Extreme Durability in Ancient Roman Concretes

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Extreme durability in ancient Roman concretes

Annual student section | Growth in cementitious materials market | Ceramics Expo 2018 recap When it Comes to Heat, We Sweat the Details!

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Harrop Ad Sweat the Details Full Size final.indd 1 4/10/18 3:59 PM contents June/July 2018 • Vol. 97 No.5 feature articles departments News & Trends ...... 3 Extreme durability in ancient 22 Roman concretes Spotlight...... 9 By revealing the secrets hidden within ancient Roman Ceramics in Manufacturing. . . 15 structures, cementitious materials science is opening new Research Briefs ...... 17 opportunities to develop concrete formulations with improved durability and service life to aid ailing infra- Ceramics in Biomedicine. . . . 20 structures and address materials encapsulation needs. by Marie D. Jackson, John P. Oleson, cover story Juhyuk Moon, Yi Zhang, Heng Chen, and Magnus T. Gudmundsson columns Business and Market View . . . 8 Global market for supplementary cementitious materials expected to 29 exceed $103 billion by 2020 by Tanmay Joshi

meetings Clay 2018...... 37 Cements 2018...... 38 ACerS Bulletin annual student section MCARE 2018 ...... 39 Student–written articles showcase the diversity and impact of research MS&T18...... 40 from students around the world. CEX 2018 recap...... 42 Chair’s update on PCSA activities and welcome to the student ACerS Bulletin issue by Ashley Hilmas Congressional Visits Day 2018 recap by Yolanda Natividad resources New Products...... 44 From illusion to reality Classified Advertising. . . . 45 by Arjak Bhattacharjee Display Ad Index...... 47 Computational discovery of new piezoelectric materials by Sukriti Manna Calendar...... 48 Ferroelectrics towards a multifunctional energy-harvesting device by Gaurav Vats Anxious engineering by Brian MacDowall Taming the hollowness: Controlling formation of hollow metallic nanostructures attached to a ceramic substrate by Nimrod Gazit Hybrid solar cells and beyond: Spanning ceramics and organic molecules by Surendra B. Anantharaman

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin online Editorial and Production www.ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 [email protected] June/July 2018 • Vol. 97 No.5 April Gocha, Managing Editor Faye Oney, Assistant Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Fei Chen, Wuhan University of Technology, China Thomas Fischer, University of Cologne, Germany http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss Kang Lee, NASA Glenn Research Center Klaus-Markus Peters, Fireline Inc. Gurpreet Singh, Chair, Kansas State University Chunlei Wan, Tsinghua University, China As seen on Ceramic Tech Today... Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation Necessary roughness: ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 [email protected] Engineering particle surfaces Advertising Sales to control how cements National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director and other suspended [email protected] ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 materials flow Europe Researchers from ETH Zurich have precisely Richard Rozelaar studied how surface roughness of a library of [email protected] various silicate particles affects the viscosity ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 and thickening behavior of suspensions of Executive Staff those particles. Can you go with this flow? Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher [email protected] Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications & Marketing [email protected] Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation read more at www.ceramics.org/roughness [email protected] Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations [email protected] Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant [email protected] Mark Mecklenborg, Director of Membership, Meetings As seen in the May 2018 ACerS Bulletin... & Technical Publications [email protected] Kevin Thompson, Director, Membership Guiding light—how new [email protected] materials are shaping the Officers Michael Alexander, President future of advanced optical Sylvia Johnson, President-Elect William Lee, Past President fiber and laser systems Daniel Lease, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Secretary Glass optical fibers are critical to global communications, but current materials are Board of Directors nearing their limits for information capacity Manoj Choudhary, Director 2015–2018 and laser power—glass science can offer Doreen Edwards, Director 2016–2019 new solutions. Kevin Fox, Director 2017–2020 Dana Goski, Director 2016–2019 Martin Harmer, Director 2015–2018 Lynnette Madsen, Director 2016–2019 Sanjay Mathur, Director 2017–2020 Martha Mecartney, Director 2017–2020 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015–2018 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian read more at www.ceramics.org/guidinglight

American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. The American Ceramic Society is not responsible for the accuracy of information in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. Readers should independently evaluate the accuracy of any statement in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2018. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a “dual-media” magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramics.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January–October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 97, No. 5, pp 1– 48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents.

2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 news & trends

Massive discovery of rare earth The open-access paper, published in of rare-earth elements” (DOI:10.1038/ deposit near Japan Scientific Reports, is “The tremendous s41598-018-23948-5). n potential of deep-sea mud as a source Scientists reportedly discovered a massive deposit of rare-earth elements in the western North Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Minamitorishima Island in Japan, in 2013. And now, they report that not only is the deposit sufficiently C E L E B R A T I N G YEARS massive in terms of its estimated rare- 50 earth resource supply, but that recovery of service to the ceramic, of said minerals is rather feasible. glass, and petrology The scientists estimate that the amount of rare-earth oxides stashed in the “most communities. promising area” of the widely-distributed supply totals some 1.2 Mt—and that the total supply in the entire area would yield 16 Mt of rare-earth oxides. Just how much is that? According the Scientific Reports paper describing the work, it is enough to “supply these metals on a semi-infinite basis to the world.” For example, the scientists also estimated supply on a per-element basis for some critical rare-earth elements: • 780 years worth of yttrium supply; • 620 years worth of europium supply; • 420 years worth of terbium supply; and • 730 years worth of dysprosium supply. Of course, the presence of the minerals is not enough cause for celebration—but the fact that the scientists’ analysis indi- cates that industrial-scale extraction and purification should be feasible through processing with a hydrocyclone separator makes the discovery quite remarkable.

Control systems are certiied by Intertek UL508A Compliant TM Deltech Furnaces is an Standard or Custom ISO 9001:2015 Credit: Museum für Naturkunde Berlin; Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Certiied Company www.deltechfurnaces.com Samples of rare-earth element yttrium.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 3 news & trends

Kyocera breaks ground on new $52M ceramic microelectronic manufacturing plant “More powerful mobile devices, larger televisions, autonomous and electric vehicles, wearables, virtual reality, and Drawing of the the Internet of Things (IoT)—these tech- new proposed nologies drive innovation and efficien- ceramic micro- cies in the electronics industry and in electronics semiconductors themselves. Ceramics manufacturing plant. serve a crucial role in enabling these developments, whether in the manufac-

turing, use, or application of advanced Credit: Kyocera semiconductors.” ly the article was a hint of what was The company reports that the new That was the introductory paragraph soon to come from the giant semicon- facility will increase Kyocera’s produc- of the cover story, written by Kyocera ductor corporation. tion capacity of ceramic packages for International’s Arne Knudsen, from the Kyocera Corporation recently surface-mount electronic devices and April 2018 issue of the ACerS Bulletin. announced that it will invest $52.4 mil- complementary metal oxide semiconduc- And in addition to indicating how lion to build a new manufacturing plant tor (CMOS) image sensors by 25%. important of a role ceramics play in in Japan to boost production of ceramic Scheduled to begin construction in the semiconductor industry, apparent- microelectronic packages. April 2018, the new six-story manufacturing plant is expected to open Business news in August 2019 at the company’s Corning to construct high-volume receives support for rare earth refinery Kagoshima Sendai manufacturing com- manufacturing facility for Valor glass purchase (www.roskill.com) …Owens plex in Kagoshima, Japan. The complex, which already (www.corning.com) …Allied Mineral Corning, Taiwan Glass announce technology includes 21 facilities, originally opened Products begins production in Russian license and manufacturing agreements in 1969 to produce multilayer ceramic manufacturing facility (www.alliedmineral. (www.owenscorning.com) …First XJet packages for integrated circuits for com) …3DCeram-Sinto signs partnership additive manufacturing system in US is desktop calculators. The new manufac- with DORST Technologies for additive up and running in Ohio (www.xjet3d. turing plant will produce ceramic tech- manufacturing (www.3dceram.com) … com) …Vision-guided robotics to become nologies that enable IoT, driver-assist DOE and NAM announce Sustainability in disruptive force in manufacturing (www. systems, and other advanced automo- Manufacturing partnership (www.energy. bitflow.com) …Allied Minerals customer tive and medical applications. gov) …Saint-Gobain increases flat glass completes plant trial of Dragonite halloysite Kyocera’s first-year production plan production capacity for automotive market clay (www.alliedmineral.com) …‘Urban for the new plant includes ~$36 mil- (www.saint-gobain.com) …CeramTec mining’ in South Korea pulls rare battery lion for the first six months of opera- Perlucor ceramics enable document scans materials from recycled tech (www.reuters. tion, according to a press release from in the highest quality (www.ceramtec. com) …Morgan Advanced Materials to the company. n com) …HWI is first North American exit composites and defense systems refractory company to earn new ISO business (www.morganadvancedmaterials. Apple’s new robot, Daisy, certification www.thinkhwi.com( ) … com) …Schott is lighting the way for new recycles high-quality materials Amedica announces patent grant for silicon US manufacturing jobs (www.us.schott. nitride and other ceramic materials (www. com) …DOE announces $105M in new from up to 200 devices per hour amedica.com) …US float glass to grow by funding to advance solar technologies Today’s disposable, tech-focused 20%–45% per year (www.usglassmag. (www.energy.gov) …Nikola Labs launches culture annually generates millions of tons of electronic waste. And estimates com) …3M technology powering the predictive maintenance sensors (www. indicate that only about 15%–20% of future of transportation (http://news.3m. nikola.tech) …HRL Laboratories wins 2018 electronic devices are recycled after being com) …Materion recognized for supplier Silver Edison Award in 3-D printing category tossed aside for the latest model. n excellence by Texas Instruments (www. (www.hrl.com) That means the vast majority of valu- materion.com) …Canada Rare Earth Corp. able materials that make up electronic

4 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 devices—materials that often have to be painstakingly mined, extracted, processed, and refined, usually with high environmental and human health costs—are one- time use. These valuable raw materials are treated as disposable commodities. With each device that is manufactured, those raw materials completely restart their long journey being mined out of the ground, extracted, processed, and manufactured into components. What a waste. In an effort to increase its sustainability and materials recycling efforts, Apple just unveiled a new robotic iPhone disassembly system, Daisy, that can separate and recover valuable materials from used iPhone devices in a matter of minutes. “It doesn’t make sense to recycle a phone the same way we recycle cars or a Credit: Apple toaster,” Lisa P. Jackson, Apple’s vice pres- An Apple robot named Daisy has five robotic arms that deconstruct iPhones into their ident of environment, policy, and social individual components and neatly sort them based on their component materials. initiative and former EPA Administrator, yielding material that is not high-quality parts, allowing recovery of high-quality says in a Popular Science story. “The glass enough to be used in other devices. And materials, at a rate of up to 200 devices is crushed, the aluminum is sold into those methods particularly do not allow per hour—or ~3.33 phones per minute. the scrap aluminum market, and the for recovery of valuable rare-earth ele- The disassembly robot represents rest is shredded into this pile of plastics ments. The devices are recycled, but the an improvement over Apple’s previous and metals. It has some value, but not a materials must find new uses. iPhone disassembly robot, Liam, which particularly high level. It’s not going back That is not the case with Daisy. This was introduced in 2016. Apple learned into an electronic.” 30-foot-long robot has five robotic arms from what worked and did not work Conventional methods to recycle devic- that methodically break down discarded with Liam, and even cannibalized some es often simply shred the old electronics, iPhone devices into their component of Liam’s parts to build Daisy. Innovative Batching Systems From small, manual systems to very large, automated systems...we know batching. • Reduce material costs • Improve consistency • Minimize injury risks • Eliminate product and packaging waste Learn More. Call 513-231-7432 today.

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 5 news & trends

Once an iPhone gets picked up and Even more extreme materials like According to an Air Force press assessed by Daisy, the robot uses a series ultrahigh temperature ceramics are nec- release, AFRL has tested the HRL Labs- of steps to pry apart cover glass, knock essary to perform at the high tempera- printed SiOC components, analyzing off the battery, and punch out the screws tures generated by aircraft traveling at various properties of the materials with holding the assembly together. supersonic and hypersonic speeds. techniques such as thermal expansion Daisy uses those five robotic arms Now, a recent collaboration seems to and high-enthalpy tests. to pound, clip, grip, shake, and twist be poised to turn up the heat even fur- AFRL reportedly prepared a final nine different iPhone models, freeing ther for ceramic materials for hypersonic report of its results and provided HRL their individual components from one travel and beyond. with its analysis. However, that report another and neatly sorting them based The Air Force Research Laboratory’s is not public, according to Tobias on their component materials. Aerospace Systems Directorate recently Schaedler, a senior scientist at HRL Labs. Those separated piles can then be announced that it is working together So what is publicly known about how recycled into high-quality materials that with HRL Laboratories (Malibu, Calif.) the SiOC performed in AFRL’s battery can be fashioned into new devices. So in to additively manufacture high-temper- of tests is limited to the press release: addition to minimizing electronic waste, ature ceramic materials that are well- “During the course of their collabora- Daisy actually helps create new materials suited for hypersonic aircraft. tive study, AFRL and HRL pushed the supply streams. Beyond environmental The two entities recently made their additively manufactured components sustainability, those streams also help pairing official, together signing a technol- far beyond their design envelope. The lower material costs and consumption ogy transfer agreement (called a CRADA- data which emerged from this extreme and bypass raw material market fluctua- MTA) that allows AFRL and HRL to testing provided the partners with valu- tions and supply uncertainties. n share materials for testing. able information that is currently being Those additively manufactured silicon utilized to guide the production of Collaboration between Air oxycarbide materials are being produced next-generation additively manufactured by HRL Labs using a printing process ceramics. These recommendations and Force Research Lab and HRL the company has developed to manufac- further advances by HRL have the poten- Labs could bring additively ture ceramics from pre-ceramic resins. tial to produce materials that can meet manufactured ceramics to Heat-treating components printed from the hypersonic requirements.” the resins at ~3,200°F forms silicon Read: they are further tweaking hypersonic travel oxycarbide ceramics, which are tough the materials, but the results so far Additively manufactured ceramic and refractory enough to survive extreme are promising. matrix composites are enabling new pos- environments—such as those encoun- “The extreme temperature testing sibilities for commercial jet engines today tered at hypersonic speeds. that AFRL performed revealed the by enabling higher operating tempera- Despite challenges in developing limits of our new material and chal- tures, but when it comes to supersonic such techniques, additive manufacturing lenged us to improve it,” Schaedler and hypersonic speeds, even ceramic and ceramics are a good match for one says in the release. n matrix composites cannot take the heat. another—the additive manufacturing technique offers design 3-D printed ceramics could flexibility and the capability to fab- provide buildings with airflow, ricate shapes and evaporative cooling structures that are Inspired by Arabic lace screens, difficult to achieve a team from Iowa State University’s with other ceramic architecture department has created a manufacturing 3-D-printed ceramic façade that can be techniques. And used as part of a mechanical system to ceramic materi- control the amount of light, privacy, air- als offer additive flow, and cooling in a building. manufacturing The project, titled “Mashrabiya 2.0,” important materials earned a $10,000 award at the inaugu- capabilities, such as ral Joan B. Calambokidis Innovation high resistance to

Credit: Air Force Research Laboratory in Masonry Competition earlier this A sample of additively manufactured silicon oxycarbide being heat and corrosion. month. The competition, open to archi- tested at Arnold Air Force Base.

6 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Call for contributing editors for ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria Diagrams Program

University. That Professors, researchers, is where she got retirees, post-docs, and her inspiration graduate students ... for the design of Mashrabiya 2.0. The general editors “Mashrabiya is of the reference series a shading device Phase Equilibria Diagrams that’s typically are in need of individuals made of wood and from the ceramics commu- incredibly common nity to critically evaluate in Arabic culture,” published articles containing phase equilibria diagrams. she says. “They’re Additional contributing editors installed in windows are needed to edit new phase to create privacy diagrams and write short commen- and shade.” taries to accompany each phase When asked if diagram being added to the reference the team plans to series. Especially needed are persons Credit: International Masonry Institute scale its project or knowledgeable in foreign languages Mashrabiya 2.0 uses 3-D printed ceramic disks that cover a including German, French, Russian, pipe to ventilate a building. work with a manu- Azerbaijani, Chinese, and Japanese. facturer, Forehand tects, engineers, students, and firms, rec- RECOGNITION: commented that initially the team had ognizes and awards innovative approach- The contributing editor’s initials will not considered it. “But now we’re look- es to energy efficiency, resiliency, accompany each commentary written for ing into it for the first time,” she says. sustainability, and mass customization, the publication. In addition, your name At the competition in Miami, Fla., and affiliation also will be included on the according to the International Masonry Forehand says she and her team were title pages under “contributing editors.” Institute’s website. The jury panel con- approached by manufacturers who were QUALIFICATIONS: sisted of renowned architects and leaders interested in their project. in the masonry industry, an Iowa State General understanding of the Gibbs “They told us that our method was phase rule and experimental procedures University news release states. time consuming,” she says, referring to for determination of phase equilibria dia- The team created a mockup of 140 the 3-D printing of individual ceramic grams and/or knowledge of theoretical individual 3-D printed ornamental disks disks, “but we could move forward with methods to calculate phase diagrams. made on a machine called a Potterbot, different fabrication processes. Different COMPENSATION for papers Leslie Forehand, title lecturer in the manufacturers talked to us about covering one chemical system: Department of Architecture and team more efficient ways to mass produce member, explains in a phone interview. $150 for the commentary, plus $10 for Mashrabiya 2.0.” “The Potterbot was actually designed by each diagram. As to what is next for the team, a ceramicist,” she says. COMPENSATION for papers covering Forehand says they plan to continue The disks wrap around pipes with multiple chemical systems: focusing on ceramics. She plans to use tiny holes that are connected to a build- her share of the award to purchase her $150 for the first commentary, plus $10 ing’s water system. “We proposed that own 3-D ceramic printer to continue her for each diagram. the system would spray water on the research of the technology. “It’s some- ceramic, keeping them cooled. It’s pas- $50 for each additional commentary, plus thing I’ve been passionate about since sive cooling and shading,” she explains. $10 for each diagram. 2014,” she says. An artist’s rendering of Mashrabiya FOR DETAILS PLEASE CONTACT: “It was incredibly encouraging to find 2.0 shows how it can be incorporated something that we do, which is pretty Mrs. Kimberly Hill into the façade of a building. Water in exploratory, to be well received in the NIST the pipes saturates the ceramic disks, industry,” Forehand asserts. “We are Gaithersburg, Md. 20899-8524, USA while air blowing through the façade also honored to be considered for this 301-975-6009 | [email protected] ventilates and cools the building. and are definitely moving forward.” Forehand had previously lived in Watch the video available at youtu. Qatar while working in fashion design be/k4Me664IPso to learn more about and graphics in the Department of Mashrabiya 2.0. n Research at Virginia Commonwealth

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 7 business and market view

A regular column featuring excerpts from BCC Research reports on industry sectors involving the ceramic and glass industry.

