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Peat and Peatland Resources of Southeastern Ontario
THESE TERMS GOVERN YOUR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT Your use of this Ontario Geological Survey document (the “Content”) is governed by the terms set out on this page (“Terms of Use”). By downloading this Content, you (the “User”) have accepted, and have agreed to be bound by, the Terms of Use. Content: This Content is offered by the Province of Ontario’s Ministry of Northern Development and Mines (MNDM) as a public service, on an “as-is” basis. Recommendations and statements of opinion expressed in the Content are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statement of government policy. You are solely responsible for your use of the Content. You should not rely on the Content for legal advice nor as authoritative in your particular circumstances. Users should verify the accuracy and applicability of any Content before acting on it. MNDM does not guarantee, or make any warranty express or implied, that the Content is current, accurate, complete or reliable. MNDM is not responsible for any damage however caused, which results, directly or indirectly, from your use of the Content. MNDM assumes no legal liability or responsibility for the Content whatsoever. Links to Other Web Sites: This Content may contain links, to Web sites that are not operated by MNDM. Linked Web sites may not be available in French. MNDM neither endorses nor assumes any responsibility for the safety, accuracy or availability of linked Web sites or the information contained on them. The linked Web sites, their operation and content are the responsibility of the person or entity for which they were created or maintained (the “Owner”). -
Northern Fen Communitynorthern Abstract Fen, Page 1
Northern Fen CommunityNorthern Abstract Fen, Page 1 Community Range Prevalent or likely prevalent Infrequent or likely infrequent Absent or likely absent Photo by Joshua G. Cohen Overview: Northern fen is a sedge- and rush-dominated 8,000 years. Expansion of peatlands likely occurred wetland occurring on neutral to moderately alkaline following climatic cooling, approximately 5,000 years saturated peat and/or marl influenced by groundwater ago (Heinselman 1970, Boelter and Verry 1977, Riley rich in calcium and magnesium carbonates. The 1989). community occurs north of the climatic tension zone and is found primarily where calcareous bedrock Several other natural peatland communities also underlies a thin mantle of glacial drift on flat areas or occur in Michigan and can be distinguished from shallow depressions of glacial outwash and glacial minerotrophic (nutrient-rich) northern fens, based on lakeplains and also in kettle depressions on pitted comparisons of nutrient levels, flora, canopy closure, outwash and moraines. distribution, landscape context, and groundwater influence (Kost et al. 2007). Northern fen is dominated Global and State Rank: G3G5/S3 by sedges, rushes, and grasses (Mitsch and Gosselink 2000). Additional open wetlands occurring on organic Range: Northern fen is a peatland type of glaciated soils include coastal fen, poor fen, prairie fen, bog, landscapes of the northern Great Lakes region, ranging intermittent wetland, and northern wet meadow. Bogs, from Michigan west to Minnesota and northward peat-covered wetlands raised above the surrounding into central Canada (Ontario, Manitoba, and Quebec) groundwater by an accumulation of peat, receive inputs (Gignac et al. 2000, Faber-Langendoen 2001, Amon of nutrients and water primarily from precipitation et al. -
Global Peatland Restoration Manual
Global Peatland Restoration Manual Martin Schumann & Hans Joosten Version April 18, 2008 Comments, additions, and ideas are very welcome to: [email protected] [email protected] Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Germany Introduction The following document presents a science based and practical guide to peatland restoration for policy makers and site managers. The work has relevance to all peatlands of the world but focuses on the four core regions of the UNEP-GEF project “Integrated Management of Peatlands for Biodiversity and Climate Change”: Indonesia, China, Western Siberia, and Europe. Chapter 1 “Characteristics, distribution, and types of peatlands” provides basic information on the characteristics, the distribution, and the most important types of mires and peatlands. Chapter 2 “Functions & impacts of damage” explains peatland functions and values. The impact of different forms of damage on these functions is explained and the possibilities of their restoration are reviewed. Chapter 3 “Planning for restoration” guides users through the process of objective setting. It gives assistance in questions of strategic and site management planning. Chapter 4 “Standard management approaches” describes techniques for practical peatland restoration that suit individual needs. Unless otherwise indicated, all statements are referenced in the IPS/IMCG book on Wise Use of Mires and Peatlands (Joosten & Clarke 2002), that is available under http://www.imcg.net/docum/wise.htm Contents 1 Characteristics, -
