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Role Name Affiliation Internal Security Internal Security Management Counter Measures and Developmental Activities in Border Areas Principal Investigator Prof. G.S. Bajpai Professor and Registrar, National Law University, Dwarka, Delhi Paper Coordinator Dr. Hunny Matiyani Assistant Professor, LNJN National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science, Delhi Content Writer/Author Mr Vijay Singh Assistant Professor, Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) Content Reviewer Prof. G.S. Bajpai Professor and Registrar, National Law University, Dwarka, Delhi Items Description of Module Subject Name Criminology Paper Name Internal Security Management Module Counter Measures and Developmental Name/Title Activities in Border Areas Module Id Objectives Learning Outcome: To inform the learners about the characteristics of the Border Areas To make the learners understand the problems pertaining to Border Areas. To make the learners understand the Need of Developmental Activities To understand the readers about the key elements of India’s Counter measures and Developmental activities Prerequisites General understanding of the Geographical expanse and socio-economic diversity in Border Areas. Key words Development, Deficit, Trust, Infrastructure, BADP Introduction India is blessed with huge degree of socio- cultural and geographic diversity, which is apparent from the fact that India has one the few country in the world that has such an expansive geographical reach. India has 14,880 kms of land border. Besides this, we also has a total of 1,197 islands and a coast line of 7,516.6 km. Name of the country Length of the border (in km) Bangladesh 4,096.7 China 3,488.0 Pakistan 3,323.0 Nepal 1,751.0 Myanmar 1,643.0 Bhutan 699.0 Afghanistan 106.0 Total 15,106.7 However this huge diversity comes at a cost. There are many regions which are late comer to the process of the growth and therefore lagging on the path to prosperity. Some of the areas which still need to cover a huge distance vis-à-vis the comparatively more developed region includes the North- Eastern region, the Naxal affected areas, Kashmir region, desert region along the Pakistan border etc. In most of the areas along the border areas, the cost of delivery of services is quite disproportion as compared to other parts of the country. Apart from that border areas doesn’t have the level of infrastructural development as compared to other regions and peculiar problems prevalent in these areas which have further Drag Effect on the development process of these areas. Some of the prominent reasons for the same are as follows:- 1. Difficult Terrain 2. Porous Border 3. Extreme weather conditions 4. Inbuilt incapacities in these Areas 5. Inefficiency of the administration 6. Continuous disturbance across the border, especially indiscriminate firing/ shelling 7. Mass immigrations 8. Disturbed and Unfriendly neighbors 9. Strong Ethnic relationship across the borders- Safe heavens. 10. Man and Material support by various state and non-state players to terrorist and separatist elements. 11. Strong network of operatives of organized crimes 12. Separatist movements Figure- 1- India's International Land & Maritime Borders https://www.quora.com/How-vulnerable-are-Indias-borders With such a huge diversity, not only in Geographical terms but also in socio-cultural realm, comes its set of associated problems and complexities. Not only does that, a strong ethnic association and shared socio-cultural among the people the people living across the border, from whom the border is immaterial and has no recognition from their side. Before our independence the Indian Sub-continent was a single integrated unit comprising India, Pakistan and Bangladesh; having socio- cultural and economic similarities. There were no barriers on the movement of the goods, services and people. But the dreadful legacy of the colonial power, characterised with short- sightedness and their geo-political imperative, left the sub-continent with artificial boundaries along with never ending animosity. The International Borders were drawn on the paper without factoring in the geographic, socio-cultural and economic realities. The artificial boundaries draw the lines which were superimposed on ethnic, social and economic communities. The dimension of economic dependencies of the people on the both side of side further adds to the complexity quotient. The term border management touches upon various dimension like socio- cultural, economic, legal, technological, administrative, regulatory etc. along with Nation’s political leadership, principles etc. all these factors must work in tandem and to ensure secured national boundaries and internal peace & prosperity. One of the major dimension of National Security is certainly to keep the Border areas secure and peaceful. In order to achieve the same, the government from time to time majorly opted for two dimensional strategy of Security and Development. To put the things in perspective, various counter measures and developmental activities are undertaken in order to put these areas on the path of prosperity. Some of the areas of emphasis to achieve the same are as follows:- 1. Infrastructural Development- As these areas are generally characterized with difficult terrain and extreme conditions, emphasis is put on to provide seamless connectivity in these areas through proper network of border roads, fencing, flood lights etc. 2. Provision of Basic Services- In order to improve the social indices in these areas, emphasis is put on to improve the accessibility of education, health, housing etc. through budgetary support and special grants. 3. Trust Building- Arguably the most important dimension in the process development of these areas is to inspire trust through Confidence Building Measures (CBMs). The security forces at different border areas have started with various programmes in order to achieve the same. 4. Improving the standard of living- In order to engage the local population productively, it is important to provide them with economic avenues and opportunities. The central and state governments have taken various measures like promotion of Border markets (Border Hatts), development of Integrates Check Posts (ICPs) etc. 5. Mainstreaming of the Local Population- To achieve the goal of Balanced regional development and to ensure equality of opportunities, the government have provided various scholarships and reservation in our countries top notch universities and institutions. A major strand of Border Management includes securing the border through developmental activities and counter measure to gauge the nerve of the local population, their needs and aspirations. The country which is not capable of securing its national borders can never be assure of its National Security and her internal peace and security is just a pure wish. The problem along the border areas in not just a law & order problem, the policy of the Government is to address this menace simultaneously on political, security and development fronts in a holistic manner. Most of the problems are inter–state in its scope, having a wider ramifications on national Security. Steps to secure and develop the Border areas:- 1. Higher Budgetary allocation to Security Forces- Special provisions are being made in order to modernize the concerned security forces by providing them with latest weaponry, communication devices, better infrastructure etc. 2. Provision for better training facilities- In order to remain ahead of the curve in the race against the anti- national elements, it is of critical importance to train the security forces for all the eventualities and to minimise the collateral damage to bare minimum. 3. Improving the Intelligence gathering architecture- For better analysis and to predict the possible disruptive and destructive plans of the anti- national forces, we need to further improve our intelligence collection network and analysis prowess. Although it is important to provide actionable intelligence to the concerned forces in order to prevent the possible plans. These Actionable intelligence information must be communicated to the securities forces on time and adequately. 4. The Scheduled Tribes (Recognition of Forest Rights) Bill, 2006- The law is enacted to address the genuine grievances and demands of the people living in the tribal areas. 5. Deployment of Specialized forces along India’s International Border- In order to fix accountability and to ensure better utilization of resources1. Number of Companies International Border Guarded by Deployed Indo-Pakistan Border Border Security Force (BSF) 411 Indo-Bangladesh Border Border Security Force (BSF) 480 Indo-China Border Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) 136 Indo-Nepal Border Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 162 Indo-Bhutan Border Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 97 Indo-Myanmar Border Assam Rifles (AR) 60 Total Number of Companies Deployed 1346 1 https://factly.in/guarding-international-borders/ 6. Inter-State and Inter- Nation Joint Co-ordination among the security forces- In order to better the Anti-Terrorist Operation and to foil the plans of the anti- national elements, it is of critical importance to have seamless communication and flawless co-ordination. 7. Strengthening Legal Framework- In India, arguably Judiciary is still considered as the most fair and democratic public institution. Therefore in order to inspire trust among the local population, the government needs to further strength legal framework; so that people