Global market for supplementary cementitious materials expected to exceed

$103 billion by 2020 Table 1. Global SCM market revenue Table 2. Global SCM market volume share by by product, through 2020 ($ millions) product in 2020 By Tanmay Joshi Product 2015 2020 CAGR% Product Market share (%) 2015–2020 Fly ash 95.0 upplementary Fly ash 75,030.9 98,031.9 5.5 Slag cement 4.8 Slag cement 4,059.9 4,969.1 4.1 Silica fumes 0.1 Scementitious materi- Silica fumes 66.8 87.8 5.6 Natural pozzolans 0.1 als (SCM) are formed as a Natural pozzolans 94.1 116.8 4.4 Total 100.0 Total 79,251.7 103,205.6 5.4 by-product of other manu- Slag cement is produced as a by- ronmental protection has led to the emer- product during the manufacture of iron. facturing processes. Fly ash, gence of “green buildings,” which utilize Increasing production of iron and steel SCMs to reduce carbon dioxide emis- silica fumes, and slag cement is expected to drive slag cement output. sions. Development of “green cities” in are the most commonly used However, materials such as carbon fiber, North America, Europe, and the Middle high-performance alloys, and other fibers products. SCMs are added East is expected to augment demand for that can be used as a replacement for SCMs over the projected period. to concrete mixtures and iron and steel have emerged. Thus, the Fly ash accounts for a significant market outlook toward iron and steel is other building products to share within the global SCM market, anticipated to be bleak over the next few accounting for a predicted 95% of the enhance properties of the years. However, production of iron and market share in 2020 (Table 2). By that base material. The current steel is not anticipated to diminish com- time, silica fumes are expected to be the pletely, as it forms the base for manufac- trend is to use various SCMs fastest-growing product within the global turing high-performance alloys. SCM market, followed by slag cement. according to their inherent Silica fumes are formed as a by-product Although the volume share of fly ash is during the production of ferrosilicon. chemical properties and to the largest, it is anticipated to lose mar- Rising demand for silica in electronics, ket share to other products. the eventual purpose of the construction, and automotive applica- Fly ash is a residue formed after resulting concrete. tions is expected to result in its increased combustion of coal ash. Fly ash is used The global SCM market was valued production. The silica fumes market is extensively in building materials as a at more than $79.2 billion in 2015 and small compared with other SCM mar- viable replacement for cement, as an is estimated to be more than $103.2 bil- kets—high cost has been a prime factor additive to manufacture numerous build- lion by 2020, increasing at a compound for limited demand. However, a rise in ing products, and in agriculture for soil annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% production of silicon and ferrosilicon is applications. Within the global fly ash from 2015 through 2020 (Table 1). expected to increase the output of silica market, Asia-Pacific is the largest market, Increasing infrastructure expenditure fumes. In addition, tight supply of other followed by North America. Abundant on a global scale is expected to drive SCMs is expected to open new market availability of the product has resulted in demand for concrete mixtures that opportunities for silica fumes growth as a huge demand in these regions. include SCM. In addition, changing viable replacement. Over the next few years, an increasing practices within the construction indus- number of national governments will be try are expected to impact demand. For About the author making efforts to reduce their reliance on instance, use of brick has been replaced Tanmay Joshi is project analyst for coal-generated power because of associ- by concrete mixtures to a large extent. BCC Research. Contact Joshi at ana- ated environment impacts. In addition, SCM market growth is expected to be [email protected]. depletion of coal reserves is also expected heavily dependent on the global construc- to hamper raw material supply. Therefore, tion sector. Infrastructure development Resource the fly ash market could witness volatility; on a global scale, particularly in emerging Tanmay Joshi, “Supplemental although the demand for fly ash is high, economies in Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Cementitious Materials: Global Markets low production of fly ash because of the Africa, and the Middle East, is expected and New Technologies,” BCC Research dwindling use of coal could hamper mar- to augment SCM market demand. In Report AVM128A, April 2016. www. ket growth. addition, rising awareness regarding envi- bccresearch.com. n

8 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 acers spotlight

Society and Division news

An ACerS Lifetime Membership means never Meet the 2017–2018 officers having to renew again President-elect Do you have a hard time remembering to renew your membership every year? An AcerS Lifetime Membership allows TATSUKI OHJI, FELLOW SCIENTIST, NATIONAL members to avoid future dues increases, maintain awards eli- INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE gibility, and eliminate the need to renew each year. AND TECHNOLOGY, JAPAN Join the growing list of lifetime members while securing I am truly honored to be nominated as pres- ACerS member benefits for your entire life. The cost to ident-elect of The American Ceramic Society. I have been involved with the Society over the become a lifetime member and enjoy continuous member Ohji benefits is a one-time payment of $2,000. last three decades and had excellent opportu- “It’s been obvious to me for a long time that I would always nity to work with many professionals and dedicated volunteers want to be part of the Society’s community of scholars and from all over the world. friends,” says one lifetime member. “But going through the I have served ACerS in various capacities, including board annual renewal process every year for decades has always been member, ECD chair and trustee, associate editor/assistant yet another administrative detail on my 'to do’ list. Lifetime editor of JACerS and IJACT, chair and member of numer- Membership brings me all of the benefits of the Society and ous committees, and chair/lead organizer of more than forty one less administrative thing to do every year.” conferences/symposia. I have gained valuable insights on To learn more about Lifetime Membership, contact membership director Kevin Thompson at (614) 794-5894 or [email protected]. n Save the date—October 17, 2018, Ceramic ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS Business & Leadership Summit at MS&T18 FOR POWDER COMPACTION “Succeeding in Today’s Manufacturing Marketplace” is the Gasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac theme of this year’s CBLS at MS&T18 in Columbus, Ohio. Topics and speakers will include: • Federal funding and legislation outlook for advanced ceramics, GASBARRE ELECTRIC PRESSES Glen Mandigo, executive director, United States Advanced Precision & Efficiency with Ceramics Association a Light Footprint • Emerging and evolving technologies that will impact manufacturing and their economic predictions, Jon Riley, senior vice president of technology, National Center for Manufacturing Sciences • The profit equation: Five key numbers to better manage your business, Daniel J. Gisser, business advisor, AdviCoach Registrants will also get access to case studies, ACerS HYDRAULIC PRESSES Rustum Roy Award Lecture by David Morse, (Corning Simple to Complex Parts, Inc.), and the MS&T exhibits. n Intuitive & Flexible Setup

ACerS offers special MS&T registration for MONOSTATIC AND Distinguished Life, Senior, and Emeritus members DENSOMATIC ACerS is again offering complimentary MS&T18 registra- ISOSTATIC PRESSES tion for Distinguished Life Members and reduced registration Featuring Dry Bag Pressing for Senior and Emeritus members. These special offers are only available through ACerS and are not offered on the MS&T 590 Division Street | DuBois, PA 15801 registration site. Download registration forms at http://bit.ly/ 814.371.3015 | [email protected] www.gasbarre.com SpecialMSTRates and submit to Erica Zimmerman at ezimmer- [email protected] by August 15, 2018. n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 9 acers spotlight

Society and Division news (continued)

various aspects of the society through and the breadth of backgrounds of all forms, and fosters the creation and my active involvement over the years. I the people who attend our meetings. dissemination of knowledge to promote truly hope to share this valuable experi- Starting with my service in the Division, the field of all materials rooted in inor- ence and tremendous value with all which eventually I chaired, I have also ganic compounds. members worldwide. participated in the society-wide Fellows There is a continued need to evolve I firmly believe that ACerS should be committee, the publications commit- a modern face for the Society, employ- the world leader in advancing ceramic tee, the book publishing subcommittee, ing electronic means of dissemination, science and technologies to the next gen- and several awards committees. Each membership engagement and recruit- eration, because ceramics will play a key group showed me a different side of ment, and media platforms for building role in addressing global challenges and the Society, and I enjoyed (and learned a sense of community and professional provide pathways for sustainable societal from) my service within each. My cur- identity. As a member of the Board of development. The Society should be the rent appointment as editor-in-chief of Directors, I plan to devote my energy primary resource of scientific knowledge, IJAGS—part of ACerS journal offer- toward: (i) developing novel resources technical information, education, net- ings—also has allowed me the opportu- to accommodate demands resulting working, and professional development nity to interact with the other editors from the Material Genome Initiative for the global ceramics community. and to participate in long-term strategic and big data, specifically concerning the ACerS could attract and serve more discussions with our publisher. On role ACerS can play in information and members, particularly young researchers the board, I would like to continue to workflow management; (ii) modernizing and engineers from all over the world, ensure ACerS recent record of success conference and programming formats through leading-edge technical meetings, and financial stability and also look to in anticipation of high-speed networked innovative information delivery systems, the future and our strategic direction. interaction platforms; (iii) establishing and rewarding mentoring and volunteer Important open initiatives, like the new data sharing and reuse paradigms activities. It is critically important to Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation and services; and (iv) ascertaining that sustain and enhance excellent ongoing and the new Bioceramics Division, must rules and best practice guidelines for the programs for students and young profes- be continued and brought to a state of work of committees, societal, or division- sionals and further improve communica- excellence. I would be happy to serve to al governance are effective. I hold a clear tion and engagement with industrial and the best of my ability on the Society’s vision for new initiatives and profes- international members. It could further Board of Directors. sional outreach that will advance ACerS promote interaction and collaboration mission and organizational growth. with other international material societ- JOHN KIEFFER, ies for the advocacy of ceramic materials PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY JINGYANG WANG, CAS DIS- and technologies. I will do my best to OF MICHIGAN, ANN TINGUISHED PROFESSOR contribute towards these goals for this ARBOR, MICHIGAN AND DIVISION HEAD, prestigious Society. As an active member SHENYANG NATIONAL of the Society since 1987, LABORATORY FOR Kieffer I have served in various MATERIALS SCIENCE, Directors societal and divisional capacities. My Wang INSTITUTE OF METAL involvement with ACerS and my profes- RESEARCH, CHINESE ACADEMY OF MARIO AFFATIGATO, FRAN SCIENCES, CHINA ALLISON AND FRANCIS sional experience allowed me to develop HALPIN PROFESSOR OF a cultural perspective and a strategic It is a great honor to be nominated PHYSICS, COE COLLEGE, outlook with respect to ACerS values for the ACerS Board of Directors. I will CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA and goals. I am enthusiastic about the devote myself in serving the Society and success of recent strategies with regard to its members with passion, dedication, I have dedicated my Affatigato programming, publications, and global and loyalty. My journey in the Society professional life to The diversity, and I perceive a great opportu- started as an enthusiastic rookie, but American Ceramic Society and loved it. nity for ACerS to solidify its status as a with the valuable guidance and mentor- I have always enjoyed the professional leading professional society that provides ing from many members and friends, camaraderie, the friendly confines of the modern resources, facilitates learning in I became a devoted volunteer. While Glass and Optical Materials Division,

10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Society and Division news (continued)

ACerS is a thriving melting pot for multiple institutions, cultures, and generations, we have to lead the way in capital- izing new business opportunities, promoting diversity, vitality, and visibility of volunteers. In addition, we should be on the forefront of creating and delivering knowledge and providing Credit: Curt Zimmer mentoring and networking opportunities for our members Pittsburgh Section past recipients pose with section officers. From worldwide. We should also develop strategic cooperation with left: Jim Gilson, section officer; Clem Larkin (1995); Eric Young other societies and develop new communication strategies. (2011); Bill Harasty, Richard Hommel (1996); Curt Zimmer, coun- As a member of the board, I would undertake the duties selor (2001); and Glenn McIntyre, section officer. as representative of ACerS membership and respond to new Pittsburgh Section presents William S. Bates Award breakthroughs and initiatives in emerging areas of ceramic to Bill Harasty science and technology. I will work hard to ensure that the ACerS Pittsburgh Section presented the William S. Bates Society meets the needs of our members irrespective of their Award to Penn State graduate Bill Harasty, product manager location and employment, attracts new student and young pro- for Mars Mineral (Mars, Pa.). fessionals, nurtures new ideas, and has a strong foundation for The award recognizes individuals who further the efforts of sustainable growth in the future. My global view and experi- the Pittsburgh Section as well as the local community. Bates, ence enables me to vigorously reach out to global membership for whom the award is named, was heavily involved in the on identifying critical needs and services. I will work with the Society. He was a member of the section for 48 years, 25 of board and divisions on initiating new programs to educate which he served as counselor. n minorities and young engineers and scientists. My goal is to work with all active members, devoted volunteers, and staff to build a strong and prosperous future of the Society. n

Names in the news Hirano named Grand Cordon of the Order of the CERAMIC ASSEMBLY COMPOUNDS …SINCE 1899 Sacred Treasure ACerS Fellow, Distinguished Life Member, Engineered for high temperature and CGIF trustee Shin-ichi Hirano was and electrical applications in the named Grand Cordon of the Order of the automotive, lighting, steel, Sacred Treasure, the highest honor of the electronic and aerospace Orders of the Sacred Treasure. industries. The Order of the Sacred Treasure is awarded Hirano to those who have made distinguished achieve-  ments in research fields, business industries, healthcare, social Lamp assembly work, state/local government fields, or the improvement of life  Resistors for handicapped/impaired persons. Hirano was honored for  Hot-surface igniters outstanding contributions and tireless efforts to the advance-  Filters & catalysts ments of education and science, with notable research achieve-  Heaters & heating elements

ments in inorganic materials chemistry.  Thermocouples Hirano is ZhiYuan Chair Professor, principal advisor to uni-  Furnace assembly versity president, and director of Hirano Institute for Materials Sauereisen cements are free of VOC’s Innovation at Shanghai Jiao Tong University (China). He is also past president of Nagoya University (Japan). n Call for consultation & sample.

412.963.0303 ▫ Sauereisen.com 160 Gamma Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15238

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Society and Division news (continued)

Awards and deadlines

Upcoming nomination deadlines July 1, 2018 The Mueller Award recognizes accom-

Credit: ACerS plishments of individuals who have

Credit: ACerS Johannes Homa, CEO and made contributions to ECD or work in The Northern Ohio Section held its meeting and net- cofounder of Lithoz GmbH, areas of engineering ceramics, resulting working event May 2, in Cleveland, Ohio. Members captured his audience’s in significant industrial, national, or aca- listened to featured speaker Johannes Homa, CEO and attention with his presenta- demic impact. The award consists of a cofounder of Lithoz GmbH. For details on the Section tion, Ceramic additive manu- meeting, visit www.ceramics.org/northern-ohio-section. facturing: A reality check. memorial plaque, certificate, and $1,000 honorarium. Email Jingyang Wang at Seal inducted into Florida Marra receives ICG’s Turner Award [email protected] with questions. Inventors Hall of Fame ACerS Fellow and past- The Bridge Building Award recog- ACerS member Sudipta board member Jim Marra nizes individuals outside the U.S. who Seal was one of seven received the Turner have made outstanding contributions inductees elected to the Award, presented by the to engineering ceramics. The award Florida Inventors Hall of International consists of a glass piece, certificate, and Fame for his development Commission on Glass. $1,000 honorarium. Email Manabu Marra of nano cerium oxide, The award recognizes Fukushima at manabu-fukushima@aist. Seal leading to the discovery of those who have made noteworthy contri- go.jp with questions. its antioxidant properties and therapeutic butions to the ICG technical commit- The Global Young Investigator Award applications in regenerative nanomedi- tees. Marra is executive director of recognizes an outstanding scientist con- cine. The FIHF honors inventors whose Citizens for Nuclear Technology ducting research in academia, industry, achievements have advanced quality of Awarensss, a nonprofit organization that or at a government-funded laboratory. life for Florida residents, the state, and provides education and advocacy on the Nominees must be ACerS members the nation. Seal is Trustee Chair, Pegasus use of nuclear technologies in society. n 35 years of age or younger. The award and University Distinguished Professor at consists of $1,000, a glass piece, and cer- the University of Central Florida Dunn appointed to department tificate. Contact Surojit Gupta at gsuro- (Orlando, Fla.). n chair at UCLA [email protected] with questions. n ACerS Fellow Bruce Bansal presented with lifetime Dunn was appointed August 15, 2018 achievement award chair of the Materials Marquis Who’s Who pre- Science and Engineering Engineering Ceramics Division secre- sented ACerS Fellow Department at the UCLA tary: Nominees will be presented for Narottam Bansal with the Samueli School of approval at the ECD annual business Albert Nelson Marquis Dunn Engineering. His five-year meeting at MS&T18 and included on the Lifetime Achievement term will begin on July 1. ACerS spring 2019 division officer ballot. Award. The award honors Dunn was previously the Nippon Submit nominations, including a short Bansal individuals for outstand- Sheet Glass Professor of Materials description of the candidate’s qualifica- ing achievements, career successes, and Science and Engineering at the univer- tions, to Soshu Kirihara, ECD nominat- noteworthy accomplishments. Bansal is sity. He is a member of the editorial ing committee chair, Osaka University, senior research scientist in Ceramic and board of JACerS and a past recipient [email protected], Mrityunjay Polymer Composites Branch, Materials of the Edward Orton, Jr. Memorial Singh, Ohio Aerospace Institute, mrityun- and Structures Division at NASA Glenn Lecture Award. n [email protected], or Lisa M. Rueschhoff, Research Center (Cleveland, Ohio). n

12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Students and outreach

Students—Promote your Cements 2018 poster or Awards and deadlines talk in video contest! Show off your creative side and earn cash prizes in ACerS Air Force Research Laboratory, [email protected]. For Cements Division’s Student YouTube Research Video Contest more information, visit www.ceramics.org/divisions. n at Cements 2018. Submit a video, three minutes or less, promoting your poster or presentation. The best two videos will August 30, 2018 win cash prizes. Post your video to your personal YouTube account as a public video by June 1, 2018. Visit www.ceramics. 2019 Class of Society Fellows recognizes members who have org/research-video-contest for more details. n made outstanding contributions to the ceramic arts or sciences through productive scholarship or conspicuous achievement in the industry or by outstanding service to the Society. GEMS Award recognizes outstanding achieve- Nominees shall be persons of good reputation who have ments of grad students reached their 35th birthday and who have been continuous Are you a graduate student making an oral presentation at members of the Society for at least five years. Visit www.bit.ly/ MS&T18? If so, you are eligible for the Graduate Excellence SocietyFellowsAward to download the nomination form. n in Materials Science (GEMS) awards, organized by the Basic September 1, 2018 Science Division. The award recognizes outstanding achievements of graduate students in materials science and engineer- Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Lectures: The Frontiers of Glass Science and the Frontiers of Glass Technology Lectures encourage scientific and technical dialogue in glass topics of significance that define new horizons, highlight new research concepts, or demonstrate potential to develop products and New Optical processes for the benefit of humankind. Both will be presented at the GOMD meeting in May 2019 in Boston, Mass. Submit Dilatometer Platform nominations to Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ceramics. org. For more details, visit www.bit.ly/VarshneyaLectures. ODP 868 ACerS 2018 Society award recipients announced Congratulations to the latest group of Society award recipi- The only optical dilatometer featuring a multi-directional ents! Biographies and photos of the 2018 winners will be optical bench with patented technologies for the most posted online over the next few months and the awardees will accurate dilatometry, heating microscopy, and fleximetry. be featured in the September 2018 issue of ACerS Bulletin. Awards will be presented October 15 at the ACerS Honors and Awards Banquet at MS&T18 in Columbus, Ohio. Visit www.ceramics.org/awards for more information.

