider would help ful in solving this problem. viding us with the material from complete the picture. Also drawing At Madison, latest calculations on which this report was compiled.) Data (upper points) from the full wide-angle calorimeter of the NA5 experiment at CERN using a large transverse energy trigger. The relatively high reaction rates observed are difficult to reconcile with production of well-defined particle jets. Initial new calculations (by Geoffrey Fox and Robert Kelly) including gluon bremsstrahlung appear to provide a promising fit to the data at these transverse energies. CERN Courier, March 1982 53 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Large Hadron Collider Lyndon Evans CERN – European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
    34th SLAC Summer Institute On Particle Physics (SSI 2006), July 17-28, 2006 The Large Hadron Collider Lyndon Evans CERN – European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland 1. INTRODUCTION The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is now in its final installation and commissioning phase. It is a two-ring superconducting proton-proton collider housed in the 27 km tunnel previously constructed for the Large Electron Positron collider (LEP). It is designed to provide proton-proton collisions with unprecedented luminosity (1034cm-2.s-1) and a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV for the study of rare events such as the production of the Higgs particle if it exists. In order to reach the required energy in the existing tunnel, the dipoles must operate at 1.9 K in superfluid helium. In addition to p-p operation, the LHC will be able to collide heavy nuclei (Pb-Pb) with a centre-of-mass energy of 1150 TeV (2.76 TeV/u and 7 TeV per charge). By modifying the existing obsolete antiproton ring (LEAR) into an ion accumulator (LEIR) in which electron cooling is applied, the luminosity can reach 1027cm-2.s-1. The LHC presents many innovative features and a number of challenges which push the art of safely manipulating intense proton beams to extreme limits. The beams are injected into the LHC from the existing Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at an energy of 450 GeV. After the two rings are filled, the machine is ramped to its nominal energy of 7 TeV over about 28 minutes. In order to reach this energy, the dipole field must reach the unprecedented level for accelerator magnets of 8.3 T.
    [Show full text]
  • Tevatron Accelerator Physics and Operation Highlights A
    FERMILAB-CONF-11-129-APC TEVATRON ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND OPERATION HIGHLIGHTS A. Valishev for the Tevatron group, FNAL, Batavia, IL 60510, U.S.A. Abstract Table 1: Integrated luminosity performance by fiscal year. The performance of the Tevatron collider demonstrated FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 continuous growth over the course of Run II, with the peak luminosity reaching 4×1032 cm-2 s-1, and the weekly Total integral (fb-1) 1.3 1.8 1.9 2.47 -1 integration rate exceeding 70 pb . This report presents a review of the most important advances that contributed to Until the middle of calendar year 2009, the luminosity this performance improvement, including beam dynamics growth was dominated by improvements of the antiproton modeling, precision optics measurements and stability production rate [2], which remains stable since. control, implementation of collimation during low-beta Performance improvements over the last two years squeeze. Algorithms employed for optimization of the became possible because of implementation of a few luminosity integration are presented and the lessons operational changes, described in the following section. learned from high-luminosity operation are discussed. Studies of novel accelerator physics concepts at the Tevatron are described, such as the collimation techniques using crystal collimator and hollow electron beam, and compensation of beam-beam effects. COLLIDER RUN II PERFORMANCE Tevatron collider Run II with proton-antiproton collisions at the center of mass energy of 1.96 TeV started in March 2001. Since then, 10.5 fb-1 of integrated luminosity has been delivered to CDF and D0 experiments (Fig. 1). All major technical upgrades of the accelerator complex were completed by 2007 [1].
    [Show full text]
  • MIT at the Large Hadron Collider—Illuminating the High-Energy Frontier
    Mit at the large hadron collider—Illuminating the high-energy frontier 40 ) roland | klute mit physics annual 2010 gunther roland and Markus Klute ver the last few decades, teams of physicists and engineers O all over the globe have worked on the components for one of the most complex machines ever built: the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the CERN laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. Collaborations of thousands of scientists have assembled the giant particle detectors used to examine collisions of protons and nuclei at energies never before achieved in a labo- ratory. After initial tests proved successful in late 2009, the LHC physics program was launched in March 2010. Now the race is on to fulfill the LHC’s paradoxical mission: to complete the Stan- dard Model of particle physics by detecting its last missing piece, the Higgs boson, and to discover the building blocks of a more complete theory of nature to finally replace the Standard Model. The MIT team working on the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the LHC stands at the forefront of this new era of particle and nuclear physics. The High Energy Frontier Our current understanding of the fundamental interactions of nature is encap- sulated in the Standard Model of particle physics. In this theory, the multitude of subatomic particles is explained in terms of just two kinds of basic building blocks: quarks, which form protons and neutrons, and leptons, including the electron and its heavier cousins. From the three basic interactions described by the Standard Model—the strong, electroweak and gravitational forces—arise much of our understanding of the world around us, from the formation of matter in the early universe, to the energy production in the Sun, and the stability of atoms and mit physics annual 2010 roland | klute ( 41 figure 1 A photograph of the interior, central molecules.