The Virginia Wetlands Report Vol. 12, No. 2
W&M ScholarWorks Center for Coastal Resources Management Virginia Wetlands Reports (CCRM) Summer 7-1-1997 The Virginia Wetlands Report Vol. 12, No. 2 Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/ccrmvawetlandreport Part of the Environmental Education Commons Recommended Citation Virginia Institute of Marine Science, "The Virginia Wetlands Report Vol. 12, No. 2" (1997). Virginia Wetlands Reports. 28. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/ccrmvawetlandreport/28 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Coastal Resources Management (CCRM) at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Virginia Wetlands Reports by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Summer 1997 TheThe VirginiaVirginia Vol. 12, No. 2 WetlandsWetlands ReportReport Wetlands Mitigation Banks: Creating Big Wetlands to Compensate for Many Small Losses Carl Hershner etlands mitigation banking is a acres each year. When you realize that wetland if at all possible. Relocating relatively new tool for wetlands new tidal wetlands are not appearing development on a parcel of land, or managers.W It is finding increasing naturally at a rate anywhere close to redesigning a project can often pre- application in the struggle to achieve a the rate of loss caused by man and serve the existing resource. When “no net loss” goal for our remaining nature, this “preventable” loss becomes avoidance is not possible, minimizing wetland resources. The concept of a concern. the area of impact is always the second creating wetlands and thus establish- The problem confronting resource objective. -
Field Indicators of Hydric Soils
United States Department of Field Indicators of Agriculture Natural Resources Hydric Soils in the Conservation Service United States In cooperation with A Guide for Identifying and Delineating the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils Hydric Soils, Version 8.2, 2018 Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States A Guide for Identifying and Delineating Hydric Soils Version 8.2, 2018 (Including revisions to versions 8.0 and 8.1) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils Edited by L.M. Vasilas, Soil Scientist, NRCS, Washington, DC; G.W. Hurt, Soil Scientist, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and J.F. Berkowitz, Soil Scientist, USACE, Vicksburg, MS ii In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. -
Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition. -
Compressibility Behavior of Tropical Peat Reinforced with Cement Columns
American Journal of Applied Sciences 4 (10): 786-791, 2007 ISSN 1546-9239 © 2007 Science Publications Compressibility Behavior of Tropical Peat Reinforced with Cement Columns 1Youventharan Duraisamy, 2Bujang B.K. Huat and 2Azlan A. Aziz 1University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia 2University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Abstract : This paper presents the compressibility of tropical peat reinforced with cylin- drical cement columns. When a cement column is installed vertically in peat, its compres- sibility is reduced because of the hardened skeleton matrix formed by cement particles bonding with adjacent soil particles in the presence of pore water. The effects of the ce- ment column diameter on the compressibility have been investigated in this study. The results indicated that compressibility index Cc and Cα decreased with increasing diameter of the cement column. Specimens with 45 mm (area ratio = 0.09) diameter and 60 mm (area ratio = 0.16) diameter of single cement column were cured for 7, 14 and 28 days, after which they were subjected to Rowe Cell Consolidation test. Results are also pre- sented from test conducted on groups of cement columns using four (area ratio = 0.04) and nine (area ratio = 0.09) columns of 15 mm diameter each to investigate the influence of number of cement columns on compressibility of peat soil. Based on the results ob- tained, it shows that cement columns can successfully reduce the compressibility of tropi- cal peat. Keywords: Cement columns, deep soil mixing, organic soil, peat soil, Rowe Cell consol- idation. INTRODUCTION Experimental Design and Laboratory Work: The main objective of this research is to find out the effect of Peat represents the extreme form of soft soil. -