ACerS/BSD Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition The Roland B. Snow Award is presented to the Best of Show winner of the 2018 Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition, organized by ACerS Basic Science Division. This unique competition, held at MS&T18 in October in For the complete characterization of raw materials, semi- finished products, and process optimization Columbus, Ohio, is an annual poster exhibit that promotes microscopy and microanalysis tools in the scientific investigation of ceramic materials. Winning entries are featured on the back covers of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Learn www.tainstruments.com more at www.bit.ly/RolandBSnowAward. n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 13

ODP Bulletin ad.indd 1 12/12/17 11:20 AM acers spotlight

Students and outreach (continued) ing and is open to all graduate students making an oral presen- Students—You have a graduation gift from ACerS tation in any symposium or session at MS&T18. waiting for you In addition to an abstract, students must also submit a nomination packet to Basic Science Division vice chair John ACerS offers a one-year Associate Membership at no charge Blendell at [email protected] by Friday, July 6, 2018. For for recent graduates who have completed their terminal more details, visit www.ceramics.org/gemsaward. n degree. An ACerS Associate Membership connects you to more than 11,000 professionals from more than 70 countries. Over 35% of our members live and work outside North Stay connected with ACerS colleagues America. They collaborate and inspire one another through Join your fellow graduate students in the ACerS Global participation in divisions, classes, sections, and technical inter- Graduate Researcher Network (GGRN) Facebook page @acers- est groups. Visit www.ceramics.org/associate to learn about grads. If you are on LinkedIn, join us in the ACerS Young this vibrant community. Professionals (YPN) group. It is a good way to stay connected, For more information or questions, contact Yolanda keep current on relevant topics, and join the conversation! n Natividad at [email protected]. n

CGIF provides grants to deserving recipients The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation board recently announced Ursinus College (Collegeville, Pa.): Awarded $5,000 plus 10 the recipients of charitable grants to perform outreach to advance the Materials Science Classroom Kits for a project entitled, “GAMES: Glass study, understanding, and use of ceramic and glass materials. and Materials Science to Engage Students.” GAMES is comprised of Tampere University of Technology (Finland): Awarded $4,225 three parts: to organize a two-day workshop on glass science. Lectures to be • Video and undergraduate camp organizer: Design, build, and included are Introduction to glass science, Lecture on glasses for implement a two-week summer materials science outreach program biomedical applications, and Lecture on glasses for photonics. The aimed at local high school students. workshop also will include a lab tour, glass melting demo, and a visit • Materials science outreach camp: Summer students from Ursinus to a glass museum. College Society of Physics Students (SPS) will teach materials science University of California, San Diego: Awarded $5,000 to partially to a select group of local high school students. support two of the 130 students from Baja California, Mexico, and San • Classroom demonstrations: Ursinus SPS will travel during the Diego, who will participate in the ENLACE 2018 program. Students are school year to local middle and high schools and use the Materials matched in pairs, one from each side of the border, and work together Science Classroom Kits to introduce students to materials, glass, and in research labs across the UCSD campus. ENLACE 2018 encourages ceramic science. participation of high school and undergraduate students in research in science and engineering while promoting cross-border friendships The CGIF was created to attract, inspire, and train the next generation between Mexico and the U.S. of ceramic and glass professionals and seeks to provide financial support for projects and activities that help fulfill the CGIF mission. Projects University of Michigan, Materials Science Graduate Council: must be directly related to introducing students to ceramic and glass Awarded $3,000 plus two Materials Science Classroom Kits to travel science. Grant funding is allocated based on availability of funds and monthly to select middle and high schools to educate and foster stu- determined by the Foundation’s Board of Trustees. n dent interest in materials science and ceramics research.

14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 ceramics in manufacturing

3-D printing high-quality, low-cost optical lenses in under four hours A team of researchers at Northwestern University McCormick School of Engineering (Evanston, Ill.) are making inroads into 3-D printing optical imaging lenses. Led by associate professor of mechanical engineering Cheng Sun, the researchers developed a process to make a high-quality, low-cost lens from photo-curable resin that can be fabricated quicker than conventional methods and used in many applications for the optical and medical industries. A new paper describes a 3-D printed lens that is attached to a mobile phone camera to capture the smallest details of a Credit: Northwestern University McCormick School of Engineering “sunset moth’s wing and the spot on a weevil’s elytra.” A new method developed at Northwestern University uses 3-D “Up until now, we relied heavily on the time-consum- printing to make high-quality customized lenses quickly and at ing and costly process of polishing lenses,” Sun says in a low-cost. Northwestern University article. “With 3-D printing, now you our methods,” Sun writes in an email. “Examples of the applica- have the freedom to design and customize a lens quickly.” tions can be customized contact lens, miniaturized endoscopes, Current manufacturing technologies are mainly optimized low cost microscopes, or free-form optics in general.” for mass production of large quantities, such as camera lenses, The paper, published in Advanced Materials, is “High–speed Sun explains in an email, and most spherical-shaped lenses 3D printing of millimeter–size customized aspheric imag- are manufactured using the traditional grinding and polishing ing lenses with sub 7 nm surface roughness” (DOI: 10.1002/ process. “For aspherical or customized shapes, the lens can be adma.201705683). n manufactured using the molding or CNC machining processes, but lenses still need to be polished in obtaining an optically smooth surface,” he adds. And that process takes time. “We wanted to make something comparable but faster and with better quality,” Sun says in the article. Following two years of research, Sun’s team created a custom lens that is 5 mm high and 3 mm in diameter in nearly Custom Designed four hours. Vacuum Furnaces for: But their final lens was not made without a few challenges • CVD SiC Etch & RTP rings along the way. • CVD/CVI systems for CMC components The first round of 3-D printing with a photo-curable resin • Sintering, Debind, Annealing resulted in a rough surface on the lens, which made it difficult to see through, according to Sun. “We realized that the layers on top of each other created surface roughness,” he says. “The roughness made the lens incapable of clear optics.” Unsurpassed thermal and The team solved this by layering and polishing the lens in deposition uniformity a two-step process. “First, we used grayscale images to create Each system custom designed to more transitions between steps,” Sun says in the article. “Then, suit your specific requirements we coated the surface with the same photo-curable resin. That Laboratory to Production then forms the meniscus that further smooths the surface.” Exceptional automated control systems providing improved And after 100 attempts, according to Ph.D. candidate and product quality, consistency lead author of the paper Xiangfan Chen, the team produced a and monitoring transparent lens that had a smooth surface. Worldwide commissioning, For their next steps, Sun’s team plans to work to create larger training and service lenses and integrate them into medical devices. And there are a multitude of applications for the 3-D printed lenses, including 100 Billerica Ave, microscopes for the research industry, customized contact lenses www.tevtechllc.com Billerica, MA 01862 for the optical industry, and lenses for biomedical imaging. Tel. (978) 667-4557 Fax. (978) 667-4554 They have already applied for a patent. “Our next step is to [email protected] explore the practical applications that fully utilize the strength of

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 15 ceramics in manufacturing

Custom silica, silica-titania inks offer new possibilities for 3-D-printed optical glass Nearly a year ago, an advancement in additive manufacturing of glass brought silica inks to the forefront as a solution to the high-temperature challenges that molten glass presents as a raw material. Now, building on their previous research, scientists and engineers from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Livermore, Calif.) are experiencing success with silica and silica- titania inks in the 3-D printing of optical glass. Led by LLNL chemical engineer and research scientist Rebecca Dylla- Spears, the team was able to print small sample glass pieces that are comparable to commercial quality glass products. Their method improves upon previous research to print molten glass extruded through a 3-D printer. One area of concern with extruding molten glass is that the process requires high temperatures—greater than 1,000°C (1,832°F). And the higher the temperature, the greater the manufacturing cost.

The other problem is that it is chal- Credit: Jason Laurea; LLNL lenging to get a smooth surface from A new 3-D printing technique, developed at Lawrence Livermore National Lab, could molten glass prior to polishing. allow scientists to print glass that incorporates different refractive indices in a single flat optic, making finishing cheaper and easier. “Components printed from molten glass often show texture from the 3-D-printing process,” Dylla-Spears Dylla-Spears says the current research more expensive polishing techniques explains in an LLNL article, “and even advances the technology in two impor- used for traditional curved lenses.” if you were to polish the surface, you tant ways. The team has already applied for a would still see evidence of the printing “First, it demonstrates that patent and is currently in discussions process within the bulk material.” 3-D-printed glasses can achieve optical with potential glass manufacturers. To solve that challenge, the research quality refractive index homogeneity, “This technology could be used to team developed custom inks made of which is a critical step toward mak- make transmissive glass optics like optical silica and silica-titania using a sol-gel pro- ing glass optics by 3-D printing,” she lenses, freeform optics, correctors, and cess, according to the paper’s abstract. explains in an email. “Second, it shows windows,” she writes. “It could also be They combined this with direct ink that we can print glass compositions used to create stable substrates for reflec- writing, a technology they experimented besides fumed silica using a tunable tive optics. In addition, it could be used with last year. After the resulting printed ink preparation method. In this case, in a variety of non-optical applications pieces dried, the researchers sintered we demonstrated both silica and silica- where glasses would be considered.” them to remove organic material. titania glasses.” The paper, published in Advanced The inks enable the researchers to Although the team’s optical glasses Materials Technologies, is “3D printed adjust optical, thermal, and mechani- were proof-of-concept-size samples, optical quality silica and silica–titania cal properties, Dylla-Spears says in the Dylla-Spears says they could use the glasses from sol–gel feedstocks” (DOI: article. “This approach allows us to method to make optical lenses with dif- 10.1002/admt.201700323). n obtain the index homogeneity that is ferent structures that cannot be manu- needed for optics,” she adds. “Now factured elsewhere. For instance, she we can take these components and do suggests that “gradient refractive index something interesting.” lenses could be polished flat, replacing

16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 research briefs

Making sense of data—Research initiative aims to bridge human–data disconnect In an effort to develop more intelligent data analysis to drive informed nanomaterials selection, a unique research initiative at Lehigh University (Bethlehem, Pa.) is taking the human element into account in its quest to evolve how we analyze data. Led by ACerS Distinguished Lifetime Member Martin Harmer, the Nano/Human Interface Presidential Engineer- ing Research Initiative is rather unique in its emphasis on the human element of data.

“The Nano/Human Interface initiative emphasizes the Credit: Lehigh University; YouTube A new research initiative at Lehigh University is taking the human human because the successful development of new tools for element into account in its quest to evolve how we analyze data. data visualization and manipulation must necessarily include a consideration of the cognitive strengths and limitations of the “If plotting points in two dimensions using X and Y axes, you scientist,” according to a Lehigh press release. might see clusters of points and that would tell you something or At its core, the initiative is looking to completely alter how provide a clue that the materials might share some attributes,” he we interact with and experience data—in a way that allows us explains. “But what if the clusters are in 100 dimensions?” to make more informed sense of nanomaterials data. Learn The power of Rickman’s technique is that parallel more about the project in a short video available at youtu. coordinates can help eliminate those dimensions that are be/8_fpjIp6dGA. non-relevant, reducing “noise” in nanomaterials data—and As proof of the project’s potential, the relatively recent subsequently illuminating significant and unique property cor- research initiative now has its first published paper. That relations within the data. paper, published in npj Computational Materials, demonstrates

a technique to map multidimensional material properties R R relationships using data analytic methods and a visualization Starbar and Moly-D elements strategy called parallel coordinates. According to the paper’s author, Jeffrey Rickman—who is are made in the U.S.A. a professor of materials science and engineering, in addition with a focus on providing to physics, at Lehigh—“In the paper, we illustrate the utility the highest quality heating elements of this approach by providing a quantitative way to compare metallic and ceramic properties—though the approach could be and service to the global market. applied to any materials you want to compare.” In the paper, Rickman shows how parallel coordinates can help researchers tackle the complexity of analyzing a combination of nanomaterials properties, which can complicate scientists’ ability to identify patterns when visualizing data.

Research News

Scalable manufacturing spools out strips of graphene Engineers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, Mass.) have developed a continuous manufacturing process that produces long strips of high-quality graphene. The team’s results are the first demonstration of an industrial, scalable method for manufacturing 2 high-quality graphene that is tailored for use in membranes. The setup I R -- Over 50 years of service and reliability combines a roll-to-roll approach—a common industrial approach for I Squared R Element Co., Inc. continuous processing of thin foils—with the common graphene- Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 fabrication technique of chemical vapor deposition, to manufacture Fax: (716)542-2100 high-quality graphene in large quantities and at a high rate. For more information, visit www.news.mit.edu. n 196453 - 2017 Email: [email protected] www.isquaredrelement.com

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 17 research briefs

Ultimately, the hope is that such ability to identify and interpret the most meaningful data will guide development of materials by design. The paper, published in npj Computational Materials, is “Data analytics and parallel-coordinate materials property charts” (DOI: 10.1038/s41524-017-0061-8). n

Preventing corrosion with ultra-thin layers of aluminum oxide Scientists at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cam- bridge, Mass.) have discovered that a solid aluminum oxide protection layer can deform like a liquid when it is applied to Credit: Christine Daniloff; MIT aluminum metal in a thin layer. Researchers have found that a solid oxide protective coating for The oxide could protect metals from environmental factors— metals can, when applied in sufficiently thin layers, deform as if such as air and water—that contribute to degradation and cor- it were a liquid, filling any cracks and gaps as they form. rosion. The oxide also could seal in gases and small molecules “We hope the oxide protection layer is liquid-like and can that need to be contained, such as hydrogen gas that powers fuel self-heal its cracks rapidly,” Yang writes in an email. “It turns out cell cars, or tritium that is produced inside the core of a nuclear the surface oxide of aluminum metal, one of the most common power plant, according to an MIT news release. materials in our daily life, owns these special properties.” Aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, and silicon dioxide all Because no researcher had ever studied environmental act as oxidation barriers. The research team wanted to further deformation of metal oxides at atomic resolution, Yang’s team study the elements to see what makes them superior barriers. accomplished what no one else had—a thin sample of alumi- “We would like to understand the mystery why certain oxides num oxide deforming in oxygen gas with a thickness of 2–3 (aluminum oxide and silicon oxide in particular) are good pas- nanometers. “It is well-known that bulk metal oxide is very sivation layers, while others are not,” MIT professor of nuclear brittle,” Yang adds. “It is surprising that an ultrathin alumi- engineering and science and of materials science and engineer- num oxide layer can be so ductile, deforming like a liquid.” ing Ju Li explains in an email. Yang’s team also demonstrated that the aluminum oxide Led by graduate student Yang Yang, the researchers devel- could be stretched more than twice its length without opening oped a unique method to observe with atomic resolution what any cracks. happens when surface oxides are exposed to oxygen and stress. The self-healing coating could be a solution to frustrating Using a special kind of transmission electron microscope—an corrosion issues that have plagued structural engineers for environmental TEM (E-TEM), the team could evaluate the years. Li says that in addition to nuclear power plants, their process in the presence of gases or liquids, instead of inside a process could be used in other applications, such as “hydrogen vacuum, which is how samples are typically studied in a TEM. generation, utilization, transport, and storage,” he proposes. Metal failure from stress corrosion cracking can happen The paper, published in Nano Letters, is “Liquid-like, self- even when the metal is surrounded by a protective layer. healing aluminum oxide during deformation at room tempera- Cracks can still form, allowing air and other metal-corroding ture” (DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00068). n species access to the metal surface.