    [Show full text]
  • The Compact Linear E E− Collider (CLIC): Physics Potential
    + The Compact Linear e e− Collider (CLIC): Physics Potential Input to the European Particle Physics Strategy Update on behalf of the CLIC and CLICdp Collaborations 18 December 2018 1) Contact person: P. Roloff ∗ †‡ §¶ Editors: R. Franceschini , P. Roloff∗, U. Schnoor∗, A. Wulzer∗ † ‡ ∗ CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy, § Università di Padova, Padova, Italy, ¶ LPTP, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract + The Compact Linear Collider, CLIC, is a proposed e e− collider at the TeV scale whose physics poten- tial ranges from high-precision measurements to extensive direct sensitivity to physics beyond the Standard Model. This document summarises the physics potential of CLIC, obtained in detailed studies, many based on full simulation of the CLIC detector. CLIC covers one order of magnitude of centre-of-mass energies from 350 GeV to 3 TeV, giving access to large event samples for a variety of SM processes, many of them for the + first time in e e− collisions or for the first time at all. The high collision energy combined with the large + luminosity and clean environment of the e e− collisions enables the measurement of the properties of Stand- ard Model particles, such as the Higgs boson and the top quark, with unparalleled precision. CLIC might also discover indirect effects of very heavy new physics by probing the parameters of the Standard Model Effective Field Theory with an unprecedented level of precision. The direct and indirect reach of CLIC to physics beyond the Standard Model significantly exceeds that of the HL-LHC. This includes new particles detected in challenging non-standard signatures.
    [Show full text]
  • The ATLAS Detector: a General Purpose Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN
    FR9806097 The ATLAS detector: a general purpose experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN J. Schwindling CEA, DSM/DAPNIA, CE Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France 1 Introduction The ATLAS collaboration has designed a general purpose detector to be operated at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN [1]. The design of the detector took into account the requirements from the physics and the constraints from the collider, but also the cost and technological aspects. It is supported by a large amount of detailed simulations and test activities. The performances which are required to meet the physics goals are the following: - The search for Higgs bosons through their decays into two photons or four elec- trons requires a good electromagnetic calorimetry. - The search for Higgs bosons decaying into four muons requires a robust muon system. - Supersymmetric particles often decay into an invisible neutralino plus other parti- cles, leading to a missing energy signature which can be measured with an hermetic detector. - The measurement of the top quark mass requires a good measurement of jets. - b quark and r lepton identification requires the precise measurement of secondary vertices. The ATLAS detector is shown in figure 1. It covers a large fraction of the 4n angle, offers robust and redundant physics measurements and allows for triggering at low PT (about 10 GeV) thresholds. In order to achieve the design LHC luminosity of 1034 cm"2 s"1, the bunch spacing will be only 25 ns, leading to about 20 minimum bias events ("pile-up") and about 1000 charged tracks produced at each bunch crossing.
    [Show full text]
  • Scaling Behavior of Circular Colliders Dominated by Synchrotron Radiation
    SCALING BEHAVIOR OF CIRCULAR COLLIDERS DOMINATED BY SYNCHROTRON RADIATION Richard Talman Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics Cornell University White Paper at the 2015 IAS Program on the Future of High Energy Physics Abstract time scales measured in minutes, for example causing the The scaling formulas in this paper—many of which in- beams to be flattened, wider than they are high [1] [2] [3]. volve approximation—apply primarily to electron colliders In this regime scaling relations previously valid only for like CEPC or FCC-ee. The more abstract “radiation dom- electrons will be applicable also to protons. inated” phrase in the title is intended to encourage use of This paper concentrates primarily on establishing scaling the formulas—though admittedly less precisely—to proton laws that are fully accurate for a Higgs factory such as CepC. colliders like SPPC, for which synchrotron radiation begins Dominating everything is the synchrotron radiation formula to dominate the design in spite of the large proton mass. E4 Optimizing a facility having an electron-positron Higgs ∆E / ; (1) R factory, followed decades later by a p,p collider in the same tunnel, is a formidable task. The CepC design study con- stitutes an initial “constrained parameter” collider design. relating energy loss per turn ∆E, particle energy E and bend 1 Here the constrained parameters include tunnel circumfer- radius R. This is the main formula governing tunnel ence, cell lengths, phase advance per cell, etc. This approach circumference for CepC because increasing R decreases is valuable, if the constrained parameters are self-consistent ∆E. and close to optimal.
