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Ufpe Centro De Ciências Biológicas - Cb Departamento De Zoologia Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Animal – Ppg-Ba UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PERNAMBUCO – UFPE CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS - CB DEPARTAMENTO DE ZOOLOGIA PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA ANIMAL – PPG-BA LOYANA DOCIO SANTOS O QUE OS MORTOS PODEM CONTAR? ESPÍCULAS DE ESPONJAS (PORIFERA) COMO FERRAMENTA PARA RECONSTITUIÇÃO PALEOAMBIENTAL Recife 2020 LOYANA DOCIO SANTOS O QUE OS MORTOS PODEM CONTAR? ESPÍCULAS DE ESPONJAS (PORIFERA) COMO FERRAMENTA PARA RECONSTITUIÇÃO PALEOAMBIENTAL Tese apresentada à coordenação do programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal do Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco como parte dos requisitos parciais para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia Animal. Área de concentração: Biologia Animal. Orientador: Dr. Ulisses dos Santos Pinheiro Co-orienatdor: Dr. Mauro Parolin Recife 2020 Catalogação na Fonte: Bibliotecário Bruno Márcio Gouveia, CRB-4/1788 Santos, Loyana Docio O que os mortos podem contar? Espículas de esponjas (Porífera) como ferramenta para reconstituição paleomabiental / Loyana Docio Santos. - 2020. 188 f. : il. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ulisses dos Santos Pinheiro. Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Mauro Parolin. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Centro de Biociências. Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Recife, 2020. Inclui referências, apêndices e anexos. 1. Esponja. 2. Paleobiologia. 3. Paleoecologia. I. Pinhero, Ulisses dos Santos. II. Parolin, Mauro (coorientador). III. Título. 593 CDD (22.ed.) UFPE/CB-2021-021 LOYANA DOCIO SANTOS O QUE OS MORTOS PODEM CONTAR? ESPÍCULAS DE ESPONJAS (PORIFERA) COMO FERRAMENTA PARA RECONSTITUIÇÃO PALEOAMBIENTAL Tese apresentada à coordenação do programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal do Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco como parte dos requisitos parciais para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia Animal. Aprovada em: 30/10/2020 Banca Examinadora Dr. Eduardo Hajdu Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Dr. André Luiz Carvalho da Silva Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Dr. Emílio de Lanna Neto Universidade Federal da Bahia. Dr. Alexandre Oliveira de Almeida Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Drª Ludimila Calheira Laurindo Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. À Anamaria de Lira Lima, que me mostrou a “máxima”: “Conhece-te a ti mesmo” Sócrates (469 a.C. 399 d.C.). Dedico. AGRADECIMENTOS Desejo exprimir meus agradecimentos a todos aqueles que possibilitaram direta e indiretamente que esta tese se concretizasse. À minha família pelo apoio e fé depositados em mim, além de cuidar dos “meninos” (cão e gatos) durante esses quatro anos em curso; À minha psicóloga Anamaria de Lira Lima e à psiquiatra Suzana Azoubel, pela empatia, pelo acompanhamento nessa caminhada de pós-graduação, durante os momentos críticos. Aos meus orientadores Dr. Ulisses dos Santos Pinheiro, Dr. Mauro Parolin por todo apoio, ensinamentos, compreensão, estímulo e trocas; Ao professor Dr. Ulisses dos Santos Pinheiro, você foi um dos estimuladores das conquistas acadêmicas de seus alunos mais antigos. Mesmo que agora seu posto de orientador tenha chegado ao fim, eu ainda vou te chamar, respeitosamente, de prof./orientador e amigo. Ao professor Dr. André Luiz Carvalho da Silva, obrigada pelo humano, professor e pesquisador que você é! Obrigada por me lembrar que o processo de aprendizagem se faz também por meio do erro. Dito isso, sempre há uma segunda chance desde que “nossas almas não sejam pequenas”, parafraseando o Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935). Ao senhor José Maria Avelino, quem nos conduziu como guia entre as várias lagoas do litoral sul do Rio Grande do Norte. Ao prof. Dr. Marcelo Caxambu (Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR, unidade de Campo Mourão-PR), pela identificação do material vegetal do entorno das lagoas pesquisadas neste estudo; Ao Dr. Ênio Wocyli (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba –UEPB) e Dr. Leonardo Versieux (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte –UFRN) pela identificação da macrófita aquática da Lagoa Arituba; À estadunidense Luann Rita Goldschalx pela amizade, pelos ensinamentos, pela visão clínica e reta na revisão do inglês, além da conversa sempre agradável. Aos amigos, Drª Ludimila Calheira, Dr. George Garcia Santos, MSc Daniele Mariz, MSc. Elielton Nascimento, Dr. Leomir Campos pela convivência destes quatro anos; Ao colega da pós-graduação, Dr. Edivaldo Lima Gomes Jr., em nome do Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, pelo auxílio na utilização de equipamentos. À Drª Giliane Géssica Rasbold, por ter sido minha professora prática e uma querida amiga. Obrigada também