Research News

Electrochemical tuning of single layer materials relies on defects Innovative new ‘green’ concrete uses graphene Perfection is not everything, according to an international team of Experts from the University of Exeter (Exeter, U.K.) have used nanoengineering researchers whose 2-D materials study shows that defects can enhance to incorporate graphene into traditional concrete production. The new a material’s physical, electrochemical, magnetic, energy, and catalytic composite material, which is more than twice as strong and four times properties. The researchers used simulations of lattice defects and more water resistant than existing concretes, can be used directly by the experimentally defective films to determine how defects change the construction industry on building sites. The technique centers on suspending physical and electrochemical properties of 2-D molybdenum sulfide. The atomically thin graphene in water with high yield, no defects, low cost, results show that selection of location and number of defects should and compatibility with modern, large-scale manufacturing requirements. allow the material’s properties to be tuned. The material properties of the Crucially, the new graphene-reinforced concrete material also has a substrate also changed the properties of the 2-D single layer. For more drastically reduced carbon footprint. For more information, visit www. information, visit www.news.psu.edu. n exeter.ac.uk/news. n

18 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 New open-access materials database could save research time, spur material science advances Access to technical data on research that has already been tested and proven can enable more collaboration, save time, and speed up the progress of scientific research overall. Fortunately, several forward-thinking scientists at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Golden, Colo.) have thought about this—in a collaboration led by scientist Andriy Zakutayev at NREL’s Materials Science Center and data scien- Credit: Dennis Schroeder; NREL tist Caleb Phillips at NREL’s Computational Science Center, NREL’s HTEM Database group: (from left) Andriy Zakutayev, an NREL team created a database accessible to researchers Robert White, John Perkins, Marcus Schwarting, Caleb Phil- lips, and Nick Wunder. studying inorganic materials for advanced energy applications. The High Throughput Experimental Materials (HTEM) around the world,” Materials Science Center senior scientist database is a collection of more than 140,000 sample entries and team member John Perkins explains in the news release. of data on inorganic thin-film materials for advanced energy The research team is now focused on collaborating with the research. The entries offer “details about the structural, chemi- National Institute of Standards and Technology on a larger cal, and optoelectronic properties of the materials, and their project—the High-Throughput Experimental Materials Collabo- synthesis conditions,” according to an NREL news release. ratory—to create a network of experimental tools that research- The team curated data from 10 years of experiments in inor- ers could essentially collaborate on synthesizing and analyzing ganic thin-film materials at NREL. The database is digitized new materials and share their results in the database. and searchable to users. The open-access paper, published in Scientific Data, is “An “All existing experimental databases either contain many open experimental database for exploring inorganic materials” entries or have all this property information, but not both,” (DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.53). n Zakutayev says in the release. When writing papers for publication, researchers often only mention their successes. But what about the failures? How many different samples did they try before succeeding with the ® final material? Knowing the outcomes of experimental failures ARBOCEL could save time in unnecessary research for others who are working on the same or similar problems. SPECIALLY MODIFIED FIBERS The database’s mission, stated on the opening page of the HTEM database, is “to enable discovery of new materials with useful properties by releasing large amounts of high-quality experimental data to public.” And that also means accessibility to all materials science More ROBUST researchers. “Our belief is that putting all this data out in the public domain would accelerate the advancement of material science, in particular by researchers without access to expen- flowable mixes sive experimental equipment, both in the United States and

Thin film converts heat from electronics into energy Engineers at the University of California, Berkeley, have developed a ferroelectric thin-film system that can be applied to sources of waste heat to produce energy using a process called pyroelectric energy conversion. The researchers synthesized thin-film versions of ferroelectric materials just 50–100 nm thick and then fabricated and tested the pyroelectric- device structures based on these films. This study reports new records J. RETTENMAIER USA LP for pyroelectric energy conversion energy density, power density, and efficiency. This nanoscopic thin-film technology might be particularly 269-679-2340 attractive for harvesting waste heat from high-speed electronics but could have a large scope of applications. For more information, visit http://news. [email protected] berkeley.edu. n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 19 ceramics in biomedicine

Electrophoretic deposition coats can be deposited on even metal implants with glass fibers, irregular metal surfaces, the researchers are find- improves bone-to-implant bonding ing that those possibilities When it comes to materials for bio- might include the ability to medical implants, ceramics have some- significantly enhance the thing its materials brethren, metals and biocompatibility of metal polymers, completely lack: bioactivity. implants and promote Luckily for metal, however, the material healing through improved is not totally out of the implant game—a tissue-to-implant interfaces. glass coating and a ceramic processing Using electrophoretic technique can transform an otherwise deposition, the scientists Credit: biologycorner; Flickr CC BY-NC 2.0 bioinert material. demonstrated that they can A new method of coating metal implants with glass fibers “We developed a novel and facile lay down layers of 1–2-mm- could result in better bonding between bone and metal approach to modify metallic surfaces long phosphate glass fibers implants. with random and aligned bioactive in a poly(acrylic acid) poly- implant at the early stage of implanta- phosphate glass fibers by electrophoretic mer solution. And by varying parameters tion,” Boccaccini explains. deposition, a well known processing of the process, the technique can control Then, once the glass fibers resorb technique in ceramic processing,” Aldo both coating thickness and fiber orienta- away, the bone’s healing processes with Boccaccini, ACerS Fellow and professor tion, depositing the glass fibers in neat the new implant are well underway. of biomaterials and head of the Institute parallel rows. “It is anticipated that by this stage the of Biomaterials at the Department of Controlling fiber orientation is criti- implant would have made a good union Materials Science and Engineering at cal when it comes to implants. And it with the surrounding hard tissue,” the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, is not just for a neat appearance—fiber Boccaccini continues. Germany, explains via email. orientation actually has a significant The team’s experiments using human Boccaccini is senior author of a recent effect on how cells behave, impacting cells cultured in the lab show that ori- ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces paper the shape of cells and how they differen- ented glass fibers coatings can enhance describing how the glass fiber coating tiate, or change, into other specialized and direct proliferation of bone-related may be able to improve the biocompat- cell types—a factor that is critical to the precursor cells, indicating that bone will ibility of metal implants, performed body’s natural healing processes. be able to bond onto the surface. The by a team of researchers from the In addition to providing both scientists are next measuring in vivo Institute of Biomaterials at University structural and biological benefits, responses to the glass fiber coatings. of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; the phosphate glass fibers are completely An added bonus is that the glass fiber Department of Mechanical, Materials resorbable in the body—offering new coatings are completely customizable, and Manufacturing Engineering at the possibilities for engineering more bio- affording possibilities of implants that University of Nottingham, U.K.; and logically friendly biomedical implants are tailor-coated for patients’ individual the Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience that can evolve along with the body’s healing needs. and Biotechnology, School of Life natural healing processes. “We can tailor the degradation rates Sciences and Northwestern Polytechnical The idea is that these deposited phos- for phosphate glass fibers, which is what University in Xi’an, China. phate glass fiber coatings would provide makes them really unique and versatile Electrophoretic deposition—which an interface on the otherwise bioinert materials,” Boccaccini writes. “The pos- uses an electric field to control deposi- metal implant for the body’s own tissues sibility of tuning the fiber composition tion of charged particles—is a low-cost to bond to—prompting critical initial as well as the versatility of the coating processing method, performed at room growth and healing after the implant has technique open interesting opportunities temperature, that can easily be scaled been installed. for the biofunctionalization of metallic up. So “there are very good possibili- But it is important to note that these implants, for example bone implants, in ties for the commercial exploitation of interfacial coatings are not a permanent the future.” electrophoretic deposition-based coat- metal-masking solution, as the phos- The paper, published in ACS Applied ing techniques in the biomedical field” phate glass fibers are eventually resorbed Materials & Interfaces, is “Electric field- Boccaccini says. by the body. assisted orientation of short phosphate And by tailoring the technique “The proposed biodegradable coat- glass fibers on stainless steel for bio- to form coatings of phosphate glass ing is thus mainly used to strengthen medical applications” (DOI: 10.1021/ fibers embedded in a polymer that the link between bone tissue and the acsami.8b01378). n

20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 ACERS – NIST PHASE EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS

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Extreme durability in ancient Roman Credit: Massimo Vitti concretes

Thanks to extremely durable concrete formulations, structures like Trajan’s Markets in Rome, Italy, (ca. 100 CE) still stand today. n a famous prediction of the Ilongevity of his poetry, Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65–8 BCE) wrote: By Marie D. Jackson, John P. Oleson, Juhyuk Moon, Yi Zhang, Heng Chen, and Magnus T. Gudmundsson I have crafted a monument more lasting than bronze, By revealing the secrets hidden within ancient Roman structures, more imposing than the royal cementitious materials science is opening new opportunities structure of the pyramids, to develop concrete formulations with improved durability and one that neither eroding rain nor the service life to aid ailing infrastructures and address materials furious North Wind can bring to ruin, encapsulation needs. nor the passage of countless years and the flight of time.

–Odes 3.30 (31–23 BCE); translation by J.P. Oleson

Key terms Horace could more accurately have compared the cel- – Pozzolan: material that reacts – Alkali-activated material:* ebrated lifespan of his poems to the extremely durable with lime (CaO) in the material formed by the concrete monuments that were being constructed in Rome presence of moisture to form reaction between an alumino- and the harbors of the Mediterranean region by his patron, cementitious hydrates silicate precursor and alkaline Octavian, who would become Emperor Augustus (27 BCE– activator, with properties – Post-pozzolanic processes: 14 CE) (Figure 1a–c). comparable to those of a precipitation of mineral traditional cement binder Bronzes irreversibly and inexorably decay through chlo- cements from pore fluids ride corrosion in coastal and marine environments, and and transformations of reac- – Geopolymer:* alkali-activated Egyptian pyramids are now collapsing—having suffered tive components after port- binder material containing progressive differential movement and detachment of their landite [Ca(OH)2] has been little or no calcium; often fully consumed through derived from a metakaolin or a limestone blocks, probably through anisotropic thermal pozzolanic reactions fly ash precursor expansion of calcite during heating by transit of the sun in the desert1 and subsequent disruption through seismic *J.L. Provis, S.A. Bernal, "Geopolymers and related alkali-activated materials," Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 44, 299–327 (2014). ground shaking.

22 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Capsule summary PAST LESSONS CURRENT NEEDS FUTURE POTENTIAL Ancient Roman concretes have survived for Evolving material supply streams, rising concern Roman concrete prototypes could potentially thousands of years thanks to the materials’ over environmental sustainability, and the need reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance unique characteristics. Careful analysis of for more durable formulations are driving resilience and self-healing properties, conserve Roman cemetitious microstructures and innovations in modern formulations for resources, and greatly extend the service life properties can provide insights to improve cementitious materials. New strategies are of modern concrete structures in marine engineering strategies for modern needed to address all these concerns to environments, in addition to providing cementitious materials. improve modern concretes. encapsulations for hazardous wastes. Credit: M. Vitti Credit: R.L. Hohlfelder Credit: M.D. Jackson Figure 1. Roman concrete structures. a) The Tomb of Caecilia Metella, Rome (ca. 30 BCE) and b) Sebastos Harbor in Caesarea, Israel (ca. 22–10 CE) were under construction when Horace wrote the Odes. c) Trajan’s Markets (ca. 100 CE), Museo dei Fori Imperiali, Rome. By contrast, ancient Roman concretes transformed Rome into an imposing travertine, and plaster (tectoria) cladding appear to grow more resilient over time. capital city of monuments constructed protected the tuff and concrete masonry. They have preserved audacious architec- of volcanic tuff and travertine dimension The uniform composition and tural designs and massive harbor piers stone masonry integrated with brick-faced exceptional coherence of Augustan age and breakwaters in seismically active concrete structural elements. Marble, mortars reflect more rigorous standards environments for two millennia.2,3 Vitruvius, a Roman architect and contemporary of Horace, described in Figure 2. Drill cores of Roman his book de Architectura (30 BCE) the concrete from a) Trajan’s geotechnical principles that form the Markets in Rome and foundation of architectural and marine b) Trajan’s Port (110–112 CE).2,3 concretes. These are based on a hydrated lime and volcanic ash mortar (materia) that binds a self-reinforcing framework of volcanic (or carbonate) rock fragments (caementa) (de Architectura 2.4.1–3, 2.6.1–6., 2.5.1–3, 5.12.2–6) (Figure 2a,b). The volcanic ash is a pozzolan, a material that reacts with lime in the presence of moisture to produce cementitious binding hydrates.4 Vitruvius dedicated de Architectura to Octavian who, as Emperor Augustus, Credit: Jackson et al., 2014; Brandon 2014

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 23 Extreme durability in ancient Roman concretes Credit: Y. Zhang Figure 3. a) X-ray tomography of a sample of Trajan’s Markets mortar, with Pozzolane Rosse scoria highlighted. b–d) 3-D segmenta- tion of scoria shows residual glass (blue), cementitious hydrates (yellow), and pore space (red). for calcination of lime, selection of (pulvis) with geochemical trace element How did Romans produce scoriaceous tephra (Figure 3) from spe- ratios associated with the Campi Flegrei concretes that gained resilience cific horizons of the Pozzolane Rosse and Vesuvius volcanic districts in the over time? pyroclastic flow from nearby Alban Hills Gulf of Naples (Figure 2b).3 About Architectural concretes volcano, and methods for mortar mix- 20,000 metric tons of pumiceous volca- Augustan era architectural concretes, ing and installation, as compared with nic ash were shipped from the Gulf of as at the Tomb of Caecilia Metella republican era architectural concretes.2,5 Naples to Israel to construct the concrete (ca. 30 BCE) (Figure 1a), have a porous Meanwhile, mortars of marine harbor harbor at Caesarea Maritima (Figure 1b). yet highly durable mortar that binds concretes used a different preparation Pliny the Elder described the long- coarse conglomerate of local volcanic of lime, complex mixing and hydration term durability of marine concrete: “as tuff and brick. The perimeters of scoriae procedures, and installation in subaerial soon as [pulvis] comes into contact with and the cementing matrix are reinforced and submarine forms. All eleven harbors the waves of the sea and is submerged, through growth of platy strätlingite crystals drilled by the ROMACONS project—an [it] becomes a single stone mass (fieri (Figure 4a), a phyllosilicate mineral interdisciplinary study of the materials lapidem unum) impregnable to the (Ca Al OH [Al, Si(OH) ]∙2.2 H O).5,6 and nature of concrete cores drilled waves and every day stronger” (Naturalis 4 2 12 8 2 The same mortar was used in the con- from Roman harbors and maritime Historia 35.166; 70–79 CE). crete walls of later Imperial age monu- structures—contain pumiceous tephra ments, as at Trajan’s Markets (ca. 110 CE) (Figures 2a). Concrete vaulted structures span the large, complex interior spaces of these monuments, which have resisted moderate magnitude earthquake ground shaking for two millennia (Figure 1c). X-ray computed tomography (CT) investigations indicate that scoriae, volcanic crystals (leucite, clinopyroxene), poorly crystalline calcium-aluminum-silicate- hydrate (C-A-S-H) binder, and cementitious hydrates occupy about 34%, 5%, 28%, and 32%, respectively, of the total volume of mortar (Figure 3); larger scoriae (>4 mm) contain ~12% pore space. Reproduction of the Markets of Trajan wall mortar and fracture testing experiments provide insights into how the porous concrete has resisted chemical and mechanical degradation Credit: M.D. Jackson over two millennia (Figure 5).2,7 A Figure 4. Mineral cements in ancient mortar samples. Strätlingite crystals in (a) Caecilia three-point bending experiment with Metella mortar, (b) 180-day mortar reproduction sample (Figure 5), and (c) Trajan’s a stiff testing frame measured crack Markets mortar. Al-tobermorite in (d) Baianus Sinus pumice sample and (e) Surtsey basalt from 2017 SE-02B core at 120°C and from 107.5 m-below surface. mouth opening displacement, allowing mapping of crack surfaces on X-ray CT

24 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 slices. Hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2) reacts with components of the Pozzolane Rosse pyroclastic flow—alkali-rich glass in scoria and opal, poorly crystalline clay mineral (halloysite) and zeolite mineral (phillipsite and chabazite) surface coatings—to produce C-A-S-H binder and associated cementitious minerals in a complex cementing matrix at 28 days of hydration.2 At 90–180 days, strätlingite crystals grow in the cementing matrix and interfacial transition zones of scoria (Figure 4b). Testing at 28 days (Figure 5b), produces cracks that propagated along scoria perimeters. The work, Gf, required to produce a unit increase in crack area

(Gf = ΔU/ΔA, where U is strain energy and A is crack surface area) is very small, Credit: M.D. Jackson 66 N/mm. At 90 and 180 days of hydration (Figure 5c), a much larger Gf, 675 and 886 N/mm, respectively, creates a much smaller crack surface area. The well-consolidated C-A-S-H binder and strätlingite crystals form obstacles for microcrack propagation in the cementing matrix and interfacial zones of scoriae, and the cracks create segmented structures.2,7 A slow gain in strength is Credit: E. Landis Figure 5. Analysis of reproduction of Trajan’s Markets mortar. a) P. Brune per- counterbalanced by growth of a self- forming a fracture testing experiment. X-ray tomography results for fractures at reinforcing system of resilient strätlingite (b) 28 days or (c) 180 days of hydration. plates and fibers that traverse and partially fill pore spaces. Over centuries, fluids from ground and flood waters and high relative humidity percolated through concrete foundations and walls of the monuments. Ingress of these fluids into porous scoria

(Figure 3) dissolved residual alkali-rich Credit: M.D. Jackson glass (Figure 4c) and leucite (KAlSi2O6) crystals; fluids became supersaturated in calcium, silicon, aluminum, sodium, and potassium; and mineral cements, mainly strätlingite, crystallized from these fluids in vesicles (relict gas bubbles), interfacial zones, and pore spaces. A residual reservoir of alkali-rich glass still persists in larger scoriae (Figure 3, 4c). The high porosity of scoriae and the permeability characteristics of the mortar, which remain poorly understood, are critical Credit: H. Chen to these autogenous, self-healing, post- pozzolanic glass dissolution processes Figure 6. Baianus Sinus mortar sample analyzed at ALS Beamline 12.3.2. and to the future longterm chemical and a, b) Scanning electron micrograph-backscattered electron images showing relict mechanical reinforcement and resilience lime and pumice clasts. c) X-ray microfluorescence map of calcium. d,e) X-ray of concrete structures. microdiffraction maps showing (d) Al-tobermorite and (e) phillipsite mineral cements from panel B and (f) Al-tobermorite from panel A.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 25 Extreme durability in ancient Roman concretes Credit: M.D. Jackson Credit: M.D. Jackson Credit: J. Kück Figure 7. a,b) Surtsey volcano in Iceland is the location of the 2017 International Continental Drilling Program SUSTAIN project. c) Scanning electron microscope-secondary electron image of Al-tobermorite from SE-03 core at 124°C and a 147-m inclined depth.