    [Show full text]
  • Compact Linear Collider (CLIC)
    Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) Philip Burrows John Adams Institute Oxford University 1 Outline • Introduction • Linear colliders + CLIC • CLIC project status • 5-year R&D programme + technical goals • Applications of CLIC technologies 2 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Largest, highest-energy particle collider CERN, Geneva 3 CERN accelerator complex 4 CLIC vision • A proposed LINEAR collider of electrons and positrons • Designed to reach VERY high energies in the electron-positron annihilations: 3 TeV = 3 000 000 000 000 eV • Ideal for producing new heavy particles of matter, such as SUSY particles, in clean conditions 5 CLIC vision • A proposed LINEAR collider of electrons and positrons • Designed to reach VERY high energies in the electron-positron annihilations: 3 TeV = 3 000 000 000 000 eV • Ideal for producing new heavy particles of matter, such as SUSY particles, in clean conditions … should they be discovered at LHC! 6 CLIC Layout: 3 TeV Drive Beam Generation Complex Main Beam Generation Complex 7 CLIC energy staging • An energy-staging strategy is being developed: ~ 500 GeV 1.5 TeV 3 TeV (and realistic for implementation) • The start-up energy would allow for a Higgs boson and top-quark factory 8 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics 9 e+e- Higgs boson factory e+e- annihilations: E > 91 + 125 = 216 GeV E ~ 250 GeV E > 91 + 250 = 341 GeV E ~ 500 GeV European PP Strategy (2013) High-priority large-scale scientific activities: LHC + High Lumi-LHC Post-LHC accelerator at CERN International Linear Collider Neutrinos 11 International Linear Collider (ILC) c. 250 GeV / beam 31 km 12 Kitakami Site 13 ILC Kitakami Site: IP region 14 Global Linear Collider Collaboration 15 European PP Strategy (2013) CERN should undertake design studies for accelerator projects in a global context, with emphasis on proton-proton and electron-positron high energy frontier machines.
    [Show full text]
  • The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
    The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider A 30 minute tour Peter Krieger University of Toronto P.Krieger, University of Toronto WNPPC'08, Banff, February 2008 0 The Standard Model of Particle Physics SU(3)C SU(2)L U(1)Y e μ Consistent with all existing experimental data BUT e L μ L L No Higgs yet u c t 19 free parameters (masses, couplings etc) three (?) generations of fundamental fermions d s b L L L Hierarchy problem (need Supersymmetry) Charge ratios of quarks and leptons (GUTs) No gravity (need string theory ?) ± 0 0 W ,Z Higgs H A Number candidates for physics beyond the SM g Expected mass scale for new physics ~ 1 TeV P.Krieger, University of Toronto WNPPC'08, Banff, February 2008 1 Beyond the Standard Model Hierarchy problem: there are two fundamental energy scales that we know -17 of: the electroweak scale and the Planck scale: MEW / Mplanck 10 Naturalness problem: radiative corrections to the mass of a fundamental scalar (e.g. the Higgs) scale like 2 where is the energy scale to which the theory remains valid. This yields a fine-tuning problem for the Higgs mass unless: Could be gravity if there a) There is new physics at the ~ TeV energy scale are extra dimensions b) There is some symmetry protecting the Higgs mass against large radiative corrections (Supersymmetry) If the Higgs is not discovered with a mass < 800 GeV, expect the dynamics of WW, ZZ scattering to reveal new physics at this energy scale We MUST see something at LHC energies P.Krieger, University of Toronto WNPPC'08, Banff, February 2008 2 Vector Boson Scattering 2 Cross-section grows with s E CM .
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History and Review of Accelerators
    A BRIEF HISTORY AND REVIEW OF ACCELERATORS P.J. Bryant CERN, Geneva, Switzerland ABSTRACT The history of accelerators is traced from three separate roots, through a rapid development to the present day. The well-known Livingston chart is used to illustrate how spectacular this development has been with, on average, an increase of one and a half orders of magnitude in energy per decade, since the early thirties. Several present-day accelerators are reviewed along with plans and hopes for the future. 1 . INTRODUCTION High-energy physics research has always been the driving force behind the development of particle accelerators. They started life in physics research laboratories in glass envelopes sealed with varnish and putty with shining electrodes and frequent discharges, but they have long since outgrown this environment to become large-scale facilities offering services to large communities. Although the particle physics community is still the main group, they have been joined by others of whom the synchrotron light users are the largest and fastest growing. There is also an increasing interest in radiation therapy in the medical world and industry has been a long-time user of ion implantation and many other applications. Consequently accelerators now constitute a field of activity in their own right with professional physicists and engineers dedicated to their study, construction and operation. This paper will describe the early history of accelerators, review the important milestones in their development up to the present day and take a preview of future plans and hopes. 2 . HISTORICAL ROOTS The early history of accelerators can be traced from three separate roots.