Calcareous Fens in Southeast Alaska
United States Department of Agriculture Calcareous Fens in Southeast Forest Service Pacifi c Northwest Alaska Research Station 1 Research Note Michael H. McClellan, Terry Brock, and James F. Baichtal PNW-RN-536 February 2003 Abstract Calcareous fens have not been identifi ed previously in southeast Alaska. A limited survey in southeast Alaska identifi ed several wetlands that appear to be calcare- ous fens. These sites were located in low-elevation discharge zones that are below recharge zones in carbonate highlands and talus foot-slopes. Two of six surveyed sites partly met the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources water chemistry criteria for calcareous fens, with pH values of 6.7 to 7.4 and calcium concentrations of 41.8 to 51.4 mg/L but fall short with regard to specifi c conductivity (315 to 380 μS/cm). Alkalinity was not determined. The vegetation was predominately herbaceous, with abundant Sitka sedge (Carex aquatilis) and scattered shrubs such as Barclay’s willow (Salix barclayi) and redosier dogwood (Cornus sericea ssp. sericea). The taxa found in these fens have been reported at other sites in southeast Alaska, although many were at the southern limits of their known ranges. The soils were Histosols composed of 0.6 to greater than 1 m of sedge peat. We found no evidence of calcium carbonate precipitates (marl or tufa) in the soil. Keywords: Alaska (southeast), fens, calcareous fens, wetlands, peatlands, karst. Introduction Calcareous fens, a subtype of extremely rich fen, are important because of their rarity, their distinctive water chemistry, and because they frequently harbor rare or endangered plants (Calcareous Fen Technical Committee 1994). -
Turbary Restoration Meets Variable Success: Does Landscape Structure Force Colonization Success of Wetland Plants?
RESEARCH ARTICLE Turbary Restoration Meets Variable Success: Does Landscape Structure Force Colonization Success of Wetland Plants? Boudewijn Beltman,1,2 NancyQ.A.Omtzigt,3 and Jan E. Vermaat3 Abstract of ponds in the complex, the SW orientation of ditches in these complexes and pH, and transparency of the water. Peat ponds have been restored widely in the Netherlands Age of the ponds (1–9 years), area of open water (8–42%), to enhance the available habitat for species-rich plant and shoreline density (13–43 km/km2 in the complex) did communities that characterize the early succession stages not contribute significantly to colonization success. Separa- toward land. Colonization success of 33 target aquatic tion of the effect of a species-rich surrounding landscape, species has been quantified in eight complexes of new the possibility to disperse through that landscape, the spa- ponds. It has been related to the lay-out of these ponds, the tial lay-out of the complex and transparency of the water structure of the surrounding landscape, (historic) preva- were precluded by the strong covariance along the first PC. lence of source populations within the complex and within a Probably all three are independently important. It is spec- perimeter of 10 km, and pond water quality. Colonization ulated that diel migration by waterfowl may be responsible success was variable: between 6 and 26 target species had for the dispersal of plant propagules to the pond complex, reached the complexes in 1998. This success was coupled whereas within-complex dispersal to establishment sites is to the first principal component (PC) in a principal compo- enhanced by wind and water movement. -
National Peatlands Strategy