Marine concretes icon-aluminum bonding environments.12 glasses submerged in seawater from the Drill cores of Mediterranean Experimental data indicate that hydrated Iulia Felix shipwreck (200—300 CE) in harbor concrete acquired by the lime was quickly consumed early in the northern Italy are attracting interest ROMACONS project3 reveal that history of the marine concrete.3 Then, from a community of scientists who are marine mortars also have a resilient seawater percolating through the large designing glasses and vitrified products C-A-S-H binder, yet the principal structures dissolved residual pumice glass to immobilize nuclear waste that must cementing mineral is Al-tobermorite, and zeolite; the fluids changed composi- remain durable for thousands of years. an unusual layered calcium-aluminum- tion and became locally supersaturated Alteration of the Roman glass in seawa- silicate hydrate ([Ca4(Si5.5Al0.5O17 H2)] in calcium, silicon, aluminum, sodium, ter mainly occurred along internal frac-

Ca0.2∙Na0.1∙4H2O) (Figures 2b, 4d, and potassium; and Al-tobermorite and ture surfaces. Slow renewal of fluid flow 6).8,9 Exothermic reaction of hydrated new zeolite mineral cements crystallized into the cracks caused dissolution of the lime with components of Gulf of from these fluids at ambient tempera- glass; supersaturation of the solution Naples pumiceous tephra—alkali-rich tures. Renewed episodes of fluid flow with calcium, silica, and aluminum; and glass and zeolite surface coatings—pro- caused additional dissolution of glass eventual precipitation of crystals, mainly duced C-A-S-H binder and a short- and some mineral cements; the fluids calcite and clay mineral, that sealed the lived period of high pH (>12) and changed composition; and new mineral cracks, preventing further fluid flow and elevated temperatures (65°C – 95°C) cements precipitated.12 dissolution of the surrounding glass.16–18 in the enormous marine structures. Pliny the Elder accurately compared During this same period, Roman Substitution of alumina tetrahedra these active cementitious processes to engineers perfected technologies for -5 +4 (AlO4) for silicon tetrahedra (SiO4) geologic processes in pyroclastic depos- concrete production that emphasized, in the layered C-A-S-H structure and its, which transform glassy pumiceous by contrast, the beneficial chemical in the Al-tobermorite lattice produces tephra (pulvis) into a cemented rock attack of volcanic glass in architectural a charge imbalance that is resolved called volcanic tuff (tofus) (Naturalis and marine mortars. These technolo- through incorporation of alkali Historia 35.166).13 The geologic analog gies entailed: a) rapid glass dissolution cations, Ca2+, Na2+, and K+.8,9 This for these evolving mineral cements is during pozzolanic reaction at high pH provides added chemical resilience as the Surtsey volcano in Iceland, a small (>12); b) an extended period of meta- compared with calcium-silicate-hydrate basaltic island and UNESCO World stable equilibrium with internal fluids; (C-S-H) and ideal tobermorite.10,11 Heritage site that grew from the seafloor c) intermittent periods of renewed fluid Synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction during 1963—1967 eruptions (Figure flow that dissolved glass and crystals and (µXRD) and microfluoresence (µXRF) 7).14 In drill cores recently obtained from produced alkaline, supersaturated solu- investigations at the Advanced Light the still-hot volcano (http://surtsey.icdp- tions in fine-scale microenvironments Source (ALS) Beamline 12.3.2 map online.org), the basaltic glass is dissolv- at lower pH (9–10.8 for Stage II, and the distribution of mineral cements in ing around vesicles, and Al-tobermorite >10.8 for Stage III glass dissolution); Baianus Sinus concrete in the Bay of is crystallizing from the strongly basic and d) eventual crystallization of mineral Pozzuoli (ca. 70—30 BCE) (Figure 6). solutions in these relict pore spaces cements in these microenvironments.12,15 Relict lime clasts contain mainly C-A- (Figure 4e).15 Romans selected a wide-ranging particle S-H and Al-tobermorite (Figures 6a, c, f), size distribution for scoriae and pumice produced pozzolanically.8,9 Pumice vesicles Beneficial corrosion of glass (and, also, ceramic fragments) in the mor- also contain Al-tobermorite (Figures 6b, c, d), aggregates tars. In fine particles in the cementing but produced post-pozzolanically. During the first century BCE, matrix, glass has been mainly replaced by Pozzolanic and post-pozzolanic Roman artisans perfected the art of cementitious hydrates. In larger scoriae and Al-tobermorite crystals show differences durable glass fabrication for vessels pumice, however, glass persists (Figures 3 in their Ca/(Si+Al) compositions and sil- and decorative objects. Studies of these and 4c,d). Understanding residual glass in

26 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 the Roman mortars (and Surtsey tuff) and crystalline halloysite surface coatings on The conglomeratic rock and tephra the permeability characteristics of concretes Pozzolane Rosse scoriae played a similar fabric apparently created a 3-D clast-sup- (and Surtsey tuff) will provide insights into role in Roman architectural concretes ported framework that resists displace- their future performance, as well as to the (Figures 2a and 3).5 ment and fracture when subjected to the development of extremely durable, envi- By contrast, the slow hydration of force of impact of large storm waves and ronmentally sustainable, Roman concrete Roman architectural mortar (Figure 5) is seismic ground shaking. A better under- prototypes that could be applied to modern not considered an advantage in modern standing of this conglomeratic fabric is concrete infrastructure. structural concrete systems. For drill hole needed, however, before applications cementing, however, set-delayed composi- can be developed in a Roman prototype. How can Roman principles benefit tions are needed to preserve downhole Volcanic tephra forms a benefi- modern cementitious materials? flow. The addition of siliceous pumice, cially reactive, residual glass reservoir Natural pozzolans are earth mate- hydrated lime, and set retarders produces in Roman concretes, yet substituting rials—pumice, volcanic glass, and a pumpable fluid state in set-delayed Roman alkali-rich volcanic glass with less metakaolin—that partially replace cement for extended periods. Reasonable alkali-rich compositions available in the compressive strengths develop after activa- U.S., mainly basalt and rhyolite, remains Portland cement to reduce CO2 emissions, enhance durability, and create tion at low temperatures, and the pumi- problematic. Investigations of active high-performance characteristics in ceous glassy component seems to prevent cementitious systems recorded by time- innovative cementitious materials.19 expansive alkali-silicate reactions (ASR) lapse basaltic drill cores from the Surtsey These materials played an important that crack and deform concrete. volcano natural laboratory (Figure 7) role in increasing the durability of early Recent advances have increased the (http://surtsey.icdp-online.org) will pro- cement-based concrete infrastructure compressive strength and durability of vide important guideposts for maintain- of the western United States,20 but structural concretes that regularly replace ing the longevity of glass aggregates in were largely replaced by fly ash, a waste up to 35 weight% Portland cement with chemically dynamic microenvironments product from coal-fired power plants, in finely ground siliceous volcanic glass con- and evolving alkaline water chemistries.15 the 1970s. With the current decline in taining up to 8 weight% Na2O + K2O. At These reactions are especially important coal-fired energy, fly ash is now becom- 28 days of hydration, strengths exceed in geopolymer-type concretes, which ing technically and/or economically 27 MPa (4,000 psi) and ASR is entirely contain little calcium and are produced unfeasible for use in concrete. mitigated in mortar bar tests. This through reaction of aluminosilicate Production of cement powder, blended pozzolanic volcanic glass–cement materials with a caustic activator. through sintering of carbonate rock and mix is becoming a common, cost-reducing The pH of Roman post-pozzolanic carbonate- and/or silicate-rich argilla- component of high-performance concrete cementitious systems is lower than construction in northern California. the portlandite [calcium hydroxide, ceous rock at ~1,450°C, currently emits 8% of global anthropogenic CO . An LC3 system (limestone + cal- Ca(OH) ] system required to sustain a ~ 2 2 When cement powder is mixed with cined clay + clinker, ground to produce passivating layer that prevents corrosion water (and additives), it forms a dense Portland cement powder) was implement- of steel reinforcement. The long term paste that binds inert sand and gravel ed in early California concrete construc- persistence of portlandite in cement- aggregates. Concrete durability and tion.20 It now combines calcined impure based concretes, however, gives rise to longevity rely on low porosity and mini- clays with limestone filler to improve numerous forms of attack and degrada- mal aggregate reactivity with interstitial performance and provide a global, locally tion.4 Through early, rapid consump- fluids, since chemical attack results in sourced, low-cost, low-CO2 cement. The tion of portlandite, Romans quickly deleterious expansions, increased perme- limestone addition is analogous to traver- transitioned their concretes to a state ability, and disaggregation over time. tine and marine limestone coarse aggre- of metastable equilibrium that could The resilience of concretes that partially gate that increases compressive strength adjust to the inevitable ingress of fluids replace cement with natural pozzolans is at the structural scale in Roman concrete through beneficial corrosion of a reac- due, in part, to production of resilient foundations and marine breakwaters. tive glass reservoir.12,15 The optimal pack- C-A-S-H binder, for which the layered ing of aggregates at multiple scales (mm, structure of Al-tobermorite is a crystal- Challenges cm, m) that Romans apparently achieved line model.8,10,11,19 Roman concretes produced sub- with coarse rock aggregate and tephra

Metakaolin, for example, is a natural stantially less CO2 than conventional could potentially be applied to concrete pozzolan produced through calcination Portland cement concretes, which were infrastructure without steel reinforce- of kaolin clay deposits at 600°C–800°C. first patented in 1824. This is because ment. Intermittent saturation with fluids The highly reactive, amorphous powder the Roman mixes contained <15 vol- and dissolution of glass (and crystals) increases pozzolanic consumption of ume% hydrated lime (calcined at ~900°C would drive long-term, energetically self- calcium hydroxide and enhances avail- from limestone), ~45–50 volume% coarse sustaining cementitious systems. ability of aluminum to produce C-A-S-H rock aggregate, and 35–45 volume% fine binder in blended cement paste. Poorly sand to gravel-sized volcanic tephra.2,3,9

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 27 Extreme durability in ancient Roman concretes

Conclusions is a professor in the Institute of Earth seawater concrete,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 96 [8], After 2,000 years, the greater part of Sciences at the University of Iceland. 2598–2606 (2013). Horace’s poetry, along with the monu- 9M.D. Jackson, S. R. Chae, S. R. Mulcahy, mental concrete structures produced by Acknowledgements C. Meral, R. Taylor, P. Li, A.-H. Emwas, J. his patron, Emperor Augustus, clearly The authors appreciate contribu- Moon, S. Yoon, G. Vola, H.-R. Wenk, and P. J. M. Monteiro, “Unlocking the secrets of have escaped oblivion. The concretes tions of Carol Jantzen, Savannah River Al-tobermorite in Roman seawater concrete,” developed by Roman architects and National Laboratories; Massimo Vitti, Am. Mineral., 98, 1669–1687 (2013). engineers have unique material char- Sovrintendenza Capitolina di Roma; 10N.J. Coleman, Q. Li, and A. Raza, “Synthesis, acteristics that have never, to date, Philip Brune, Magic Leap; Eric Landis, structure and performance of calcium silicate been replicated. Roman volcanic rock- University of Maine; Maria Juenger, ion exchangers from recycled container glass,” hydrated lime concrete prototypes could University of Texas, Austin; Chris Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process., 50[1], 5–16 (2014). potentially further reduce CO2 emis- Whidden, Optipozz; Brian Jeppson, sions; enhance chemical and mechanical Hess Pumice; and Tom Adams, Nevada 11R.P. Myers, E. L’Hôpital, E., J.L. Provis, and B. resilience and self-healing properties; Cement Company. Data acquired at Lothenbach, “Composition–solubility–structure relationships in calcium (alkali) aluminosilicate conserve freshwater resources through ALS beamlime 12.3.2 at Lawrence hydrate (C-(N, K-)A-S-H),” Dalton Trans., 44, the use of seawater (or brines); and Berkeley Laboratories were sup- 13530–13544 (2015). greatly extend the service life of concrete ported by the Director of the Office of 12M.D. Jackson, S. R. Mulcahy, H. Chen, Y. structures in marine environments. Science, Department of Energy, under Li, Q. Li, P. Cappelletti, and H.-R. Wenk, They also could be applied to Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. “Phillipsite and Al-tobermorite produced by concrete encapsulation of hazardous The SUSTAIN drilling project is spon- cementitious water-rock reactions in Roman wastes and cementitious waste forms sored by the International Continental marine concrete,” Am. Mineral., 102, 1435–1450 for low-activity nuclear wastes through Drilling Program. (2017). crystallization and cation exchange 13M. de'Gennaro, P. Cappelletti, A. Langella, A. in certain mineral cements, such as References Perrotta, and C. Scarpati, “Genesis of zeolites 10 in the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, geological volca- 1 Al-tobermorite. By virtue of their P. James, “New Theory on Egypt’s collapsing nological and mineralogical evidence,” Contrib. extreme durability and long service pyramids,” Structure, 5, 34–35 (2013). Mineral. Petrol. 139, 17–35 (2000). 2 life, they could substantially reduce M.D. Jackson, E.N. Landis, P.F. Brune, M. Vitti, 14S. Jakobsson and J.G. Moore, “Hydrothermal the energetic and environmental costs H. Chen, Q. Li, M. Kunz, H.-R. Wenk, P.J.M. minerals and alteration rates at Surtsey volcano, of rebuilding an aged and deteriorat- Monteiro, and A.R. Ingraffea, “Mechanical Iceland,” Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 97, 648–59 ing concrete infrastructure, using the resilience and cementitious processes in imperial (1986). Roman architectural mortar,” Proc. Natl. Acad. exceptional knowledge and expertise 15C.M. Jantzen, C.L. Trivelpiece, C. L. Sci., 111[52] , 18484–18489 (2014). (scientia), theory (ratiocinatio), and Crawford, J.M. Pareizs, J.B. Pickett, “Accelerated 3 skillful effort (fabrica) developed by C. Brandon, M.D. Jackson, R.L. Holfelder, and Leach Testing of GLASS (ALTGLASS): I. The J.P. Oleson, Building for Eternity, the History and astute Roman architects and engineers database and definition of high level waste Technology of Roman Engineering in the Sea, Edited (HLW) glass hydrogels. II. Mineralization of (Vitruvius, de Architectura 1.2.1–2). by J.P Oleson, Oxbow, Oxford (2014). hydrogels by leachate strong bases,” Intl. J. Appl. 4F. Massazza, “Pozzolana and Pozzolanic Glass Sci., 8, 69–96 (2017). About the authors Cements,” pp. 471–632 in Lea’s Chemistry of 16C.M. Jantzen, K.G. Brown, J.B. Pickett, Marie Jackson is research associate Cement and Concrete, 4th edition, Edited by P. “Durable glass for thousands of years,” Intl. J. professor in the Department of Geology C. Hewlett, Arnold, London (2004). Appl. Glass Sci. 1[1], 38–72 (2010). 5 and Geophysics at the University of M.D. Jackson., P. Ciancio Rossetto, C.K. 17A. Verney-Caron, S. Gin, P. Frugier, and G. Utah (Salt Lake City, Utah) and joint Kosso, M. Buonfiglio, and F. Marra, “Building Libourel, “Long-term modeling of alteration- appointee at Pacific Northwest National materials of the Theater of Marcellus, Rome,” transport coupling: Application to a fractured Archaeometry, 4[4], 728–742 (2011). Laboratory (Richland, Wash.). John Roman glass,” Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 74, 6 Oleson is emeritus professor in the J. Moon, J.E. Oh, M. Balonis, F.P. Glasser, 2291–2315 (2010). S.M. Clark, and P. J. M. Monteiro, “Pressure 18 Department of Greek and Roman J.S. Weaver, J.S. McCloy, J.V. Ryan, and A.A. induced reactions amongst calcium aluminate Studies at the University of Victoria, Kruger, “Ensuring longevity: Ancient glasses hydrate phases,” Cem. Concrete Res., 41, 571–578 help predict durability of vitrified nuclear Canada. Juhyuk Moon is assistant pro- (2011). waste,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 94[4], 18–23 fessor in the Department of Civil and 7P. Brune, A.R. Ingraffea, M.D. Jackson, and (2016). Environmental Engineering at Seoul R. Perucchio, “The fracture toughness of an 19R. Snellings, G. Mertens, and J. Elsen, National University, South Korea. Heng Imperial Roman mortar,” Eng. Fracture Mech., “Supplementary cementitious materials,” Rev. Chen and Yi Zhang are Ph.D. students 102, 65–76 (2013). Mineral. Geochem., 74, 211–78 (2012). 8 in the Departments of Civil Engineering M.D. Jackson, J. Moon, E. Gotti, R. Taylor, 20ASTM, “Symposium of use of pozzolans in at Southeast University (Nanjing, China) S.R. Chae, M. Kunz, A.-H.Emwas, C. Meral, mortars and concretes.” ASTM Special publica- and Singapore National University, P. Guttmann, P. Levitz, H.-R. Wenk, and tion no. 99, Edited by T.E. Stanton, American P.J.M. Monteiro, “Material and elastic prop- Singapore. Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia erties of Al-tobermorite in ancient Roman (1949). n

28 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 bulletin annual student section

PCSA students with then-ACerS president Bill Lee at the PCSA annual meeting at MS&T17 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Credit: ACerS Chair’s update on PCSA activities and welcome to the student ACerS Bulletin issue

increasing the useable lifetime of products, or how computational skills can increase the speed of scientific discovery. Regardless of our cultural or educational backgrounds, the ceramic engineers of today are unified in our resolve to build a better future. By Ashley Hilmas, PCSA Chair These articles highlight efforts that are important to ACerS and particularly to the President’s Council of Student he June/July issue of the ACerS Advisors, or PCSA. The PCSA currently consists of 46 students from 32 universities in 11 countries who are passion- TBulletin features articles from stu- ate about ceramics. PCSA strives to engage these students as dents all over the world, whose backgrounds long-term Society leaders, and PCSA delegates are dedicated to using their positions to support ACerS mission in “advancing and research experiences provide insight to a the study, understanding, and use of ceramic and glass materi- wide range of fields related to ceramics. The als for the benefit of our members and society.” following articles have been written by stu- PCSA delegates also are passionate about giving back to their communities and using their positions as science and engineer- dents at various stages in their careers and ing students to make a difference. PCSA constantly strives to from far reaches of the globe, and therefore stay involved with K–12 students through expanding outreach efforts by developing materials science demonstration kits, lesson represent a wide cross-section of locations plans, and educational posters. We are working toward a goal of of a map and also research areas within the having future posters and lesson plans available in a variety of ceramics communities. These articles present languages to increase the global reach of our community. With the growing international diversity of PCSA, more work that is not only cutting-edge ceramics and more students from different backgrounds are becoming research, but also shows that our community involved in our efforts to promote ceramic and glass materials. These students bring different ideas of how ACerS and PCSA is unified in its efforts to make a positive can make a real difference in people’s lives, as well as inspire impact on our world. the next generation of ceramicists. In the following pages, some students talk about environmental impact, focusing on how we can make manufacturing Ashley Hilmas is a Ph.D. student in materials science and engi- changes to reduce our impact or harvest energy in more envi- neering at the University of Michigan. She is chair of the 2017–2018 ronmentally-friendly ways. Other articles focus on biomaterials PCSA class and is particularly passionate about expanding the role of for improving the lives of our fellow humans, mechanisms for humanitarian efforts within PCSA. ■

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 29 Congressional Visits Day 2018 recap (Credit for all photos: ACerS.)

By Yolanda Natividad Students worked hard to schedule Special thanks to David Bahr, profes- ACerS liaison to the Material Advantage congressional visits with legislators and sor and head of the Materials Engineering Student Program staffers on April 18. Some attendees also Department at Purdue University, and The Material Advantage Student registered in advance for and attended Iver Anderson, senior metallurgist at Program’s Congressional Visits Day constituent coffee events with their Ames Laboratory and adjunct professor (CVD) was held on April 17–18, 2018, legislators, who hold the events to stay in the Materials Science and Engineering in Washington, D.C. The Department at Iowa annual CVD event gives State University, for students an opportunity to instructing students visit Washington to educate on how to visit with Congressional decision makers legislators and for about the importance of fund- their assistance over ing for basic science, engineer- the years in helping to ing, and technology. coordinate CVD. Bahr The CVD experience began and Anderson both with an opening reception on serve on the Material April 17, featuring informative and entertaining talks by Joel Material Advantage CVD 2018 participants at Widder, cofounder and part- the event’s opening reception and training. ner, Federal Science Partners; Russell Armstrong, assistant vice presi- in touch with their constituents and dent, Bose Washington Partners; Lily to get feedback on the work they are Nguyen, former CVD attendee and doing. current Washingtonian; and Scott As our last hurrah for this year’s Litzelman, TMS/MRS Congressional event, the Washington D.C. chapter Science & Engineering Fellow. of ASM International hosted a dinner Afterward, students engaged in some that provided students an opportu- role-play in advance of their appoint- nity to network and share their CVD ments on the following day. experiences. Additionally, the group The Ohio State University group—(left to right) attended a lecture at the National Air Daniel Buey, Megan Malara, and Connor Slone— and Space Museum, prepares to visit with Representative Mike Turner where attendees were (R-Ohio). able to view the latest Hubble images a full day Advantage Committee, an advisory com- before they were released mittee that provides recommendations to the general public! and feedback about the program to the The Material four partnering organization’s leadership. Advantage CVD The Colorado School of Mines group met with Senator event was well- “Thank you very much for all your work putting on the Cory Gardner (R-Colorado) (center): (left to right) Kerry attended this year, CVD event. My group and I had a wonderful experience McQuaid, Nicholas Lipski, Alec Saville, Emily Mitchell, with a total of and plan to come back next year.” and MaKenzie Parimuha. 38 students and – Christina L. Cox, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville faculty from the following universities: Case Western Reserve University If you are a student and did not get Colorado School of Mines a chance to participate this year, make Iowa State University sure that you keep an eye out for the Michigan Technological University 2019 event! Or if you are a profes- Missouri University of Science and sor/faculty advisor, plan to gather a Technology group from your university. Visit the Ohio State University Material Advantage website for future Purdue University updates at www.materialadvantage.org. Representative Jason Smith (R-Missouri) (far University of Tennessee, Knoxville It is an opportunity that you will not left) meets with students (left to right) Tyler want to miss! n Grant and Danny Drury from the Missouri University of Science and Technology.