    [Show full text]
  • Physicists Raid Tevatron for Parts Fermilab Icon Plundered Amid Tight Budgets and Shifting Scientific Aims
    IN FOCUS NEWS HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS Physicists raid Tevatron for parts Fermilab icon plundered amid tight budgets and shifting scientific aims. BY EUGENIE SAMUEL REICH CANNIBALIZING THE TEVATRON Parts at the Tevatron and its two main experiments, the CDF and D0, are being t is a 4,000-tonne edifice that stands three considered for recycling in the wake of the collider’s closure in September 2011. stories high, chock full of particle detectors, Antiproton power supplies, electronics and photo­ source Imultiplier tubes, all layered like a giant onion Possibly open around a cylindrical magnet. During 26 years Booster of operation at the Fermi National Accelerator to visitors Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois, this behemoth, Main injector the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF), and recycler helped to find the top quark and chased the • Photomultiplier tubes for Higgs boson. But since the lab’s flagship parti- nuclear-structure experiment CDF cle collider, the Tevatron, was switched off in • Electronics for the Large September 2011, the detector has been surplus Hadron Collider in Europe • Central magnet for a stock — and it is now slowly being cannibal- possible particle-decay ized for parts. Beams repurposed experiment When the Tevatron closed, Fermilab for neutrino and • Possible educational display announced that the CDF would become an other experiments educational display. Along with its companion experiment, D0, the detector was supposed to form the centre­piece of a tour through simu- Tevatron lated control rooms and decommissioned Possible educational display accelerator tunnels. But tight budgets for experimental particle physicists — combined 500 m with their tendency to tinker and recycle — are pushing the outcome in a different direction, D0 at least for the CDF.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Particle Accelerators and Their Limitations
    Published by CERN in the Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School: Plasma Wake Acceleration, Geneva, Switzerland, 23–29 November 2014, edited by B. Holzer, CERN-2016-001 (CERN, Geneva, 2016) Introduction to Particle Accelerators and their Limitations B.J. Holzer CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract The paper gives an overview of the principles of particle accelerators and their historical development. After introducing the basic concepts, the main emphasis is on sketching the layout of modern storage rings and discussing their limitations in terms of energy and machine performance. Examples of existing machines, among them the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, demonstrate the basic principles of and the technical and physical limits that we face in the design and operation of particle colliders. The push for ever higher beam energies motivates the design of future colliders as well as the development of more efficient acceleration techniques. Keywords Particle accelerators; history; basic concepts; technologies; technical limits; physical limits. 1 Introduction The study of matter, from initial theories about the structure of the atom to the discovery of the nucleus and, subsequently, of a variety of particles and their interactions, has been summarized in a scientific picture often called the ‘standard model’; along its way it has driven the development of powerful tools to create the particle beams that are needed to analyse the detailed structure of matter. The largest ac- celerator to date, the proton–proton Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva, operates with an energy per beam of 7 TeV, which corresponds to an available centre-of-mass energy of Ecm = 14 TeV.
    [Show full text]
  • The Belle II Experiment at the Superkekb
    EPJ Web of Conferences 218, 07003 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921807003 PhiPsi 2017 The Belle II Experiment at the SuperKEKB Chang-Zheng Yuan (for the Belle II Collaboration )1;2;? 1Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Abstract. Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider is a major upgrade of the Belle experiment at the KEKB asymmetric e+e− collider at the KEK. The experiment will focus on the search for new physics beyond the standard model via high precision measurement of heavy flavor decays and search for rare signals. In this talk, we present the status of the SuperKEKB collider and the Belle II detector. 1 Introduction The two B factories, Belle at the KEKB collider at KEK [1] and BaBar at the PEP II collider at SLAC [2], have been operating very successfully for more than ten years [3]. Altogether, about 1.5 ab−1 data in the vicinity of the Υ(4S ) resonance were accumulated, and these data were used in extensive studies of the B-physics, charm physics, tau physics, as well as hadron spectroscopy and various searches for possible hints of new physics, such as lepton number violation, low mass Higgs-like states, and dark matters. While most results from B factories are in good consistency with the expectations from the Stan- dard Model (SM), there are a few measurements that show discrepancies at around three standard deviation level from the SM predictions. One of the interesting examples is the possible observation of the violation of the lepton universality in semileptonic B decays, if confirmed, very probably, there is contribution from non-SM physics [4].
    [Show full text]