pelo apoio logístico no Paraná, conversas sobre os textos e tudo mais. Meus sinceros desejos de sucesso em todos os setores de sua vida. À MSc. Fernando Villwock e Dr. Leandro Luz por toda atenção fornecidas para o trabalho de campo e trocas de ideias sobre artigos. Fernando, obrigada pelo acolhimento no Paraná, pela companhia na terceira ida a campo, por me ajudar com as imagens de altimetria que eu nem sabia aonde ir. A sacada da vida é que podemos aprender muito uns com os outros e a colaboração é o meio mais prazeroso de se obter sucesso! À Universidade do Estado da Bahia - UNEB, por conceder o afastamento para o curso de doutoramento; Aos colegas/amigos da UNEB: Drª Nelma Arônia, Drª Marilde Queiroz, Dr. Thiago França, Dr. Tayron Sousa Amaral; Dra. Viviany Teixeira; Dra. Daniela Stefanelo; Dr. Reginaldo Cerqueira; MSc. Erica Neitzke; MSc. Genivaldo Cruz Santos e todos os colegas que mantiveram contato durante esse tempo de afastamento e ajudaram-me em muitos momentos pessoais; Ao Lepafe – Laboratório de Estudos Paleoambientais da Fecilcam, UNESPAR, Campo Mourão PR.; em nome de Eduarda Couto Adam, Tainá Pepino, Anne Karolyna de Freitas da Silva e Dener Cibotto; Ao Labdin – Laboratório de Dinâmica da Natureza, UERJ, São Gonçalo, RJ em nome do professor Dr. André Carvalho da Silva; Doutoranda Ana Beatriz Pinheiro; Mestrando Lucas Ferreira Correia; Ms. Valéria Cristina Silva Pinto pela análise morfoscópica dos grãos de areia; Ao Labpor – Laboratório de Porifera da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, em nome dos colegas MSc Alan Dias; Leonardo Mendes, Thales Almeida Barros, por todos os campos compartilhados, dias de laboratório e saídas para comer sonhos. Ao CNPq pelos sete meses de bolsa de doutorado - PROTAX-CNPQ (Proc. 440620/2015-5); Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação e Biologia Animal (PPGBA) da UFPE, em nome do corpo docente e demais pessoas/setores universitários não listados e que contribuíram direta ou indiretamente para a conclusão deste estudo. Obrigada! “Uma vez perdido na selva escura, um homem [ou mulher] só poderá escapar se, através do uso da razão e do intelecto, descer de forma que veja o seu pecado não como um obstáculo externo (as feras), mas como vontade de caos e morte dentro de si (Inferno)”. (ALIGIHIERI,1998. nota.54 por Sayers). Colchetes inseridos pela autora da tese. RESUMO Espículas de esponjas de ambientes límnico e marinho, em sedimentos quaternários, têm utilidade como ferramentas de reconstituição paleoambiental. Esta ação é possível devido à continuidade entre espécies viventes e seus restos fósseis/subfósseis. Assim, restos de espécies estenotópicas podem apontar estágios de sucessão de paisagens em determinado tempo e espaço. Porém, contribuições taxonômicas recentes mostraram que há espécies continentais consideradas estenotópicas ocorrendo em ambientes diversos, o que as classificam agora como euritópicas. No capítulo 1, buscou-se dados ecológicos das espécies continentais da região Neotropical e os contrapôs as suas informações ecológicas utilizadas por estudos paleoambientais dessa região. Os dados ecológicos das esponjas e os estudos paleoambientais foram levantados por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica. Informações ecológicas de 77 espécies foram compiladas em tabela, visando subsidiar futuras reconstituições paleoambientais. Enquanto isso, 33 artigos de reconstituição foram analisados. Embora existissem incongruências na utilização dos dados ecológicos das espécies pelas reconstituições, elas não afetaram as interpretações paleoambientais feitas, pois os estudos utilizaram análise multi-proxy ou dados de pesquisas anteriores. No capítulo 2, buscou-se contrastar as respostas das espículas com as de outros dados proxies (fitólitos, análises sedimentares; isotópicas ẟC13, ẟN15 e radiocarbono). Para tanto, foi realizada uma reconstituição paleoambiental em área próxima às margens do Rio Trairí, no Rio Grande do Norte. Dentre sete espécies de esponjas identificadas por restos de espículas, apenas D. pydanieli e H. fistula corroboraram a descrição pretérita dos outros dados. O ambiente passado se apresentava como lagoa de fundo arenoso coberto por macrófitas e sujeito a colmatação. No capítulo 3, buscou-se identificar influência marinha em lagoa costeira dulciaquícola, utilizando espículas e análise multi-proxy. Comprovou-se conexão entre a lagoa e o mar diante da transição entre espículas de esponjas marinhas e dulciaquícolas. O estudo mostrou que espículas encontradas no sedimento podem fornecer informações mais detalhadas sobre o ambiente quando identificadas ao menor nível taxonômico, se tratando de espécies estenotópicas, ou integrada a outros dados proxie, considerando as euritópicas. Palavras-chave: Dados ecológicos. Reconstituições Paleoambientais. Porifera. Quaternário. ABSTRACT Sponge spicules from inland and marine environments, when present in quaternary sediments, may be used as a paleoenvironmental tool to make inferences
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