30 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 From illusion to reality By Arjak Bhattacharjee Musculoskeletal dis- eases account for a huge economic and human burden worldwide. Data from 2012 indicate that musculoskeletal conditions are the second great- Bhattacharjee est cause of disability and affect more than 1.7 billion people worldwide. And due to modern lifestyles, those numbers are expected to continue increasing. According to data from the Centers for Disease Control, more than Credit: Anshul Gupta Figure 1. Atomic bond model showing the crystal structure of hydroxyapatite. five million musculoskeletal surgeries were conducted in the United States in 2010. efforts to enhance the antibacterial Zn in cationic and anionic substitution This global problem is prompting high properties of HA through doping with sites of HA, we have found that heat- standards in the biomaterials industry, transition metals. treatment parameters determine the which is currently valued at $2.5 billion in The behavior of doped HA can be substitution sites for Cu and Zn in HA. the U.S. alone. compared to my own behavior—let me Cu-doped HA shows antibacterial effi- My interest in biomaterials began explain. In my early days of training as ciency for both cationic and hydroxyl- when I was admitted in Chennai Apollo a Master of Technology student at the channel substitution sites of Cu against Hospital in India for surgery when I was Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, gram-positive and gram-negative bacte- 18 years old. This situation made me I would regularly spend free time in ria, although Cu+1 has greater antibacte- realize that the protective illusory wall the cafeteria with my senior colleague rial effect than Cu+2. The response is around us may fade at any time—disease, Anshul Gupta. But when we had sched- quite different for Zn, as Zn-doped HA sorrow, suffering, and death are unavoid- uled meetings with our supervisors, we has antibacterial properties only when able realities of human life. That day has would spend the few days leading up Zn is substituted in cationic sites. motivated me to continuously explore to the meeting completely immersed With this biomaterials research, I my own personal path to enlightenment: in finishing progress reports. It can be continue along my path to enlighten- biomaterials research. concluded from this behavior that the ment. The future goal of this work is to One of the materials I study is same “we” used to behave differently in manufacture 3-D-printed patient-specific hydroxyapatite [HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2], a different situations—and the same is true orthopedic implants from transition biomaterial similar to human hard tissues for doped HA as well! metal-doped HA with enhanced anti- that is used to manufacture biomedical Due to the unique crystal structure bacterial properties, which may have an implants for musculoskeletal surgery. of HA, the same transition metal cation important role in shaping the future face Despite its superior biocompatibility, (Cu+2 or Zn+2) can be substituted both in of humanity. HA-based implants may develop bacterial cationic sites and hydroxyl channels. My infection after surgery, leading to prosthe- research explores the effect of different Arjak Bhattacharjee is a Master of sis failure that requires revision surgery. substitution sites on antibacterial proper- Technology student in materials science Effective local and spatial antibiotic drug ties of doped HA for its potential use in and engineering at the Indian Institute of delivery is the current approach to this manufacturing patient-specific orthope- Technology Kanpur. Bhattacharjee is inter- problem, although controlled delivery dic implants. Here, the transition metal ested in dramatics, documentary making, of antibiotics after surgery is the biggest can be thought of as the “we”—different student government, public speaking, and challenge. This problem can be par- substitution sites in the HA structure other extracurricular and managerial activ- tially resolved by developing antibacterial are analogous to the two different situ- ities. He scripted and directed India’s first HA-based prostheses. ations my friend and I responded to at technical ceramics documentary, “Oneness Antibacterial properties of various IIT Kanpur. with the Infinite,” which won two interna- transition metals, such as Cu, Zn, Ag, Currently, I am working with pro- tional awards from The American Ceramic have long been investigated—examples fessors Kantesh Balani and Indranil Society and the Government of India. He can even be found in ancient Indian Manna on transition metal-doped apa- dreams of popularizing ceramics and glass and Egyptian literature. In the past two tites for biomedical applications. Using in the public. n decades, there have been enormous a wet chemical route to dope Cu and

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 31 Student perspectives Computational discovery of new piezoelectric materials By Sukriti Manna To identify new Discovery of new candidates, my research materials has been focused on quasi-2-D among the greatest materials, a special achievements of class of materials with every age—starting a layered-like structure from bronze and that is held together copper and progress- by weak van der Waals ing to steel and plas- bonds. The rationale Manna tics—and has enabled behind focusing on technological advancements of the pres- quasi-2-D materials ent. This continues unabated, as materi- stems from the hypoth- als play a key role in defining mankind’s esis that softer materials capabilities and aspirations for the tend to have a larger future. With the dawn of the silicon era, piezoelectric response. continued discovery of new materials Quasi-2-D materials are and hence the progress of civilization can usually soft, at least in a be foreseen to be driven by computers. van der Waals-bonded Recent innovation in theory and direction, and thus algorithms, coupled with advance- yield large piezoelectric ments in computational power and the responses. Therefore, ability to scan and handle data, have Recent advancements in my research used a computational power and made computers increasingly critical three-fold approach data capabilities have to understand, search for, and develop to discover new candi- enabled development of new functional materials. These include dates: locate quasi-2-D new functional materials advanced electronic and magnetic mate- materials, predict their with diverse applications.

rials in the semiconductor industry, properties, and identify Credit: Sukriti Manna advanced structural materials in the new piezoelectrics. ponents usually originate from direct aerospace and automotive industries, I first identified quasi-2-D materi- deformation (shearing or axial) of weak and materials with superior biocompat- als in the Inorganic Crystal Structure van der Waals bonds. ibility for medical applications. Database (ICSD). Among ~12,000 In addition to identifying new piezo- An essential component of the suc- binary and ternary materials in ICSD, I electrics, my research has also investi- cess of materials discovery is the avail- chose materials with a layered structure gated the materials’ large piezoelectric ability of materials data, whether experi- and calculated their piezoelectric prop- response directions. This information is mental, computational, or a combina- erties. This operation identified ~900 particularly useful as it will provide how tion of both. Computational data may quasi-2-D compounds. Accessing their experimentalists should grow thin films be the only possible data source when piezoelectric and mechanical proper- to use this large response in convention- experimental data are not available or ties further identified ~65 promising al piezoelectric modes. This finding also very difficult to measure. candidates with a finite piezoelectric will help design new piezoelectric devic- First principle density functional response, the majority of which remain es based on non-conventional modes. theory (DFT) plays a critical role in unexplored for their piezoelectric prop- Altogether, this research establishes a screening new functional materials. In erties. Calculations then identified ~35 wide scope to synthesize quasi-2-D mate- my recent work, I used high-throughput candidates that do not contain any rials for applications demanding high DFT to search for new piezoelectric toxic elements, including lead, with a piezoelectric modulus. compounds. Piezoelectric materials piezoelectric modulus larger than AlN can generate electricity on application (a material commonly used for resona- Sukriti Manna is a Ph.D. candidate of stress, and they are widely used in tor applications). in mechanical engineering at Colorado micro-electromechanical (MEMS)-based Based on the predicted value of School of Mines, working on pressure- devices, such as sensors, actuators, and piezoelectric modulus, several candi- induced phase transformation in lithium resonators. Currently, the most com- date materials have emerged, including aluminum silicates. His work encompasses monly used piezoelectric material is lead design and discovery of new high-perfor- In2Te5, GeTe, CuVO3, and SnO. This zirconia titanate [PBT, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3], analysis reveals that large piezoelectric mance piezoelectric materials with a focus although there is an increasing push to responses are enabled by the softness on nitride alloys using first principle cal- eliminate use of lead-based compounds of van der Waals spaces between layers, culations. Outside the lab, he cultivates due to toxicity. because the largest piezoelectric com- hiking and culinary interests. n

32 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Ferroelectrics toward a multifunctional energy-harvesting device By Gaurav Vats Fast-growing industrialization and human population have fueled the rate of energy consumption globally. Consequently, the Kyoto Protocol initiative to reduce carbon emissions has reoriented scientific outlook towards viable solutions for harvesting sustainable “green” energy. Irrespective of technological advance- Vats ments, the energy conversion efficiency of any material system and device is constrained by its inherent material property and elemental working limits. A possible alternative is to increase power conversion efficiency of a device using a system where energy from multiple inputs (such as mechanical vibrations, thermal fluctuations, and light illumination) can be converted into useful output ener- Figure 1. Relationship between perovskite, ferroelectric, pyroelectric, gy (such as electricity) by simultaneously exploiting different and piezoelectric materials. mechanisms, such as piezoelectric, pyroelectric, thermoelectric, and photoelectric effects. References This is possible through smart choice of material systems 1G. Vats, S. Patel, A. Chauhan, R. Vaish, “Cyclic electrical energy har- and further integrating them into unified device configura- vesting using mechanical confinement in ferroelectric ceramics,” Int. tions with cumulative output from multiple inputs. However, J. Appl. Ceramic Tech., 12, 765–770 (2015). such an arrangement will lead to a complex electrical circuitry, 2G. Vats, S. Patel, R. Vaish, “An insight into thermal and vibra- which results in joule heating and electrical losses. Therefore, tion cyclic energy harvesting using ferroelectric ceramics,” Integr. the ideal solution is to engineer novel material systems with Ferroelectr., 168, 69–84 (2016). tailored structural, optical, and electronic properties for host- 3G. Vats, A. Chauhan, R. Vaish, “Thermal energy harvesting using ing favorable multiple energy conversion mechanisms. bulk lead–free ferroelectric ceramics,” Int. J. Appl. Ceramic Tech., 12, Ferroelectrics with an ABX3 perovskite-type structure fit E49–E54 (2015). these requirements. Their crystal structure can be tuned by 4S. Lee, J. A. Bock, S. Trolier-McKinstry, C. A. Randall, “Ferroelectric- swapping inorganic ions with organic ions and vice versa, thermoelectricity and Mott transition of ferroelectric oxides with high tuning their physical as well as chemical properties. These electronic conductivity,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 32, 3971–3988 (2012). materials are already well-explored for vibrational/mechani- 5S. Yang, J. Seidel, S. Byrnes, P. Shafer, C.-H. Yang, M. Rossell, et 1 2,3 4 5 cal, thermal, thermoelectric, and photovoltaic energy al., “Above-bandgap voltages from ferroelectric photovoltaic devices,” harvesting applications. Nat. Nanotech., 5, 143–147 (2010). All ferroelectrics exhibit piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity 6I. Grinberg, D. V. West, M. Torres, G. Gou, D. M. Stein, L. Wu, et (Figure 1). Interestingly, despite a high bandgap, they also are al., “Perovskite oxides for visible-light-absorbing ferroelectric and pho- capable of photovoltaic effects, which are popularly known as tovoltaic materials,” Nature, 503, 509–512 (2013). photoferroic or photoferroelectric effects. The underlying phys- 7Y. Bai, P. Tofel, J. Palosaari, H. Jantunen, J. Juuti, “A game changer: A ics of the photoferroic effect is different from the conventional multifunctional perovskite exhibiting giant ferroelectricity and narrow photoelectric effect. In general, the bandgap of ferroelectrics is bandgap with potential application in a truly monolithic multienergy too high to work for a photovoltaic cell. Therefore, attempts harvester or sensor,” Adv. Mater. 29, 1700767 (2017). have been made to tune the bandgap of ferroelectrics6 and obtain electrical outputs using multiple inputs.7 Gaurav Vats is pursuing a Ph.D. in materials science and engineering However, experimental demonstration of a ferroelectric at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. He is vice device to simultaneously illustrate multifunctional energy con- president of UNSW’s postgraduate council, board member on UNSW’s version mechanisms and deliver an enhanced electrical output university council, and sits on the UNSW Honorary Degree Committee. is still an open research problem. A better understanding of His research interests span nanoscale electronics, solid-state thermodynam- the nanoscale physics and mutual interactions of these effects ics and energy conversion, ferroelectric and multiferroic oxide heterostruc- also is intriguing. We are continuously working toward this tures, and topological structures. Vats likes to participate in outdoor activi- direction at a fundamental level with both material as well as ties, such as trekking, hiking, photography, and cycling, and playing chess device prospects, which will hopefully make this technology and basketball. n viable in the near future.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 33 Student perspectives

Anxious engineering

By Brian MacDowall Everyone experiences nervousness at one time or another, especially when try- ing to succeed in a new environment. Throughout my time at Rutgers University, my friends have experienced varying levels of stress over finishing projects, cramming before a test, or pre- senting themselves in a professional envi- MacDowall ronment. They would kick themselves for saying the wrong thing in an interview or being one-half of an awkward handshake. Sometimes they would even wonder if they were cut out to pursue an engineering degree. I, of course, was not immune to these worries, and as a senior I have been reflecting on how anxiety—as well as my response to it—have impacted my experience as a young scientist. Over the past couple of years, there have been days when I felt nervous about exams or would experience a wave of anxiety that I could shake off. Other times, however, my anxiety Credit: Brian MacDowall has had the power to paralyze me for days. Sometimes I would Brian MacDowall in action in the laboratory. get caught up with the idea that I may not be smart enough to be an engineer. Other days I would worry about not being Asking questions and being honest about how much you able to work hard enough to keep pace with my peers. These understand with project partners and professors also is a pro- thoughts would monopolize my headspace all day, until I active way to avoid anxiety-inducing situations. When I ask would finally fall asleep, exhausted from all the thinking. questions about techniques or concepts related to my research, Although constantly questioning myself sometimes led I stay engaged in the conversations and ultimately better to better work by making me be so thorough in studying understand the material. I now know that it is not a lack of or completing projects, it took many years for me to realize confidence that makes me ask good questions—instead, I do how unhealthy my thoughts were. Partially because people my best work when I really understand a project. generally do not talk about it much, and partially because I We must all actively work to understand how we think in thought a lack of confidence weirdly made me a better stu- an effort to improve our mental health and our lives. As I dent, it took me years to realize that the cycle of convincing come to understand more about myself, I become increasingly myself that I could “beat” my anxiety by pushing it away excited about where science and engineering can take me. was ineffective. Now, however, I am learning how I can be This positive change has required facing my anxiety, realizing an effective scientist and researcher without letting these that it was not healthy, and ultimately accepting that it does negative feelings control me. not have to control my life. By better understanding when anxiety can crop up, I Having a support network is essential to succeeding in var- have used this knowledge to overcome and silence nagging ious aspects of life, and I am happy to have one that reminds questions in my head. For example, I have learned that, for me of the importance of balance in my life. Many people me, the hardest part of any project is before I begin. Giving struggle with this, so do not hesitate to be honest about it myself a set amount of time to plan and then immediately with yourself and those around you. setting that plan into action is the best way for me to start a project. Once I begin the work, I feel a sense that I am con- Brian MacDowall is a senior undergraduate student at Rutgers tributing to something much larger than myself. Experiments University who is researching graphene–polymer composites and thin- go wrong, data gets erased, and setbacks are ever present in film catalysts for carbon dioxide reduction. He really likes chocolate, research—but as long as you set your mind to getting back on punk rock, and ancient world history. n track, you can resist falling into a negative thought cycle.