NATIONAL PEATLANDS STRATEGY 2015 National Parks & Wildlife Service 7 Ely Place, Dublin 2, D02 TW98, Ireland t: +353-1-888 3242 e: [email protected] w: www.npws.ie Main Cover photograph: Derrinea Bog, Co. Roscommon Photographs courtesy of: NPWS, Bord na Móna, Coillte, RPS, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, National Library of Ireland, Friends of the Irish Environment and the IPCC. MANAGING IRELAND’S PEATLANDS A National Peatlands Strategy 2015 Roundstone Bog, Co. Galway CONTENTS PART 1 PART 3 1 INTRODUCTION 004 6 IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING 060 1.1 Peatlands in Ireland 005 1.2 Protected Peatlands in Ireland 007 APPENDICES 2 THE CHANGING VIEW APPENDIX 1 OF IRISH PEATLANDS 008 SUMMARY OF PRINCIPLES 2.1 A New Understanding 009 AND ACTIONS 062 2.2 Seeking Balance between Traditional and Hidden Values 009 2.3 Turf cutting controversy – APPENDIX 2 a catalyst for change 011 GLOSSARY 070 2.4 The Way Forward 013 APPENDIX 3 PART 2 EU DIRECTIVES REFERRED TO IN THE STRATEGY 076 3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE STRATEGY 014 APPENDIX 4 4 VISION AND VALUES 018 LINKS & FURTHER INFORMATION 080 5 MANAGING OUR PEATLANDS: PRINCIPLES, POLICIES AND ACTIONS 024 5.1 Overview 024 5.2 Existing Uses 025 5.3 Peatlands and Climate Change 034 5.4 Air Quality 036 5.5 Protected Peatlands Sites 037 5.6 Peatlands outside Protected Sites 045 5.7 Responsible Exploitation 048 5.8 Restoration & Rehabilitation of Non-Designated Sites 050 5.9 Water Quality, Water Framework Directive and Flooding 050 5.10 Public Awareness & Education 055 5.11 Tourism & Recreational Use 058 5.12 Unauthorised Dumping 059 5.13 Research 059 PART 1 004 1. -
Peat Places Peat Today
Rathlin Island Peat places Tievebulliagh Carrick-a-rede The Glens of Antrim contain Garron Plateau many places where peat can The Garron Plateau is the biggest area of This upland area contains shallow peat. be found. The map highlights Knocklayde Ballintoy intact blanket bog on the east coast of Ireland. A rare rock known as porcellanite was peat places to explore. The site is rich with varieties of plants and wildlife. harvested here during the stone age and exported throughout Europe. Garron Plateau has undergone an extensive restoration project. Ballycastle Fairhead Special peat places Access from Cargan village, 10 miles north of Moyle Way Areas of Outstanding Ballymena on the Glenravel Road (A43) and eight Natural Beauty (AONB) miles south of Cushendall. Car parking is available at Dungonnell Dam, near Cargan village. Tow River Carey River Areas of Special Scientific Interest (ASSI) Glentasie Ballycastle Ramsar Wetland Sites of international importance Forest Special Protection Areas (SPA) Glenmakeeran River Glenshesk River Glenshesk Slieveanorra & Croaghan Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) Ballypatrick Moyle Way Forest National Nature Reserves (NNR) View from Glenaan Slieveanorra and Croaghan is an important Glenshesk Cregagh area of largely intact blanket bog. Slieveanorra Peat Areas Mountain shows the different stages in the Wood View from Tievebulliagh Armoy Non Peat Areas formation, erosion and regeneration of peat. Breen Cushendun Garron Plateau Ronan's Way AONB boundary line A variety of plants and upland birds can be Wood spotted, as can the common lizard. Main Roads Croaghan Breen Mountain Slieveanorra was the site of the Battle Glendun Forest Walk Glencorp Walking Routes Through Peatland of Orra in 1583. -
The Balance of Water -Present and Future
J!15met The Balance of Water - Present and Future moisture laden winds p e.t. pep e.t. p • p = precipitation e = evaporation l.f. = throughflow pe "" percolation e.t. - evapotranspiration Proceedings of AGMET Group (Ireland) and Agricultural Group o/the Royal Meteorological Society (UK) Conference Trinity College Dublin, September 7 - 9, 1994 General Editors: T. Keane and E. Daly Published by the AGMETGroup do Meteorological Service Glasnevin Hill Dublin 9 Copyright © the authors 1994 ISBN 0 95115513 X Cover: Water Balance diagram by kind permission: from Geomorphology and Hydrology by R ] Small, Longman Modular Geography Series Foreword Considerable reliance is placed on climatological and hydrological data for a wide range of water balance studies. The accuracy and archival status of the input data frequently concern hydrologists and agriculturals, who also ask what confidence can be attached to estimates of the different components. Apart from the reliability of instrumentation, the limitations of point measurement or estimation by fonnula, further difficulties arise from the specification of soil characteristics, effects of farming practices, distance from sea, altitude, and indeed from the method of spatialization of the data. This Dublin Conference sets out to review the research and progress of recent decades, address some of the current issues and indicate the likelihood of more accurate specification and determination of the parameters: precipitation, evaporation! evapotranspiration and run-off. The measurement and application of the water balance is central to the study of hydrology. A breath of scholarship together with the most recent research are brought to bear in the following papers presented at the Conference.