34 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Taming the hollowness: Controlling formation of hollow metallic nanostructures attached to a ceramic substrate By Nimrod Gazit Failure of materials is of utmost importance in engineering. A lot of effort has been given to study failure mechanisms of different systems and materials configura- tions. One of the most studied failure mechanisms is formation of pores as a result of natural degradation of a device or due to extensive use. Gazit However, formation of pores can be useful and is required for some applications. Hollow metallic nanostructures (nanotubes, nanoparticles, etc.) attract a great deal of attention due to their possible applications in various nanotechnology fields. In the biomedical field, hollow nanostructures are useful for drug delivery and are used for chemo- therapy drugs. Such nanostructures are also used for energy production and storage, catalysis, and optics. The synthesis of hollow nanostructures relies mainly on the Kirkendall effect, in which the interface between metals moves Credit: Nimrod Gazit as a consequence of differences in mass transfer rates of atoms. Plan view scanning transmission electron micrograph of an Ag@Au This method requires relatively high fabrication temperatures nanoparticle. A focused ion beam has removed its top, revealing and usually results in a high density of internal defects, which the inside pore. inevitably shortens life of the device or the product. My research focuses on synthesis of hollow metallic nano- such research is twofold: it can provide a better under- structures attached to ceramic substrates at relatively low tem- standing of the fundamental processes responsible for the peratures (compared to their melting temperature). At such observations, and it can provide plausible explanations for temperatures, the mass transfer mechanism that the Kirkendall observed phenomena. effect relies on is eliminated—therefore, the resulting structure Systems composed of metal–ceramic interfaces can be found has better microstructural stability, allowing control of the inter- in wide-ranging technological applications, such as energy nal pore’s size and shape. devices (lithium-ion batteries), transistors, superalloy coat- The main problem I encountered in this research was the ings, and optics. The interface between a metal and ceramic difficulty in characterizing hollow structures and determin- is of great interest because atom transport at that interface ing the mechanisms of mass transfer, which are key factors in may result in failure of the device, for example. Therefore, their formation. To overcome this difficulty, I used advanced improved understanding of metal–ceramic interactions may microscopy techniques, such as energy filtered transmission result in better and more durable devices and products. electron microscopy. During my Ph.D., I have studied different core–shell com- Nimrod Gazit is a Ph.D. candidate in materials science and engineer- binations of metals, such as Ag–Au on sapphire substrate. ing at the Israel Institute of Technology. Working under the supervision of Explaining the pore’s formation mechanism was an enigma at Eugen Rabkin, Gazit is studying formation of hollow metallic nanostruc- first, but a combination of microscopy and theoretical materi- tures attached to ceramic substrates. Outside the lab, he likes traveling, als science has allowed me to find an explanation. photography, and playing with his newborn son. n For Ag–Au nanostructures, I measured pore size after different annealing times by removing particles from the substrate and placing them on a electron microscopy grid. These observations allowed proposal of a quantitative model of the hollowing process. This model allows fitting of the experimentally determined kinetics of pore growth without any adjustable parameters and therefore provides a direct method to control the pore. In my research, I have had the privilege to combine experimental and theoretical work to study systems com- President’s Council of Student Advisors posed of both ceramics and metals. The value of conducting ceramics.org/pcsa

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 35 Student perspectives

Hybrid solar cells and beyond: Spanning ceramics and organic molecules By Surendra B. Anantharaman Photovoltaics are efficient technologies to generate clean energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In the field of photovoltaics, silicon-based solar cells have long been a forerunning technology. However, new thoughts in materials systems have led to the birth of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), also called Grätzel cells. Anantharaman In 1991, Brian O’Regan and Michael Grätzel demonstrated a solar cell with fluorine-doped tin oxide as current collecting electrodes. One of the electrodes covered with mesoporous TiO2 was functionalized with organic dye for charge generation, and the electrolyte was sandwiched with other electrodes to harvest energy from sunlight. Replacing the liquid dye with a solid dye film quickly led to solid-state meso- scopic dye-sensitized solar cells (ss-DSSCs). The charge generation mechanism in ss-DSSCs is distinct from silicon-based solar cells. Basically, ss-DSSC devices have Credit: Surendra B. Anantharaman Schematic representation of an organic dye-sensitized solar cell and a bound electron-hole pair (exciton) that migrates to the TiO2 ceramic-based hybrid perovskite solar cell. interface. At TiO2–dye interfaces, an electron is injected into TiO while a hole is extracted from the other electrode. With 2 With the advent of perovskite solar cells, more exchange relentless research on ss-DSSCs over 20 years, device efficiency in understanding between ceramics and inorganic–organic has improved from 3% to 13%. A fundamental understanding compounds has blurred the barrier between these materials. of exciton migration toward the charge generation interface This is just the beginning, as the research will continue to can address several challenges in further improving efficiency. open more avenues for future exploration. In my graduate work, I have focused on understanding exciton dynamics in molecular systems for efficient charge generation Surendra B. Anantharaman is currently a Ph.D candidate at the at the TiO interface. As a first step, I have tried growing crystal- 2 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland and Swiss line forms of these dye molecules that can closely pack together Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) in by obviating disorder in amorphous counterparts. Spectroscopy Dübendorf, Switzerland. He is working to understand the growth and studies allow investigation of exciton dynamics occurring on a exciton dynamics in organic crystals grown on oxide interfaces under the picosecond scale in the crystals to reach the TiO interface. 2 supervision of Frank Nüesch and Jakob Heier. Anantharaman’s area of Bringing the best out of different materials and integrat- research interest lies in oxides, nitrides, and organic molecules focusing on ing them in a single architecture has been a robust practice energy harvesting applications. n in engineering new materials. Perovskites have brought a significant breakthrough in this field without loss of fundamental science on device performance, by only replacing dye molecules with a current generation material. In these devices, organic–inorganic lead halides [ABX3, where A is methylam- monium, B is Pb or Sn, and X is a halide (I, Cl, or Br)] form the photovoltaic material. Significant research continues to try to improve perfor- Ceramic Tech Today blog mance of perovskite solar cells. Unlike organic dye molecules, perovskite solar cells retain high power conversion efficiency www.ceramics.org/ceramictechtoday and performance stability. Further, modifying the A-site from organic to inorganic compounds forms a new type of perovskite named a Ruddlesden-Popper phase, which is popu- Online research, papers, policy news, lar for its superconductivity and ferroelectricity in ceramics. interviews and weekly video presentations These perovskite devices have integrated more transition metal oxides (NiO and CuO) as hole-transporting layers to balance charge extraction, increasing device performance.

36 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 REGISTER TODAY! 2018 ACerS STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS DIVISION AND SOUTHWEST SECTION MEETING in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting June 5–8, 2018 | Columbia, S.C. | Hilton Columbia Center

For the second consecutive year, ACerS Structural Clay Products Division, ACerS Southwest Section, and the National Brick Research Center have joined their meetings to serve the needs of the structural clay industry.

TECHNICAL PROGRAM (as of 5/9/18) • Thin brick testing, George Campbell, J.C. Steele & Sons Inc. TENTATIVE SCHEDULE • Exploring tools to determine extrudablity—capillary rheometry, Tuesday, June 5 Mike Walker, National Brick Research Center Registration open 3 – 6 p.m. • Update on energy savings at the kiln, Joern Boeke, Refratechnik Hospitality suite 5 – 10 p.m. • Faster drying and firing considerations for brick, John Sanders, National Brick Research Center Wednesday, June 6 • Thin brick production, speaker tbd, Keller Grundbau GmbH Registration 7 a.m. – 6 p.m. National Brick Research Center meeting 8 – 11:30 a.m. Christophe Aubertot • New thin brick technology, , Direxa (members of NBRC only) Engineering LLC Lunch on own Noon – 1:30 p.m. • Energy efficiency project at the Muskogee, Okla., plant, William Whitfield, Meridian Brick Tech Session 1, Structural Clay Products 1 – 5 p.m. Division and Southwest Section (SCPD-SW) • Setting machining upgrade at the Malakoff plant, Harlan Dixson, Acme Brick Suppliers’ mixer 6 – 7:30 p.m. •Die maintenance, Gregg Camp, Reymond Products Hospitality suite 8 – 10 p.m. International Inc. • Solar energy—powering a brick plant with the sun, Todd Butler, Thursday, June 7 Palmetto Brick Plant tours: Carolina Ceramics and Meridian Brick All day (lunch sponsored by Carolina Ceramics) Banquet 7 – 9 p.m. HILTON COLUMBIA CENTER Hospitality suite 9 – 10 p.m.

Friday, June 8 Tech Session 2, SCPD-SW Section 8 – 11 a.m.

924 Senate Street | Columbia, SC, USA | Tel: 803-744-7800

Group rate from $140+ tax is based on availability. www.ceramics.org/scpd18

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 37 REGISTER TODAY! th Advances in Cement-Based

9 Materials (Cements 2018)

June 11 – 12, 2018 | Pennsylvania State University | State College, Pa. USA

ACerS Cements Division announces its 2018 annual meeting, TENTATIVE SCHEDULE Advances in Cement-based Materials: Characterization, Processing, SUNDAY, JUNE 10: Modeling, and Sensing, June 11–12, 2018, at The Pennsylvania State Student reception @ Hub game room 7 – 9 p.m. University in State College, Pa. The event is co-sponsored by the American Concrete Institute. MONDAY, JUNE 11: Plan to join fellow cement researchers for this annual meeting Welcome and two keynote speakers 8 – 9:15 a.m. and dive deeper into the latest research on topics such as additive Breakout sessions, SCM/ACM 9:30 – 11:30 a.m. manufacturing of cementitious materials and cement chemistry, Lunch on your own 11:30 a.m. – 1 p.m. processing, and hydration, just to name a few. Breakout sessions, SCM/ACM 1 – 2:30 p.m. Other events include a workshop on 3-D printing of cement-based Breakout sessions, Characterization, 2:30 – 3:45 p.m. materials, a student event at the HUB Robeson Center, as well Open Topic as a student video competition, a tour of the Materials Research Business Meeting 4 – 4:20 p.m. Institute, and the latest advances in cement-based research. Della Roy Lecture 4:20 – 5:20 p.m. DELLA ROY LECTURE Poster session 6 – 7:30 p.m. Jan Olek, professor of civil engineering and Della Roy Reception 7:30 – 8:30 p.m. director of the North Central Superpave TUESDAY, JUNE 12: Center, Purdue University 3-D printing workshop 8 – 10 a.m. Breakout sessions, Rheology+AM, 10:15 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. Title: Green concrete—the past, the present and Durability the future Lunch on your own 12:15 – 1:30 p.m. Breakout sessions, SCM/ACM, 1:30 – 3:30 p.m. PRESENTATIONS AT CEMENTS 2018 WILL COVER Smart/Computational TOPICS IN THE AREAS OF: Closing session 3:45 – 5:15 p.m. • Cement chemistry, processing, and hydration • Material characterization techniques • Supplementary and alternative cementitious materials • Rheology and advances in SCC • Additive manufacturing using cementitious materials • Durability and service-life modeling • Computational materials science • Smart materials and sensors NITTANY LION INN 200 W. Park Ave., State College, PA 16803 PROGRAM CHAIRS Phone: 800-233-7505 Aleksandra Radlinska – [email protected] Call 800-233-7505 and mention ACerS Cements Division (block code: Farshad Rajabipour – [email protected] ACER18B) for a rate of $118/night (to include room and taxes).

More details can be found on Other accommodations are available at the Hyatt Place, located at 219 W. Beaver Ave., State College, PA 16803. The phone number is www.ceramics.org/cements2018 814-862-9808.

38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Registration is now open!

Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy (MCARE 2018) August 20 – 23, 2018 Hosted and organized by: Sheraton Vancouver Wall Centre Hotel

Vancouver, BC, Canada Also organized by: www.ceramics.org/mcare2018

Materials Challenges in Alternative Renewable Energy PLENARY SPEAKERS (MCARE 2018) will bring together leading global experts from Subhash C. Singhal, Battelle fellow and director, universities, industry, research and development laboratories, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA and government agencies to communicate material technologies High-temperature solid oxide fuel cells for clean and efficient power generation that address development of affordable, sustainable, environmentally friendly, and renewable energy conversion technologies. This cutting edge international conference features Tsutomu Miyasaka, professor, Toin University of plenary and invited talks, thematically-focused technical sessions, Yokohama, Japan; fellow, Research Center for and poster presentations, enabling participants to network and Advanced Science and Technology, University of exchange ideas with professional peers and acclaimed experts. Tokyo, Japan Metal oxide-based high efficiency and durable perovskite solar cells: Current progress and perspectives Yang-Kook Sun, professor, Hanyang University, Korea TECHNICAL PROGRAM High-energy Ni-rich Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 cathodes via – Materials for Solar Fuel Production and Applications compositional partitioning for next-generation – Advanced Electrochemical Materials for Energy Storage electric vehicles – Materials Challenges in Perovskite and Next Generation Solar Cells – Ferroelectrics and Multiferroics for Energy Generation, Hideo Hosono, professor, Laboratory for Materials Conversion, and Storage and Structures, Institute of Innovative Research, Institute of Technology, Japan – Materials Challenges in Direct Thermal-to-Electrical Energy Creation of active functionality utilizing abundant Conversion and Thermal Energy Harnessing for Efficient Innovative Applications elements – Materials for Spectral Energy Conversion – Advanced Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and High- Temperature Electrolysis SHERATON VANCOUVER – Lifecycle Considerations for Energy Materials WALL CENTRE – Critical Materials for Energy 1088 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2R9, Canada – Materials and Process Challenges for Sustainable Nuclear Energy Phone: (604) 331-1000 www.sheratonvancouver.com – Sustainable, Eco-Friendly Advanced Materials and Nanodevices Rates: Single/Double $245 CAD* (not to exceed $197 USD depending on – Young Scientists Forum on Future Energy Materials and exchange rate) Devices Cut-off: on or before – Symposium on Materials for Super Ultra Low Energy and July 26, 2018 Emission Vehicles

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 39 join us for the ACerS 120th annual meeting!

MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

OCTOBER 14 – 18, 2018 | GREATER COLUMBUS CONVENTION CENTER | COLUMBUS, OHIO, USA

ACerS LECTURES AND SPECIAL EVENTS

8:00 – 10:35 a.m. 5:00 – 6:00 p.m. MS&T Plenary Lecture MS&T Women in Materials Science Reception ACerS Edward Orton Jr., Memorial Lecture OCT 14

SUNDAY SUNDAY – Cato T. Laurencin, University of Connecticut Health Center, USA Regenerative engineering: Materials in convergence 9:00 – 10:00 a.m. ACerS/NICE Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic 1:00 – 2:00 p.m. OCT 16

Engineering Tutorial and Lecture TUESDAY, ACerS Frontiers of Science and Society—Rustum Roy Lecture – Jennifer Lewis, Harvard University, USA – David Morse, Corning Inc., USA TBD Imagination and innovation in the land of machines 2:00 – 4:40 p.m. ACerS Richard M. Fulrath Award Session – Naoya Shibata, University of Tokyo, Japan 1:00 – 2:00 p.m. Atomic scale understanding of ceramic interfaces by ACerS Basic Science Division Robert B. Sosman Lecture advanced electron microscopy – Jürgen Rödel, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany Lead-free piezoceramics: From local structure to application – Yosuke Takahashi, Noritaki Co. Ltd., Japan OCT 17

Development of ceramics and glass materials for solid WEDNESDAY, oxide fuel cell and oxygen permeable membrane – Mark D. Waugh, Murata Electronics North America Inc., USA Blending cultures to achieve innovation – Shinichiro Kawanda, Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Japan ACerS SHORT COURSES Potassium sodium niobate-based multilayer piezoelectric ceramics co-fired with nickel inner electrodes Sintering of Ceramics

MONDAY, OCT 15 MONDAY, – John McCloy, Washington State University, USA October 13 | 9:00 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. Undividing the discipline: Social interfaces in ceramics October 14 | 9:00 a.m. – 2:30 p.m. science and engineering Instructor: Ricardo Castro, University of California, Davis, USA SAT–SUN, SAT–SUN, 1:00 – 2:00 p.m. OCT 13 –14 ACerS 120th Annual Membership Meeting – TBD The Science and Technology of Flash Sintering of 2:00 – 5:00 p.m. Ceramics ACerS Alfred R. Cooper Award Session 8:30 a.m. -– 12:00 p.m. – TBD

OCT 18 Instructor: Rishi Raj, University of Colorado Boulder, USA

5:00 – 6:00 p.m. THURSDAY, MS&T Partners’ Welcome Reception NEW! STAY TUNED FOR ONE ADDITIONAL ACerS SHORT COURSE AT MS&T 6:45 – 10:00 p.m. ACerS Annual Honor and Awards Banquet and Reception 40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 join us for the ACerS 120th annual meeting! save the date OCTOBER 14 – 18, 2018 WWW.MATSCITECH.ORG

Organizers: Sponsored by:

OCTOBER 14 – 18, 2018 | GREATER COLUMBUS CONVENTION CENTER | COLUMBUS, OHIO, USA STUDENT ACTIVITIES

STUDENT CHAPTER TRAVEL GRANTS STUDENT MONITORS UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE The Material Advantage Student Program Want to save money while attending MS&T? STUDENT POSTER CONTESTS offers $500 travel grants to student chapters Students may partially defray expenses by For more information about competing in to support MS&T attendance. Travel grants serving as session monitors. poster contests, contact Yolanda Natividad are awarded on a first come, first serve at [email protected]. Deadline for basis, so act early! Application deadline is poster abstracts is September 24, 2018. October 7, 2018.

MATERIAL ADVANTAGE CHAPTER LEADERSHIP CERAMIC MUG DROP CONTEST WORKSHOP Mugs fabricated by students from ceramic raw materials are judged This workshop is restricted to chapter officers only, who can attend on aesthetics and breaking thresholds. To enter a mug, contact Brian to learn more about Material Advantage. Register for the workshop Gilmore at [email protected] by October 8, 2018. by October 7. CERAMIC DISC GOLF CONTEST UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT SPEAKING CONTEST Student-made discs thrown into a disc golf basket from the farthest The contest encourages undergrads to present technical papers and distance in the fewest number of shots will win, and best looking improve their presentation skills. Participants can win cash prizes. disc will be named. To enter, contact Brian Gilmore at Brian. Submit your contestant (one per school) by September 24, 2018. [email protected] by October 8, 2018. Contact Yolanda Natividad at [email protected] for more

SUNDAY, OCT 14 SUNDAY, STUDENT AWARDS CEREMONY information. OCT 16 TUESDAY, Congratulate the winners of this year’s contests during this award STUDENT NETWORKING MIXER ceremony! Join fellow students, Material Advantage faculty advisors, and Society volunteer leaders in a casual and fun atmosphere.

ACERS STUDENT TOUR Attend a free tour organized by ACerS President’s Council of Student Advisors. Visit the website for more information, or contact Yolanda Natividad at [email protected]. AIST STUDENT PLANT TOUR AIST will offer students an opportunity to tour a steel plant in Columbus. Students registered for MS&T18 by September 11 will be contacted by email with sign-up details.

EMERGING PROFESSIONALS SYMPOSIUM Visit our MS&T exhibitors!

MONDAY, OCT 15 MONDAY, Be sure to attend this symposium, Perspectives for Emerging Materials Professionals, which will help you navigate your EXHIBITS DATES AND HOURS materials science career. TUESDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2018 Show hours: 10:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m. CERAMIC CAREERS MENTORING LUNCHEON Exhibitor networking reception: Enjoy a complimentary brunch while learning about careers in 4:00 – 6:00 p.m. ceramics! Professionals from the ceramic and glass industry will present brief overviews of jobs in their fields and will circulate from WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 17, 2018 table to table to answer questions and provide career advice. RSVP Show hours: 9:30 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. to Belinda Raines at [email protected] by October 5, 2018. Exhibitor move-out: 2:00 – 9:00 p.m. Contact: Mona Thiel | Phone: 614-794-5834 | [email protected] American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 41 2018 proves to be successful blend of learning, networking, and sales leads

he I-X Center in Cleveland, Ohio, was again a perfect location for Tmanufacturers, salespeople, researchers, and students to learn, network, and generate business leads at the 4th Ceramics Expo, May 1–3, 2018. Ceramics Expo 2018 officially kicked off with a discussion and overview of the advanced ceramic and glass industry, challenges for research and manufacturing, and areas for future growth. Director of marketing and communications and ACerS Bulletin editor Eileen De Guire delivered an insightful keynote address centering around big data and how its increased demand is challenging materials. Data impacts our industry on two fronts, she explains. “Rising demand for data transmission creates rising demand for our industry’s products—but that demand is also pushing the materials to the intrinsic limits of their functionality.” Because data is driving that demand, De Guire says, we need to not only find new materials, but also make them as well. Smartphones, tablets, cloud computing, data centers, the Internet of Things, and Industry 4.0 all drive significant advances in data transmission technology, especially with the anticipated launch of the 5G network by 2020. “The bottom line,” De Guire adds, “is that we’re going to need new materials designed for exceptional function, and we are going to need new processes

Credit: Smarter Shows to fabricate them.” Eileen De Guire talks data and the future of materials Data-driven discovery, using tools such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, during the opening keynote talk at the Conference at and informatics, will help researchers find those new materials, she says. Ceramics Expo. Credit: ACerS

Products and demonstrations pertinent to most all aspects of the ceramic and glass supply chain were Staff at the XJet booth chat with Ceramics Expo attendees. present on the show floor at Ceramics Expo. Credit: ACerS

Credit: ACerS

Exhibitors have a valuable opportunity to show off their latest products and Smiles all around at the networking reception to kick off Ceramics Expo 2018. network with attendees.

De Guire closed her discussion with examples of technologies already experiencing success and breaking barriers—such as additive manufacturing, where manufacturers are making great strides in making and shaping parts, and a cold sintering process that could potentially change a fundamental manufacturing process. “There is no limit in sight to the amount of data we want to transmit,” she says. “We’re on the edge of a paradigm shift.” After her keynote, De Guire moderated a panel discussion with Mark Wolf from Kyocera, Don Bray from Morgan Advanced Materials, and Willard Cutler from Corning on the future of the ceramic and glass industry. The Conference at Ceramics Expo continued to cover a variety of pertinent topics, such as the status of ceramic matrix composites production and application, rheology and polymeric additives in additive manufacturing, commercializing ceramic research, innovative technologies for ceramic processing, and a discussion about the future of additive manufacturing. This year, the conference introduced the Industry Benchpress—a panel moderated by ACerS president Mike Alexander, who led a discussion on topical industry issues, such as important developments in

advanced ceramics, manufacturing, and processing; applications Credit: ACerS for advanced ceramics with the highest potential for growth; and The show floor was complete with products and giveaways— current challenges in the industry. all showcasing the latest in ceramic and glass technologies! Panelists Patrick Willson from GE Research and Kamal Soni from Corning offered their perspectives on multiple choice questions posed to the audience through an interactive application that records poll responses. For example, audience members weighed in to answer the question “What percentage of scrap produced by your company is recycled?” in real time—53% of respondents in the audience said “<25%.” The interactive discussion engaged the audience while panelists shared their expertise on various subjects. Outside of the conference, the exhibition floor at Ceramics Expo bustled with 3,000 attendees viewing product demonstrations, networking, and learning about the latest products and technologies from the varied ceramic and glass manufacturers exhibiting at Ceramics Expo 2018. Next year, Ceramics Expo will be condensed into two days—April 30–May 1,

Credit: ACerS 2019—which will offer attendees and exhibitors less down time from their jobs and two strong days of conference sessions and networking on the expo floor. See you next year at Ceramics Expo 2019! — April 30–May 1, Cleveland, Ohio 43 new products

tionally intensive and require extensive user expertise. A combination of a workflow-based user interface and an Grinder-polisher efficient reconstruction implementation uehler has introduced a more robust delivers results in about three minutes. Bgrinder-polisher, the EcoMet 30, This technology opens the door to 3-D for use in production environments that X-ray imaging, or computed tomogra- require fast, reliable results. Lab techni- phy, to both a wider range of industrial cians can select semi-automatic or manual Ceramic adhesive applications and examination of in situ models with single or double platens. eramabond 618-N is a new high- Constructed from solid cast aluminum, processes occurring at previously inacces- temperature, fused silica-based the EcoMet 30 range is designed for C sible timescales. maximum robustness and reliability in ceramic adhesive developed by Aremco. Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH challenging environments. The EcoMet Ceramabond 618-N provides exceptional (Jena, Germany) 30 semi-automatic version includes a user- adhesion to low-expansion ceramics, +49-3641-64-3949 friendly touchscreen interface, pneumatic quartz, and glass, as well as molybdenum www.zeiss.com polishing head with an easy-load specimen and tungsten refractory metals. This holder, and swing-out head to maximize adhesive offers temperature resistance efficiency. A rinse and spin function pre- to 3,000ºF (1,650ºC) and excellent resis- vents cross contamination between polish- tance to oxidation and most acids and Carbon/sulfur ing steps. alkalis. Typical uses for Ceramabond analyzer Buehler Ltd. 618-N are in the assembly of porous ltra’s new car- (Lake Bluff, Ill.) ceramic filters, quartz infrared heaters, bon/sulfur 847-295-6500 E and various instruments, such as tem- www.buehler.com analyzer Elementrac perature probes, strain gauges, oxygen CS-i was developed analyzers, gas chromatographs, and mass for accurate and safe spectrometers. analysis of carbon Aremco Products Inc. and sulfur in inor- (Valley Cottage, N.Y.) ganic samples. The Holiday detector 845-268-0039 analyzer is equipped he new M/1S holiday www.aremco.com with a powerful induction furnace for Tdetector has an ergono- sample combustion. Up to four highly mic design with a twist lock ground cable, sensitive infrared cells allow the analyzer strong fiberglass wand, large sponge, and to determine high and low carbon and plastic sponge holder. This instrument con- sulfur concentrations in only one mea- forms to NACE International and ASTM surement run. The measuring range of standards for low-voltage holiday detection. each cell may be adapted to the user's The detector is incredibly strong, and the specific requirements to ensure opti- lightweight wand material reduces fatigue. mum measuring conditions for each A new sponge material is thicker and stron- application. The analyzer is supplied ger, and the sponge holder is plastic and with new comprehensive software that will not damage coatings. The unit features Tomographic imaging module features statistics, groupings, reports, easy battery access and uses a 9V battery. eiss OptiRecon is a hardware/soft- diagnosis tools, and many additional The M/1S holiday detector is ideal for use Zware module built on an advanced functions. on thin-film coatings on conductive sub- 3-D X-ray microscope workstation that Verder Scientific Inc. strates and features two resistance settings allows users to acquire high-quality imag- (Newtown, Pa.) for tanks/pipe or concrete coatings. es in one-quarter the time. OptiRecon is 866-473-8724 Paul N. Gardner Co. Inc. faster, more efficient, and user-friendly www.verder-scientific.com (Pompano Beach, Fla.) than standard iterative reconstruction 954-946-9454 processes that are much more computa- www.gardco.com

44 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 ACerS is Hiring…

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Career Opportunities ACerS is Hiring… EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR MANAGING EDITOR The American Ceramic Society is seeking a fulltime Executive Director to Bulletin and Ceramic Tech Today replace the retiring incumbent, with a starting date in the Fall of 2018. Are you an experienced editor or science writer with a degree in The ACerS Executive Director is the chief staff officer and corporate materials science, engineering, or the physical sciences? Secretary, responsible to the Board of Directors for managing the The American Ceramic Society is hiring a Managing Editor to Society staff and operations. See full listing at P R O O F report on trends in the field, attend Society events, plan editorial https://www.linkedin.com/jobs/view/682118294. of your advertisement for insertion in the content, and manage magazine production. Experience with FEBRUARY issue Demonstrated success in managing an association, or a complex, web-based publishing systems, email vendors, and publishing information-based organization is required. Experience in technical processes are required. and/or scholarly publishing is a major plus. An understanding and This full-time position is located in the ACerS headquarters office appreciation of technology and its benefits are essential. A Bachelor’s If any changes or corrections are needed, please call or fax within 48 hours in Westerville, Ohio. Information on the position requirements and degree and 10+ years senior leadership experience is required, and a Debbie Plummer—Advertising Assistant application process can be found on the ACerS Career Center at Master’s (or Ph.D.) is preferred. Phone (614) 794-5866 • Fax (614) 891-8960 careers.ceramics.org Apply (or recommend candidates) by e-mail to [email protected] by May 31, 2018.

The American Ceramic Society (ACerS) values and seeks diverse and inclusive participation within the ﬁeld of ceramic science and engineering. ACerS strives to promote involvement and access to leadership opportunity regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, religion, age, sexual orientation, nationality, disability, appearance, geographic location, career path or academic level.

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46 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 liquidations/used equipment ADINDEX JUNE-JULY 2018 ‡ AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Used Find us in ceramicSOURCE 2017 Buyer’s Guide CERAMIC MACHINERY bulletin

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 47 resources

Calendar of events

June 2018 August 2018 14–18 MS&T18, combined with ACerS 120th Annual Meeting – Greater th 4–14 14 Int’l Ceramics Congress 11–12 Gordon Research Seminar: Columbus Convention Center, th and 8 Forum on New Materials – Solid State Studies in Ceramics— Columbus, Ohio; www.matscitech.org Perugia, Italy; Defects and Interfaces for New http://2018.cimtec-congress.org Functionalities in Ceramics – Mount 15–17 Fluorine Forum 2018 – Hotel Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.; Wellington, Madrid, Spain; 5–8 ACerS Structural Clay Products www.grc.org/programs.aspx?id=17148 www.bit.ly/FluorineForum18 Division & Southwest Section Meeting in conjunction with the National Brick 12–17 Gordon Research November 2018 Research Center Meeting – Columbia, Conference: Solid State Studies in S.C.; www.ceramics.org/scpd2018 Ceramics – Mount Holyoke College, 5–8 79th Conference on Glass South Hadley, Mass.; Problems – Greater Columbus 11–12 9th Advances in Cement- www.grc.org/programs.aspx?id=11085 Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; Based Materials – Pennsylvania State www.glassproblemsconference.org University, University Park, Pa.; 13–17 20th University Conference www.ceramics.org/cements2018 on Glass – Ruth Pike Auditorium, January 2019 Pennsylvania State University, 17–19 MagFORUM 2018 Magnesium University Park, Pa.; https://research. 23–25 EMA2019: 2019 Conference on Minerals & Markets Conference – matse.psu.edu/glass Electronic Materials and Applications – Grand Elysée Hotel, Hamburg, DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea Germany; www.bit.ly/MagFORUM18 20–23 MCARE2018: Materials World Conference Hotel, Orlando, Fla.; Challenges in Alternative & Renewable www.ceramics.org/ema2019 ICC7: 7th Int’l Congress on Energy – Sheraton Vancouver Wall 17–21 rd Ceramics – Hotel Recanto Cataratas Centre Hotel, Vancouver, BC, Canada; 27–Feb. 1 ICACC19: 43 Int’l Thermas, Foz do Iguaçú, Brazil; www.ceramics.org/mcare2018 Conference and Expo on Advanced www.icc7.com.br Ceramics and Composites – Daytona September 2018 Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org July 2018 10–12 China Refractory & Abrasive April 2019 6th Int’l Conference on the Minerals Forum 2018 – Regal Int’l East 9–12 th Characterization and Control of Asia Hotel, Shanghai, China; 30–May 1 5 Ceramics Expo – Interfaces for High Quality Advanced www.bit.ly/CRAMF2018 I-X Center, Cleveland, Ohio; Materials and 54th Summer Symposium www.ceramicsexpousa.com on Powder Technology – Kurashiki, 17–19 Advanced Ceramics and Japan; http://ceramics.ynu.ac.jp/ Applications VII: New Frontiers in June 2019 iccci2018 Multifunctional Material Science and 9–14 25th Int’l Congress on Glass – Processing – Serbian Academy of Boston, Mass.; th 9–13 15 Int’l Conference on Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia; www.ceramics.org/icg2019 the Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids www.serbianceramicsociety.rs/index.htm & 14th European Society of Glass Conference – Saint-Malo Convention October 2018 Center, Saint-Malo, France; https:// th pncs-esg-2018.sciencesconf.org 1–4 MMA 2018: 10 Int’l Conference of Microwave Materials and their 16–19 PIRE 2018 Workshop – Applications – Nakanoshima Center, Dates in RED denote new entry in Kansas State University, Manhattan, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; www. this issue. Kan.; www.nsf-pire-pdc.com/PDC_ jwri.osaka-u.ac.jp/~conf/MMA2018 Entries in BLUE denote ACerS Workshop.html events. 8–12 ic-cmtp5: 5th Int’l Conference on denotes meetings that ACerS 22–27 CMCEE-12: 12th Int’l Competitive Materials and Technology cosponsors, endorses, or other- Conference on Ceramic Materials Processes – Hunguest Hotel Palota, wise cooperates in organizing. and Components for Energy and Miskolc, Hungary; www.ic-cmtp5.eu Ceram an i ic c r S e o m ✯ ✯ ✯ c A i e

e t

y y y

h Environmental Applications – Suntec h

T T T T SEAL denotes Corporate partner  ✯ ✯ ✯  F o u 99 Convention & Exhibition Centre, nded 18 Singapore; www.cmcee2018.org

48 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 SAVE THE DATE JUNE 9 – 14, 2019

TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON GLASS (ICG2019)

25OSTED Y H B ACERS GLASS & OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION 100 ea BOSTON PARK PLAZA HOTEL AND TOWERS | BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS | USA

Make your plans now to attend the International Congress on Glass (ICG) 2019 in Boston, Mass., June 9-14, 2019, to join the expected 1,000 attendees and more than 900 papers and posters represent- TECHNICAL PROGRAM ing the best and brightest glass science and technology minds in Symposia 1 Glass Structure and Chemistry the world. Held every three years, the International Congress on Glass has Symposia 2 Glass Physics been providing valuable networking and collaborative efforts since Symposia 3 Glass Technology and Manufacturing the late 1980s. ICG 2019 will include: – Special recognition of the 100th anniversary of GOMD Symposia 4 Emerging Applications of Glass – Technical, cultural, and historical excursions in and around the Symposia 5 Glass Education (TC23) Boston area – Student career roundtables Symposia 6 Arun K. Varshneya Festschrift – Student poster contest

ICG 2019 Congress president ICG 2019 program chair Richard Brow John Mauro Missouri University of Science & Pennsylvania State University Technology [email protected] [email protected]

www.ceramics.org/icg2019 SAVE THE DATE FOR THIS IMPORTANT GLASS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MEETING. ACERS GLASS & OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION IS THE ICG 2019 HOST. calcium carbonate nanoparticles europium phosphors dielectrics catalog:americanelements.com palladium nanoparticles carbon nanoparticles liquids 1 1 zinc nanoparticles optoelectronics silicon nanoparticles2 2 H He 1.00794 4.002602 Hydrogen Helium

3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 1 2 99.999% ruthenium spheres copper nanoparticles3 4 5 6 7 8 rod Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012182 10.811 12.0107 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984032 20.1797 Nd:YAGLithium Beryllium surface functionalized nanoparticles Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon solid 11 2 12 2 13 2 14 2 15 2 16 2 17 2 18 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.98976928 24.305 26.9815386 28.0855 30.973762 32.065 35.453 39.948 yttriumSodium Magnesium iron nanoparticles silver nanoparticlesAluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon metals 19 2 20 2 21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2 25 2 26 2 27 2 28 2 29 2 30 2 31 2 32 2 33 2 34 2 35 2 36 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 K 1 Ca 2 Sc 2 Ti 2 V 2 Cr 1 Mn 2 Fe 2 Co 2 Ni 2 Cu 1 Zn 2 Ga 3 Ge 4 As 5 Se 6 Br 7 Kr 8 39.0983 40.078 44.955912 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.938045 55.845 58.933195 58.6934 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.64 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.798 medicinePotassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton crystals 37 2 38 2 39 2 40 2 41 2 42 2 43 2 44 2 45 2 46 2 47 2 48 2 49 2 50 2 51 2 52 2 53 2 54 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 8 8 9 10 12 13 13 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Rb 1 Sr 2 Y 2 Zr 2 Nb 1 Mo 1 Tc 2 Ru 1 Rh 1 Pd Ag 1 Cd 2 In 3 Sn 4 Sb 5 Te 6 I 7 Xe 8 rhodium85.4678 sponges87.62 88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.96 (98.0) 101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.71 121.76 127.6 126.90447 131.293 Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon cone site

55 2 56 2 57 2 72 2 73 2 74 2 75 2 76 2 77 2 78 2 79 2 80 2 81 2 82 2 83 2 84 2 85 2 86 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Cs 1 Ba 2 La 2 Hf 2 Ta 2 W 2 Re 2 Os 2 Ir 2 Pt 1 Au 1 Hg 2 Tl 3 Pb 4 Bi 5 Po 6 At 7 Rn 8 vanadium 132.9054 137.327 138.90547 178.48 180.9488 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.966569 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.9804 (209)electrochemistry(210) (222) Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

87 2 88 2 89 2 104 2 105 2 106 2 107 2 108 2 109 2 110 2 111 2 112 2 113 2 114 2 115 2 116 2 117 2 118 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 8 8 9 10 12 11 13 14 15 17 18 18 Uut 18 18 Uup 18 18 Uus 18 Uuo 18 tantalumFr 1 Ra 2 Ac 2 Rf 2 Db 2 Sg 2 Bh 2 Hs 2 Mt 2 Ds 1 Rg 1 Cn 2 3 Fl 4 5 Lv 6 7titanium8 (223) (226) (227) (267) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294) Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium thin lm quantum dots aluminum nanoparticles nickel nanoparticles 58 2 59 2 60 2 61 2 62 2 63 2 64 2 65 2 66 2 67 2 68 2 69 2 70 2 71 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 9 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 Ce 2 Pr 2 Nd 2 Pm 2 Sm 2 Eu 2 Gd 2 Tb 2 Dy 2 Ho 2 Er 2 Tm 2 Yb 2 Lu 2 140.116 140.90765 144.242 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.92535 162.5 164.93032 167.259 168.93421 173.054 174.9668 diamond micropowderCerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium ceriumThulium Ytterbium polishingLutetium powder 90 2 91 2 92 2 93 2 94 2 95 2 96 2 97 2 98 2 99 2 100 2 101 2 102 2 103 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 18 20 21 22 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 10 9 9 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Th 2 Pa 2 U 2 Np 2 Pu 2 Am 2 Cm 2 Bk 2 Cf 2 Es 2 Fm 2 Md 2 No 2 Lr 3 232.03806 231.03588 238.02891 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) refractoryThorium metalsProtactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium macromolecules tungsten carbide single crystal silicon gadolinium wires nano gels erbium doped ber optics atomic layer deposition anti-ballistic ceramics nano ribbons TM nanodispersions advanced polymers Now Invent. ultra high purity materials alternative energy dielectrics europium phosphors platinum ink sputtering targets solar energy Experience the Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs LED lighting metamaterials As one of the world's rst and largest manufacturers and distributors of nanoparticles & cermet anode nanotubes, American Elements’ re-launch of its 20 year old Catalog is worth noting. silicon rods In it you will nd essentially every nanoscale metal & chemical that nature and current super alloys technology allow. In fact quite a few materials have no known application and have yet zirconium biosynthetics to be fully explored. CIGS laser nanofabrics iron ionic But that's the whole idea! photovoltaics American Elements opens up a world of possibilities so you can Now Invent! spintronics crystal growth rare earth www.americanelements.com gadolinium wire